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Lill CB, Fitter S, Zannettino ACW, Vandyke K, Noll JE. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of chemoresistance in paediatric pre-B cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2024:10.1007/s10555-024-10203-9. [PMID: 39102101 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-024-10203-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Paediatric patients with relapsed B cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (B-ALL) have poor prognosis, as relapse-causing clones are often refractory to common chemotherapeutics. While the molecular mechanisms leading to chemoresistance are varied, significant evidence suggests interactions between B-ALL blasts and cells within the bone marrow microenvironment modulate chemotherapy sensitivity. Importantly, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) and BM adipocytes are known to support B-ALL cells through multiple distinct molecular mechanisms. This review discusses the contribution of integrin-mediated B-ALL/BM-MSC signalling and asparagine supplementation in B-ALL chemoresistance. In addition, the role of adipocytes in sequestering anthracyclines and generating a BM niche favourable for B-ALL survival is explored. Furthermore, this review discusses the role of BM-MSCs and adipocytes in promoting a quiescent and chemoresistant B-ALL phenotype. Novel treatments which target these mechanisms are discussed herein, and are needed to improve dismal outcomes in patients with relapsed/refractory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb B Lill
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, Solid Tumour Program, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Stephen Fitter
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, Solid Tumour Program, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Andrew C W Zannettino
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, Solid Tumour Program, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Kate Vandyke
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, Solid Tumour Program, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jacqueline E Noll
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
- Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, Solid Tumour Program, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia.
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2
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Taurino G, Dander E, Chiu M, Pozzi G, Maccari C, Starace R, Silvestri D, Griffini E, Bianchi MG, Carubbi C, Andreoli R, Mirandola P, Valsecchi MG, Rizzari C, D'Amico G, Bussolati O. Asparagine transport through SLC1A5/ASCT2 and SLC38A5/SNAT5 is essential for BCP-ALL cell survival and a potential therapeutic target. Br J Haematol 2024; 205:175-188. [PMID: 38736325 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.19516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (BCP-ALL) blasts strictly depend on the transport of extra-cellular asparagine (Asn), yielding a rationale for L-asparaginase (ASNase) therapy. However, the carriers used by ALL blasts for Asn transport have not been identified yet. Exploiting RS4;11 cells as BCP-ALL model, we have found that cell Asn is lowered by either silencing or inhibition of the transporters ASCT2 or SNAT5. The inhibitors V-9302 (for ASCT2) and GluγHA (for SNAT5) markedly lower cell proliferation and, when used together, suppress mTOR activity, induce autophagy and cause a severe nutritional stress, leading to a proliferative arrest and a massive cell death in both the ASNase-sensitive RS4;11 cells and the relatively ASNase-insensitive NALM-6 cells. The cytotoxic effect is not prevented by coculturing leukaemic cells with primary mesenchymal stromal cells. Leukaemic blasts of paediatric ALL patients express ASCT2 and SNAT5 at diagnosis and undergo marked cytotoxicity when exposed to the inhibitors. ASCT2 expression is positively correlated with the minimal residual disease at the end of the induction therapy. In conclusion, ASCT2 and SNAT5 are the carriers exploited by ALL cells to transport Asn, and ASCT2 expression is associated with a lower therapeutic response. ASCT2 may thus represent a novel therapeutic target in BCP-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Taurino
- Laboratory of General Pathology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Erica Dander
- Tettamanti Center, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo Dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
| | - Martina Chiu
- Laboratory of General Pathology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Giulia Pozzi
- Laboratory of Human Anatomy, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Chiara Maccari
- Laboratory of Industrial Toxicology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Rita Starace
- Tettamanti Center, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo Dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
| | - Daniela Silvestri
- Tettamanti Center, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo Dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
| | - Erika Griffini
- Laboratory of General Pathology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Massimiliano G Bianchi
- Laboratory of General Pathology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- MRH-Microbiome Research Hub, Parco Area Delle Scienze 11/A, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Cecilia Carubbi
- Laboratory of Human Anatomy, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Roberta Andreoli
- Laboratory of Industrial Toxicology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- CERT-Center of Excellence for Toxicological Research, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Prisco Mirandola
- Laboratory of Human Anatomy, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Valsecchi
- Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo Dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Carmelo Rizzari
- Department of Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo Dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
| | - Giovanna D'Amico
- Tettamanti Center, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo Dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
| | - Ovidio Bussolati
- Laboratory of General Pathology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- MRH-Microbiome Research Hub, Parco Area Delle Scienze 11/A, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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3
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Watanabe A, Miyake K, Yamada Y, Sunamura EI, Yotani T, Kagami K, Kasai S, Tamai M, Harama D, Akahane K, Goi K, Sakaguchi K, Goto H, Kitahara S, Inukai T. Utility of ASNS gene methylation evaluated with the HPLC method as a pharmacogenomic biomarker to predict asparaginase sensitivity in BCP-ALL. Epigenetics 2023; 18:2268814. [PMID: 37839090 PMCID: PMC10578186 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2023.2268814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Asparaginase is an important agent for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), but it is occasionally associated with severe adverse events. Thus, for safer and more efficacious therapy, a clinical biomarker predicting asparaginase sensitivity is highly anticipated. Asparaginase depletes serum asparagine by deaminating asparagine into aspartic acid, and ALL cells are thought to be sensitive to asparaginase due to reduced asparagine synthetase (ASNS) activity. We have recently shown that allele-specific methylation of the ASNS gene is highly involved in asparaginase sensitivity in B-precursor ALL (BCP-ALL) by using next-generation sequence (NGS) analysis of bisulphite PCR products of the genomic DNA. Here, we sought to confirm the utility of methylation status of the ASNS gene evaluated with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of bisulphite PCR products for future clinical applications. In the global methylation status of 23 CpG sites at the boundary region of promoter and exon 1 of the ASNS gene, a strong positive correlation was confirmed between the mean percent methylation evaluated with the HPLC method and that with the NGS method in 79 BCP-ALL cell lines (R2 = 0.85, p = 1.3 × 10-33) and in 63 BCP-ALL clinical samples (R2 = 0.84, p = 5.0 × 10-26). Moreover, methylation status of the ASNS gene evaluated with the HPLC method was significantly associated with in vitro asparaginase sensitivities as well as gene and protein expression levels of ASNS. These observations indicated that the ASNS gene methylation status evaluated with the HPLC method is a reliable biomarker for predicting the asparaginase sensitivity of BCP-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Watanabe
- Department of Pediatrics Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Kunio Miyake
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Yuriko Yamada
- Tsukuba Research Institute, Research and Development, Sekisui Medical Co, Ltd, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ei-Ichiro Sunamura
- Tsukuba Research Institute, Research and Development, Sekisui Medical Co, Ltd, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takuya Yotani
- Instrument System Development Center, Research and Development, Sekisui Medical Co, Ltd, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Keiko Kagami
- Department of Pediatrics Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Shin Kasai
- Department of Pediatrics Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Minori Tamai
- Department of Pediatrics Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Daisuke Harama
- Department of Pediatrics Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Koshi Akahane
- Department of Pediatrics Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Kumiko Goi
- Department of Pediatrics Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Kimiyoshi Sakaguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Goto
- Hematology/Oncology, Kanagawa Children’s Medical Center, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Kitahara
- R&D Management Department, Research and Development, Sekisui Medical Co, Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Inukai
- Department of Pediatrics Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
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Ji Y, Lin Z, Li G, Tian X, Wu Y, Wan J, Liu T, Xu M. Identification and validation of novel biomarkers associated with immune infiltration for the diagnosis of osteosarcoma based on machine learning. Front Genet 2023; 14:1136783. [PMID: 37732314 PMCID: PMC10507254 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1136783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant tumor in children and adolescents, and the 5-year survival of osteosarcoma patients gained no substantial improvement over the past decades. Effective biomarkers in diagnosing osteosarcoma are warranted to be developed. This study aims to explore novel biomarkers correlated with immune cell infiltration in the development and diagnosis of osteosarcoma. Methods: Three datasets (GSE19276, GSE36001, GSE126209) comprising osteosarcoma samples were extracted from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and merged to obtain the gene expression. Then, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by limma and potential biological functions and downstream pathways enrichment analysis of DEGs was performed. The machine learning algorithms LASSO regression model and SVM-RFE (support vector machine-recursive feature elimination) analysis were employed to identify candidate hub genes for diagnosing patients with osteosarcoma. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were developed to evaluate the discriminatory abilities of these candidates in both training and test sets. Furthermore, the characteristics of immune cell infiltration in osteosarcoma, and the correlations between these potential genes and immune cell abundance were illustrated using CIBERSORT. qRT-PCR and western blots were conducted to validate the expression of diagnostic candidates. Results: GEO datasets were divided into the training (merged GSE19276, GSE36001) and test (GSE126209) groups. A total of 71 DEGs were screened out in the training set, including 10 upregulated genes and 61 downregulated genes. These DEGs were primarily enriched in immune-related biological functions and signaling pathways. After machine learning by SVM-RFE and LASSO regression model, four biomarkers were chosen for the diagnostic nomogram for osteosarcoma, including ASNS, CD70, SRGN, and TRIB3. These diagnostic biomarkers all possessed high diagnostic values (AUC ranging from 0.900 to 0.955). Furthermore, these genes were significantly correlated with the infiltration of several immune cells, such as monocytes, macrophages M0, and neutrophils. Conclusion: Four immune-related candidate hub genes (ASNS, CD70, SRGN, TRIB3) with high diagnostic value were confirmed for osteosarcoma patients. These diagnostic genes were significantly connected with the immune cell abundance, suggesting their critical roles in the osteosarcoma tumor immune microenvironment. Our study provides highlights on novel diagnostic candidate genes with high accuracy for diagnosing osteosarcoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiao Ji
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhengjun Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Guoqing Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xinyu Tian
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yanlin Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jia Wan
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Tang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Critical Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Qiao Z, Xing Y, Zhang Q, Tang Y, Feng R, Pang W. Tamoxifen resistance-related ceRNA network for breast cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1023079. [PMID: 36506097 PMCID: PMC9733938 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1023079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Tamoxifen (TMX) is one of the most widely used drugs to treat breast cancer (BC). However, acquired drug resistance is still a major obstacle to its application, rendering it crucial to explore the mechanisms of TMX resistance in BC. This aims of this study were to identify the mechanisms of TMX resistance and construct ceRNA regulatory networks in breast cancer. Methods: GEO2R was used to screen for differentially expressed mRNAs (DEmRNAs) leading to drug resistance in BC cells. MiRTarbase and miRNet were used to predict miRNAs and lncRNAs upstream, and the competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory network of BC cell resistance was constructed by starBase. We used the Kaplan-Meier plotter and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) to analyze the expression and prognostic differences of genes in the ceRNA network with core axis, and qRT-PCR was used to further verify the above conclusions. Results: We found that 21 DEmRNAs were upregulated and 43 DEmRNA downregulated in drug-resistant BC cells. DEmRNAs were noticeably enriched in pathways relevant to cancer. We then constructed a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network based on the STRING database and defined 10 top-ranked hub genes among the upregulated and downregulated DEmRNAs. The 20 DEmRNAs were predicted to obtain 113 upstream miRNAs and 501 lncRNAs. Among them, 7 mRNAs, 22 lncRNAs, and 11 miRNAs were used to structure the ceRNA regulatory network of drug resistance in BC cells. 4 mRNAs, 4 lncRNAs, and 3 miRNAs were detected by GEPIA and the Kaplan-Meier plotter to be significantly associated with BC expression and prognosis. The differential expression of the genes in BC cells was confirmed by qRT-PCR. Conclusion: The ceRNA regulatory network of TMX-resistant BC was successfully constructed and confirmed. This will provide an important resource for finding therapeutic targets for TMX resistance, where the discovery of candidate conventional mechanisms can aid clinical decision-making. In addition, this resource will help discover the mechanisms behind this type of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zipeng Qiao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposomics and Entire Lifecycle Heath, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China,School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Yu Xing
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposomics and Entire Lifecycle Heath, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China,School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Qingquan Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposomics and Entire Lifecycle Heath, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China,School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Yongjun Tang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposomics and Entire Lifecycle Heath, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China,School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Ruifa Feng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China,*Correspondence: Ruifa Feng, ; Weiyi Pang,
| | - Weiyi Pang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposomics and Entire Lifecycle Heath, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China,School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China,School of Humanities and Management, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China,*Correspondence: Ruifa Feng, ; Weiyi Pang,
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Amino acid stress response genes promote L-asparaginase resistance in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood Adv 2022; 6:3386-3397. [PMID: 35671062 PMCID: PMC9198938 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2022006965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations to amino acid stress response genes impact sensitivity to l-asparaginase.
Understanding the genomic and epigenetic mechanisms of drug resistance in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is critical for further improvements in treatment outcomes. The role of transcriptomic response in conferring resistance to l-asparaginase (LASP) is poorly understood beyond asparagine synthetase (ASNS). We defined reproducible LASP response genes in LASP-resistant and LASP-sensitive ALL cell lines as well as primary leukemia samples from newly diagnosed patients. Defining target genes of the amino acid stress response-related transcription factor activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) in ALL cell lines using chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) revealed 45% of genes that changed expression after LASP treatment were direct targets of the ATF4 transcription factor, and 34% of these genes harbored LASP-responsive ATF4 promoter binding events. SLC7A11 was found to be a response gene in cell lines and patient samples as well as a direct target of ATF4. SLC7A11 was also one of only 2.4% of LASP response genes with basal level gene expression that also correlated with LASP ex vivo resistance in primary leukemia cells. Experiments using chemical inhibition of SLC7A11 with sulfasalazine, gene overexpression, and partial gene knockout recapitulated LASP resistance or sensitivity in ALL cell lines. These findings show the importance of assessing changes in gene expression following treatment with an antileukemic agent for its association with drug resistance and highlight that many response genes may not differ in their basal expression in drug-resistant leukemia cells.
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Tamai M, Kasai S, Akahane K, Thu TN, Kagami K, Komatsu C, Abe M, Watanabe A, Goi K, Miyake K, Inaba T, Takita J, Goto H, Minegishi M, Iwamoto S, Sugita K, Inukai T. Glucocorticoid receptor gene mutations confer glucocorticoid resistance in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 218:106068. [PMID: 35124168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2022.106068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid (GC) is a key drug in the treatment of B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL), and the initial GC response is an important prognostic factor. GC receptors play an essential role in GC sensitivity, and somatic mutations of the GC receptor gene, NR3C1, are reportedly identified in some BCP-ALL cases, particularly at relapse. Moreover, associations of somatic mutations of the CREB-binding protein (CREBBP) and Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome candidate 1 (WHSC1) genes with the GC-resistance of ALL have been suggested. However, the significance of these mutations in the GC sensitivity of BCP-ALL remains to be clarified in the intrinsic genes. In the present study, we sequenced NR3C1, WHSC1, and CREBBP genes in 99 BCP-ALL and 22 T-ALL cell lines (32 and 67 cell lines were known to be established at diagnosis and at relapse, respectively), and detected their mutations in 19 (2 cell lines at diagnosis and 15 cell lines at relapse), 26 (6 and 15), and 38 (11 and 15) cell lines, respectively. Of note, 14 BCP-ALL cell lines with the NR3C1 mutations were significantly more resistant to GC than those without mutations. In contrast, WHSC1 and CREBBP mutations were not associated with GC resistance. However, among the NR3C1 unmutated BCP-ALL cell lines, WHSC1 mutations tended to be associated with GC resistance and lower NR3C1 gene expression. Finally, we successfully established GC-resistant sublines of the GC-sensitive BCP-ALL cell line (697) by disrupting ligand binding and DNA binding domains of the NR3C1 gene using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. These observations demonstrated that somatic mutations of the NR3C1 gene, and possibly the WHSC1 gene, confer GC resistance in BCP-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minori Tamai
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan.
| | - Shin Kasai
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Koshi Akahane
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Thao Nguyen Thu
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Keiko Kagami
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Chiaki Komatsu
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Masako Abe
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Atsushi Watanabe
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Kumiko Goi
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Kunio Miyake
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Toshiya Inaba
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Research Institute of Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Junko Takita
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Goto
- Hematology/Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Shotaro Iwamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Kanji Sugita
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Takeshi Inukai
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
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8
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Van Trimpont M, Peeters E, De Visser Y, Schalk AM, Mondelaers V, De Moerloose B, Lavie A, Lammens T, Goossens S, Van Vlierberghe P. Novel Insights on the Use of L-Asparaginase as an Efficient and Safe Anti-Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14040902. [PMID: 35205650 PMCID: PMC8870365 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14040902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary L-asparaginase (L-ASNase) therapy is key for achieving the very high cure rate of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), yet its use is mostly confined to this indication. One main reason preventing the expansion of today’s FDA-approved L-ASNases to solid cancers is their high toxicity and side effects, which become especially challenging in adult patients. The design of optimized L-ASNase molecules provides opportunities to overcome these unwanted toxicities. An additional challenge to broader application of L-ASNases is how cells can counter the pharmacological effect of this drug and the identification of L-ASNases resistance mechanisms. In this review, we discuss recent insights into L-ASNase adverse effects, resistance mechanisms, and how novel L-ASNase variants and drug combinations can expand its clinical applicability, with a focus on both hematological and solid tumors. Abstract L-Asparaginase (L-ASNase) is an enzyme that hydrolyses the amino acid asparagine into aspartic acid and ammonia. Systemic administration of bacterial L-ASNase is successfully used to lower the bioavailability of this non-essential amino acid and to eradicate rapidly proliferating cancer cells with a high demand for exogenous asparagine. Currently, it is a cornerstone drug in the treatment of the most common pediatric cancer, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Since these lymphoblasts lack the expression of asparagine synthetase (ASNS), these cells depend on the uptake of extracellular asparagine for survival. Interestingly, recent reports have illustrated that L-ASNase may also have clinical potential for the treatment of other aggressive subtypes of hematological or solid cancers. However, immunogenic and other severe adverse side effects limit optimal clinical use and often lead to treatment discontinuation. The design of optimized and novel L-ASNase formulations provides opportunities to overcome these limitations. In addition, identification of multiple L-ASNase resistance mechanisms, including ASNS promoter reactivation and desensitization, has fueled research into promising novel drug combinations to overcome chemoresistance. In this review, we discuss recent insights into L-ASNase adverse effects, resistance both in hematological and solid tumors, and how novel L-ASNase variants and drug combinations can expand its clinical applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike Van Trimpont
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.V.T.); (E.P.); (Y.D.V.); (B.D.M.); (T.L.); (S.G.)
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evelien Peeters
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.V.T.); (E.P.); (Y.D.V.); (B.D.M.); (T.L.); (S.G.)
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yanti De Visser
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.V.T.); (E.P.); (Y.D.V.); (B.D.M.); (T.L.); (S.G.)
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Amanda M. Schalk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607, USA; (A.M.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Veerle Mondelaers
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Barbara De Moerloose
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.V.T.); (E.P.); (Y.D.V.); (B.D.M.); (T.L.); (S.G.)
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Arnon Lavie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607, USA; (A.M.S.); (A.L.)
- The Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Tim Lammens
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.V.T.); (E.P.); (Y.D.V.); (B.D.M.); (T.L.); (S.G.)
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steven Goossens
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.V.T.); (E.P.); (Y.D.V.); (B.D.M.); (T.L.); (S.G.)
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pieter Van Vlierberghe
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.V.T.); (E.P.); (Y.D.V.); (B.D.M.); (T.L.); (S.G.)
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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9
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Somazu S, Tanaka Y, Tamai M, Watanabe A, Kagami K, Abe M, Harama D, Shinohara T, Akahane K, Goi K, Sugita K, Moriyama T, Yang J, Goto H, Minegishi M, Iwamoto S, Takita J, Inukai T. NUDT15 polymorphism and NT5C2 and PRPS1 mutations influence thiopurine sensitivity in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cells. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:10521-10533. [PMID: 34636169 PMCID: PMC8581340 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In chemotherapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), maintenance therapy consisting of oral daily mercaptopurine and weekly methotrexate is important. NUDT15 variant genotype is reportedly highly associated with severe myelosuppression during maintenance therapy, particularly in Asian and Hispanic populations. It has also been demonstrated that acquired somatic mutations of the NT5C2 and PRPS1 genes, which are involved in thiopurine metabolism, are detectable in a portion of relapsed childhood ALL. To directly confirm the significance of the NUDT15 variant genotype and NT5C2 and PRPS1 mutations in thiopurine sensitivity of leukaemia cells in the intrinsic genes, we investigated 84 B‐cell precursor‐ALL (BCP‐ALL) cell lines. Three and 14 cell lines had homozygous and heterozygous variant diplotypes of the NUDT15 gene, respectively, while 4 and 2 cell lines that were exclusively established from the samples at relapse had the NT5C2 and PRPS1 mutations, respectively. Both NUDT15 variant genotype and NT5C2 and PRPS1 mutations were significantly associated with DNA‐incorporated thioguanine levels after exposure to thioguanine at therapeutic concentration. Considering the continuous exposure during the maintenance therapy, we evaluated in vitro mercaptopurine sensitivity after 7‐day exposure. Mercaptopurine concentrations lethal to 50% of the leukaemia cells were comparable to therapeutic serum concentration of mercaptopurine. Both NUDT15 variant genotype and NT5C2 and PRPS1 mutations were significantly associated with mercaptopurine sensitivity in 83 BCP‐ALL and 23 T‐ALL cell lines. The present study provides direct evidence to support the general principle showing that both inherited genotype and somatically acquired mutation are crucially implicated in the drug sensitivity of leukaemia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinpei Somazu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Yoichi Tanaka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Center for Clinical Pharmacy and Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Japan
| | - Minori Tamai
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Atsushi Watanabe
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Keiko Kagami
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Masako Abe
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Daisuke Harama
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Tamao Shinohara
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Koshi Akahane
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Kumiko Goi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Kanji Sugita
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Takaya Moriyama
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Hiroaki Goto
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Shotaro Iwamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Junko Takita
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Inukai
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
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10
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Association of allele-specific methylation of the ASNS gene with asparaginase sensitivity and prognosis in T-ALL. Blood Adv 2021; 6:212-224. [PMID: 34535013 PMCID: PMC8753197 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021004271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Allele-specific methylation of the ASNS gene is associated with asparaginase sensitivity and therapeutic outcome in T-ALL. Pediatric T-ALL patients with poor prognostic SPI1 fusion exclusively exhibited ASNS hypomethylation status.
Asparaginase therapy is a key component of chemotherapy for patients with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). Asparaginase depletes serum asparagine by deamination into aspartic acid. Normal hematopoietic cells can survive due to asparagine synthetase (ASNS) activity, whereas leukemia cells are supposed to undergo apoptosis due to silencing of the ASNS gene. Because the ASNS gene has a typical CpG island in its promoter, its methylation status in T-ALL cells may be associated with asparaginase sensitivity. Thus, we investigated the significance of ASNS methylation status in asparaginase sensitivity of T-ALL cell lines and prognosis of childhood T-ALL. Sequencing of bisulfite polymerase chain reaction products using next-generation sequencing technology in 22 T-ALL cell lines revealed a stepwise allele-specific methylation of the ASNS gene, in association with an aberrant methylation of a 7q21 imprinted gene cluster. T-ALL cell lines with ASNS hypermethylation status showed significantly higher in vitro l-asparaginase sensitivity in association with insufficient asparaginase-induced upregulation of ASNS gene expression and lower basal ASNS protein expression. A comprehensive analysis of diagnostic samples from pediatric patients with T-ALL in Japanese cohorts (N = 77) revealed that methylation of the ASNS gene was associated with an aberrant methylation of the 7q21 imprinted gene cluster. In pediatric T-ALL patients in Japanese cohorts (n = 75), ASNS hypomethylation status was significantly associated with poor therapeutic outcome, and all cases with poor prognostic SPI1 fusion exclusively exhibited ASNS hypomethylation status. These observations show that ASNS hypomethylation status is associated with asparaginase resistance and is a poor prognostic biomarker in childhood T-ALL.
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Di Martino L, Tosello V, Peroni E, Piovan E. Insights on Metabolic Reprogramming and Its Therapeutic Potential in Acute Leukemia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168738. [PMID: 34445444 PMCID: PMC8395761 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute leukemias, classified as acute myeloid leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia, represent the most prevalent hematologic tumors in adolescent and young adults. In recent years, new challenges have emerged in order to improve the clinical effectiveness of therapies already in use and reduce their side effects. In particular, in this scenario, metabolic reprogramming plays a key role in tumorigenesis and prognosis, and it contributes to the treatment outcome of acute leukemia. This review summarizes the latest findings regarding the most relevant metabolic pathways contributing to the continuous growth, redox homeostasis, and drug resistance of leukemia cells. We describe the main metabolic deregulations in acute leukemia and evidence vulnerabilities that could be exploited for targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica Di Martino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche, Oncologiche e Gastroenterologiche, Universita’ di Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy;
| | - Valeria Tosello
- UOC Immunologia e Diagnostica Molecolare Oncologica, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IOV—IRCCS, 35128 Padova, Italy; (V.T.); (E.P.)
| | - Edoardo Peroni
- UOC Immunologia e Diagnostica Molecolare Oncologica, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IOV—IRCCS, 35128 Padova, Italy; (V.T.); (E.P.)
| | - Erich Piovan
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche, Oncologiche e Gastroenterologiche, Universita’ di Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy;
- UOC Immunologia e Diagnostica Molecolare Oncologica, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IOV—IRCCS, 35128 Padova, Italy; (V.T.); (E.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-049-8215895
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12
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de Oliveira Lima IG, Bispo JRS, da Silva MB, de Oliveira Feitosa A, Dos Santos ACM, Moreira MSA, Passarini MRZ, Saraiva Câmara PEA, Rosa LH, Oliveira VM, de Queiroz AC, Duarte AWF. Technological Prospecting: Mapping Patents on L-asparaginases from Extremophilic Microorganisms. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2021; 15:250-265. [PMID: 34353277 DOI: 10.2174/1872208315666210805162459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND L-asparaginase (L-ASNase, L-asparagine amidohydrolase, E.C.3.5.1.1) is an enzyme with wide therapeutic applicability. Currently, the commercialized L-ASNase comes from mesophilic organisms, presenting low specificity to the substrate and limitations regarding thermostability and active pH range. Such factors prevent the maximum performance of the enzyme in different applications. Therefore, extremophilic organisms may represent important candidates for obtaining amidohydrolases with particular characteristics desired by the biotechnological market. OBJECTIVES The present study aims to carry out a technological prospecting of patents related to the L-asparaginases derived from extremophilic organisms, contributing to pave the way for further rational investigation and application of such enzymes. METHODS This patent literature review used six patents databases: The LENS, WIPO, EPO, USPTO, Patent Inspiration, and INPI. RESULTS It was analyzed 2860 patents, and 14 were selected according to combinations of descriptors and study criteria. Approximately 57.14% of the patents refer to enzymes obtained from archaea, especially from the speciesPyrococcus yayanosii (35.71% of the totality). CONCLUSION The present prospective study has singular relevance since there are no recent patent reviews for L-asparaginases, especially produced by extremophilic microorganisms. Although such enzymes have well-defined applications, corroborated by the patents compiled in this review, the most recent studies allude to new uses, such as the treatment of infections. The characterization of the catalytic profiles allows us to infer that there are potential sources still unexplored. Hence, the search for new L-ASNases with different characteristics will continue to grow in the coming years and, possibly, ramifications of the technological routes will be witnessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Gomes de Oliveira Lima
- Laboratorio de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Complexo de Ciencias Medicas e Enfermagem, Campus Arapiraca, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 57309-005, Arapiraca, AL, Brazil
| | - James Romero Soares Bispo
- Laboratorio de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Complexo de Ciencias Medicas e Enfermagem, Campus Arapiraca, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 57309-005, Arapiraca, AL, Brazil
| | - Maurício Bernardo da Silva
- Laboratorio de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Complexo de Ciencias Medicas e Enfermagem, Campus Arapiraca, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 57309-005, Arapiraca, AL, Brazil
| | - Alexya de Oliveira Feitosa
- Laboratorio de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Complexo de Ciencias Medicas e Enfermagem, Campus Arapiraca, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 57309-005, Arapiraca, AL, Brazil
| | - Ana Caroline Melo Dos Santos
- Laboratorio de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Complexo de Ciencias Medicas e Enfermagem, Campus Arapiraca, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 57309-005, Arapiraca, AL, Brazil
| | - Magna Suzana Alexandre Moreira
- Laboratorio de Farmacologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas e da Saude, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 57072-900, Maceio, AL, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luiz Henrique Rosa
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Valéria Maia Oliveira
- Divisao de Recursos Microbianos, Centro Pluridisciplinar de Pesquisas Químicas, Biológicas e Agrícolas. Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, 13148-218, Paulinia, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline Cavalcanti de Queiroz
- Laboratorio de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Complexo de Ciencias Medicas e Enfermagem, Campus Arapiraca, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 57309-005, Arapiraca, AL, Brazil
| | - Alysson Wagner Fernandes Duarte
- Laboratorio de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Complexo de Ciencias Medicas e Enfermagem, Campus Arapiraca, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 57309-005, Arapiraca, AL, Brazil
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Hanihara M, Miyake K, Watanabe A, Yamada Y, Oishi N, Kawataki T, Inukai T, Kondo T, Kinouchi H. Assessment of MGMT methylation status using high-performance liquid chromatography in newly diagnosed glioblastoma. Clin Epigenetics 2020; 12:174. [PMID: 33203454 PMCID: PMC7672949 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-020-00968-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The utility of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) gene promoter methylation status as a prognostic marker in patients with glioblastoma (GBM) has been established. However, the number of CpG sites that must be methylated to cause transcriptional silencing remains unclear, and no significant consensus exists on the optimal method of assessing MGMT methylation. We developed a new high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method that enables accurate analysis of DNA methylation levels using long PCR products. In the present study, we analyzed the MGMT methylation status of 28 isocitrate dehydrogenase-wild-type GBMs treated with temozolomide using ion-exchange HPLC and set the optimal cutoff values. RESULTS We designed three primers for separate regions (regions 1-3) that had 21 to 38 CpGs for PCR and validated the MGMT promoter methylation status using frozen samples. There was a strong correlation between HPLC and bisulfite sequencing results (R = 0.794). The optimal cutoff values for MGMT methylation in HPLC were determined to allow differentiation of patient prognosis by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. The cutoff values were 34.15% for region 1, 8.84% for region 2, and 36.72% for region 3. Kaplan-Meyer curve analysis estimated that the most differentiated prognosis was enabled in the setting of 8.84% methylation of MGMT in region 2. Progression-free survival and overall survival were significantly longer for patients in this setting of region 2 methylation (p = 0.00365 and p = 0.00258, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The combination of our HPLC method and the original primer setting provides a new standard method for determination of MGMT methylation status in patients with GBM and is useful for refining MGMT-based drug selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuto Hanihara
- Departments of Neurosurgery, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Kunio Miyake
- Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Watanabe
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Yuriko Yamada
- Tsukuba Research Institute, Research and Development Division, Sekisui Medical Co., Ltd., Ryugasaki, Japan
| | - Naoki Oishi
- Department of Pathology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Kawataki
- Departments of Neurosurgery, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Takeshi Inukai
- Tsukuba Research Institute, Research and Development Division, Sekisui Medical Co., Ltd., Ryugasaki, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Kondo
- Department of Pathology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kinouchi
- Departments of Neurosurgery, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
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