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Menéndez V, Solórzano JL, García-Cosío M, Cereceda L, Díaz E, Estévez M, Roncador G, Vega Z, Montalbán C, Kulasinghe A, García JF. Mapping the spatial dynamics of the CD4+ T cell spectrum in classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Mod Pathol 2024:100551. [PMID: 38936478 DOI: 10.1016/j.modpat.2024.100551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
As around 25-30% of classical Hodgkin Lymphoma (cHL) patients with advanced stages do not respond to standard therapies, the tumor microenvironment (TME) of cHL is one avenue that may be explored with the aim of improving risk stratification. CD4+ T cells are thought to be one of the main cell types in the TME. However, few immune signatures have been studied, and many of these lack related spatial data. Thus, our aim is to spatially resolve the CD4+ T cell subtypes that influence cHL outcome, depicting new immune signatures or transcriptional patterns that are in crosstalk with the tumor cells. This study was conducted using the Nanostring GeoMx DSP technology, based on the selection of distinct functional areas of patients' tissues followed by the gene-expression profiling. The goals were to assess the differences in CD4+ T cell populations between tumor-rich and immune-predominant areas defined by different CD30 and PD-L1 expression levels and to seek correlations with clinical metadata. Our results depict a complex map of CD4+ T cells with different functions and differentiation states that are enriched at distinct locations, the flux of cytokines and chemokines that could be related to these, and the specific relationships with the clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Menéndez
- Translational Research, Fundación MD Anderson International España S.L. Madrid, 28033 Madrid, Spain
| | - José L Solórzano
- Translational Research, Fundación MD Anderson International España S.L. Madrid, 28033 Madrid, Spain; Pathology Department, MD Anderson Cancer Center Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Laura Cereceda
- Translational Research, Fundación MD Anderson International España S.L. Madrid, 28033 Madrid, Spain; Pathology Department, MD Anderson Cancer Center Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Díaz
- Translational Research, Fundación MD Anderson International España S.L. Madrid, 28033 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Estévez
- Hematology Department, MD Anderson Cancer Center Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Giovanna Roncador
- Monoclonal Antibodies and Histopathology Units, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Zaira Vega
- Monoclonal Antibodies and Histopathology Units, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Montalbán
- Translational Research, Fundación MD Anderson International España S.L. Madrid, 28033 Madrid, Spain
| | - Arutha Kulasinghe
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Juan F García
- Translational Research, Fundación MD Anderson International España S.L. Madrid, 28033 Madrid, Spain; Pathology Department, MD Anderson Cancer Center Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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2
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Kosydar S, Ansell SM. The biology of classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Semin Hematol 2024:S0037-1963(24)00059-3. [PMID: 38824068 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2024.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) is distinguished by several important biological characteristics. The presence of Hodgkin Reed Sternberg (HRS) cells is a defining feature of this disease. The tumor microenvironment with relatively few HRS cells in an expansive infiltrate of immune cells is another key feature. Numerous cell-cell mediated interactions and a plethora of cytokines in the tumor microenvironment collectively work to promote HRS cell growth and survival. Aberrancy and constitutive activation of core signal transduction pathways are a hallmark trait of cHL. Genetic lesions contribute to these dysregulated pathways and evasion of the immune system through a variety of mechanisms is another notable feature of cHL. While substantial elucidation of the biology of cHL has enabled advancements in therapy, increased understanding in the future of additional mechanisms driving cHL may lead to new treatment opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen M Ansell
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
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3
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Masel R, Roche ME, Martinez-Outschoorn U. Hodgkin Lymphoma: A disease shaped by the tumor micro- and macroenvironment. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2023; 36:101514. [PMID: 38092473 DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2023.101514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TMicroE) and tumor macroenvironment (TMacroE) are defining features of classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL). They are of critical importance to clinicians since they explain the common signs and symptoms, allow us to classify these neoplasms, develop prognostic and predictive biomarkers, bioimaging and novel treatments. The TMicroE is defined by effects of cancer cells to their immediate surrounding and within the tumor. Effects of cancer cells at a distance or outside of the tumor define the TMacroE. Paraneoplastic syndromes are signs and symptoms due to effects of cancer at a distance or the TMacroE, which are not due to direct cancer cell infiltration. The most common paraneoplastic symptoms are B-symptoms, which manifest as fevers, chills, drenching night sweats, and/or weight loss. Less common paraneoplastic syndromes include those that affect the central nervous system, skin, kidney, and hematological autoimmune phenomena including hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). Paraneoplastic signs such as leukocytosis, lymphopenia, anemia, and hypoalbuminemia are prognostic biomarkers. The neoplastic cells in cHL are the Hodgkin and Reed Sternberg (HRS) cells, which are preapoptotic germinal center B cells with a high mutational burden and almost universal genetic alterations at the 9p24.1 locus primarily through copy gain and amplification with strong activation of signaling via PD-L1, JAK-STAT, NFkB, and c-MYC. In the majority of cases of cHL over 95% of the tumor cells are non-neoplastic. In the TMicroE, HRS cells recruit and mold non-neoplastic cells vigorously via extracellular vesicles, chemokines, cytokines and growth factors such as CCL5, CCL17, IL6, and TGF-β to promote a feed-forward inflammatory loop, which drives cancer aggressiveness and anti-cancer immune evasion. Novel single cell profiling techniques provide critical information on the role in cHL of monocytes-macrophages, neutrophils, T helper, Tregs, cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, eosinophils, mast cells and fibroblasts. Here, we summarize the effects of EBV on the TMicroE and TMacroE. In addition, how the metabolism of the TMicroE of cHL affects bioimaging and contributes to cancer aggressiveness is reviewed. Finally, we discuss how the TMicroE is being leveraged for risk adapted treatment strategies based on bioimaging results and novel immune therapies. In sum, it is clear that we cannot effectively manage patients with cHL without understanding the TMicroE and TMacroE and its clinical importance is expected to continue to grow rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Masel
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University-Philadelphia, USA; Department of Medicine, Cardeza Foundation for Hematological Research, Thomas Jefferson University-Philadelphia, USA
| | - Megan E Roche
- Department of Medicine, Cardeza Foundation for Hematological Research, Thomas Jefferson University-Philadelphia, USA
| | - Ubaldo Martinez-Outschoorn
- Department of Medicine, Cardeza Foundation for Hematological Research, Thomas Jefferson University-Philadelphia, USA.
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4
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Diepstra A, Nolte IM, van den Berg A, Magpantay LI, Martínez-Maza O, Levin LI. Elevated serum TARC levels precede classic Hodgkin lymphoma diagnosis by several years. Blood 2023; 142:1928-1931. [PMID: 37748137 PMCID: PMC10733822 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023020959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells in classic Hodgkin lymphoma produce high quantities of the thymus- and activation-related chemokine (TARC). We measured TARC levels in prediagnostic serum samples and found strikingly increased values in the vast majority of patients, as early as 6 years before diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjan Diepstra
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ilja M. Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anke van den Berg
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Larry I. Magpantay
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UCLA AIDS Institute and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Otoniel Martínez-Maza
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UCLA AIDS Institute and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Lynn I. Levin
- Statistics and Epidemiology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD
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5
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Casagrande N, Borghese C, Avanzo M, Aldinucci D. In Doxorubicin-Adapted Hodgkin Lymphoma Cells, Acquiring Multidrug Resistance and Improved Immunosuppressive Abilities, Doxorubicin Activity Was Enhanced by Chloroquine and GW4869. Cells 2023; 12:2732. [PMID: 38067159 PMCID: PMC10706762 DOI: 10.3390/cells12232732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) is a highly curable disease (70-80%), even though long-term toxicities, drug resistance, and predicting clinical responses to therapy are major challenges in cHL treatment. To solve these problems, we characterized two cHL cell lines with acquired resistance to doxorubicin, KM-H2dx and HDLM-2dx (HRSdx), generated from KM-H2 and HDLM-2 cells, respectively. HRSdx cells developed cross-resistance to vinblastine, bendamustin, cisplatin, dacarbazine, gemcitabine, brentuximab vedotin (BV), and γ-radiation. Both HDLM-2 and HDLM-2dx cells had intrinsic resistance to BV but not to the drug MMAE. HDLM-2dx acquired cross-resistance to caelyx. HRSdx cells had in common decreased CD71, CD80, CD54, cyt-ROS, HLA-DR, DDR1, and CD44; increased Bcl-2, CD58, COX2, CD26, CCR5, and invasive capability; increased CCL5, TARC, PGE2, and TGF-β; and the capability of hijacking monocytes. In HRSdx cells less sensitive to DNA damage and oxidative stress, the efflux drug transporters MDR1 and MRP1 were not up-regulated, and doxorubicin accumulated in the cytoplasm rather than in the nucleus. Both the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine and extracellular vesicle (EV) release inhibitor GW4869 enhanced doxorubicin activity and counteracted doxorubicin resistance. In conclusion, this study identifies common modulated antigens in HRSdx cells, the associated cross-resistance patterns, and new potential therapeutic options to enhance doxorubicin activity and overcome resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naike Casagrande
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (C.B.); (D.A.)
| | - Cinzia Borghese
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (C.B.); (D.A.)
| | - Michele Avanzo
- Department of Medical Physics, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy;
| | - Donatella Aldinucci
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (C.B.); (D.A.)
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6
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Gomez F, Fisk B, McMichael JF, Mosior M, Foltz JA, Skidmore ZL, Duncavage EJ, Miller CA, Abel H, Li YS, Russler-Germain DA, Krysiak K, Watkins MP, Ramirez CA, Schmidt A, Martins Rodrigues F, Trani L, Khanna A, Wagner JA, Fulton RS, Fronick CC, O'Laughlin MD, Schappe T, Cashen AF, Mehta-Shah N, Kahl BS, Walker J, Bartlett NL, Griffith M, Fehniger TA, Griffith OL. Ultra-Deep Sequencing Reveals the Mutational Landscape of Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 3:2312-2330. [PMID: 37910143 PMCID: PMC10648575 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-23-0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
The malignant Hodgkin and Reed Sternberg (HRS) cells of classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) are scarce in affected lymph nodes, creating a challenge to detect driver somatic mutations. As an alternative to cell purification techniques, we hypothesized that ultra-deep exome sequencing would allow genomic study of HRS cells, thereby streamlining analysis and avoiding technical pitfalls. To test this, 31 cHL tumor/normal pairs were exome sequenced to approximately 1,000× median depth of coverage. An orthogonal error-corrected sequencing approach verified >95% of the discovered mutations. We identified mutations in genes novel to cHL including: CDH5 and PCDH7, novel stop gain mutations in IL4R, and a novel pattern of recurrent mutations in pathways regulating Hippo signaling. As a further application of our exome sequencing, we attempted to identify expressed somatic single-nucleotide variants (SNV) in single-nuclei RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) data generated from a patient in our cohort. Our snRNA analysis identified a clear cluster of cells containing a somatic SNV identified in our deep exome data. This cluster has differentially expressed genes that are consistent with genes known to be dysregulated in HRS cells (e.g., PIM1 and PIM3). The cluster also contains cells with an expanded B-cell clonotype further supporting a malignant phenotype. This study provides proof-of-principle that ultra-deep exome sequencing can be utilized to identify recurrent mutations in HRS cells and demonstrates the feasibility of snRNA-seq in the context of cHL. These studies provide the foundation for the further analysis of genomic variants in large cohorts of patients with cHL. SIGNIFICANCE Our data demonstrate the utility of ultra-deep exome sequencing in uncovering somatic variants in Hodgkin lymphoma, creating new opportunities to define the genes that are recurrently mutated in this disease. We also show for the first time the successful application of snRNA-seq in Hodgkin lymphoma and describe the expression profile of a putative cluster of HRS cells in a single patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Gomez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Bryan Fisk
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Joshua F. McMichael
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Matthew Mosior
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Jennifer A. Foltz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Zachary L. Skidmore
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Eric J. Duncavage
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Christopher A. Miller
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Haley Abel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Yi-Shan Li
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - David A. Russler-Germain
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Kilannin Krysiak
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Marcus P. Watkins
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Cody A. Ramirez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Alina Schmidt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Fernanda Martins Rodrigues
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Lee Trani
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Ajay Khanna
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Julia A. Wagner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Robert S. Fulton
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Catrina C. Fronick
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Michelle D. O'Laughlin
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Timothy Schappe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Amanda F. Cashen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Neha Mehta-Shah
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Brad S. Kahl
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Jason Walker
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Nancy L. Bartlett
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Malachi Griffith
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Todd A. Fehniger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Obi L. Griffith
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
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7
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Gupta S, Craig JW. Classic Hodgkin lymphoma in young people. Semin Diagn Pathol 2023; 40:379-391. [PMID: 37451943 DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2023.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Classic Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL) is a unique form of lymphoid cancer featuring a heterogeneous tumor microenvironment and a relative paucity of malignant Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells with characteristic phenotype. Younger individuals (children, adolescents and young adults) are affected as often as the elderly, producing a peculiar bimodal age-incidence profile that has generated immense interest in this disease and its origins. Decades of epidemiological investigations have documented the populations most susceptible and identified multiple risk factors that can be broadly categorized as either biological or environmental in nature. Most risk factors result in overt immunodeficiency or confer more subtle alterations to baseline health, physiology or immune function. Epstein Barr virus, however, is both a risk factor and well-established driver of lymphomagenesis in a significant subset of cases. Epigenetic changes, along with the accumulation of somatic driver mutations and cytogenetic abnormalities are required for the malignant transformation of germinal center-experienced HRS cell precursors. Chromosomal instability and the influence of endogenous mutational processes are critical in this regard, by impacting genes involved in key signaling pathways that promote the survival and proliferation of HRS cells and their escape from immune destruction. Here we review the principal features, known risk factors and lymphomagenic mechanisms relevant to newly diagnosed CHL, with an emphasis on those most applicable to young people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srishti Gupta
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health System, 1215 Lee Street, 3rd Floor Hospital Expansion Room 3032, PO Box 800904, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Craig
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health System, 1215 Lee Street, 3rd Floor Hospital Expansion Room 3032, PO Box 800904, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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8
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Younes S, Zhao S, Bharadwaj S, Mosquera AP, Libert D, Johnsrud A, Majzner RG, Miklos DB, Frank MJ, Natkunam Y. Detection of Aberrant CD58 Expression in a Wide Spectrum of Lymphoma Subtypes: Implications for Treatment Resistance. Mod Pathol 2023; 36:100256. [PMID: 37391168 DOI: 10.1016/j.modpat.2023.100256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
CD58 or lymphocyte function-associated antigen-3, is a ligand for CD2 receptors on T and NK cells and is required for their activation and target cell killing. We recently showed a trend toward higher frequency of CD58 aberrations in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) who progressed on chimeric antigen receptor-T-cell treatment compared with those who responded. Given that CD58 status may be an important measure of T-cell-mediated therapy failure, we developed a CD58 immunohistochemical assay and evaluated CD58 status in 748 lymphomas. Our results show that CD58 protein expression is downregulated in a significant proportion of all subtypes of B-, T-, and NK-cell lymphomas. CD58 loss is significantly related to poor prognostic indicators in DLBCL and to ALK and DUSP22 rearrangements in anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. However, it is not associated with overall or progression-free survival in any of the lymphoma subtypes. As eligibility for chimeric antigen receptor-T-cell therapy is being extended to a broader spectrum of lymphomas, mechanisms of resistance, such as target downregulation and CD58 loss, may limit therapeutic success. CD58 status is therefore an important biomarker in lymphoma patients who may benefit from next-generation T-cell-mediated therapies or other novel approaches that mitigate immune escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheren Younes
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Shuchun Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Sushma Bharadwaj
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | | | - Diane Libert
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Andrew Johnsrud
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Robbie G Majzner
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - David B Miklos
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Matthew J Frank
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Yasodha Natkunam
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
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9
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Ally F, Gajzer D, Fromm JR. A Review of the Flow Cytometric Findings in Classic Hodgkin Lymphoma, Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma and T Cell/Histiocyte-Rich Large B Cell Lymphoma. Clin Lab Med 2023; 43:427-444. [PMID: 37481321 DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2023.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Classic Hodgkin lymphoma, nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma, and T cell/histiocyte-rich large B cell lymphoma form a unique set of lymphomas with similar morphologic growth patterns (occasional neoplastic cells within a prominent cellular cell background) that are pathobiologically related. Distinguishing these entities has been historically difficult by flow cytometry; however, our laboratory has developed antibody-fluorochrome combinations capable of immunophenotyping these lymphomas. Additionally, characterization of the background reactive lymphocytes can aid in narrowing the differential diagnosis. This review summarizes the immunophenotypic features and insights of the neoplastic and reactive populations found in this unique group of lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feras Ally
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington
| | - David Gajzer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington
| | - Jonathan R Fromm
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington.
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10
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Robinson MH, Villa NY, Jaye DL, Nooka AK, Duffy A, McCachren SS, Manalo J, Switchenko JM, Barnes S, Potdar S, Azeem MI, Horvat AA, Parihar VC, Gong J, Liang Y, Smith GH, Gupta VA, Boise LH, Kaufman JL, Hofmeister CC, Joseph NS, Lonial S, Dhodapkar KM, Dhodapkar MV. Regulation of antigen-specific T cell infiltration and spatial architecture in multiple myeloma and premalignancy. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e167629. [PMID: 37526080 PMCID: PMC10378152 DOI: 10.1172/jci167629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Entry of antigen-specific T cells into human tumors is critical for immunotherapy, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we combined high-dimensional spatial analyses with in vitro and in vivo modeling to study the mechanisms underlying immune infiltration in human multiple myeloma (MM) and its precursor monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). Clustered tumor growth was a feature of MM but not MGUS biopsies, and this growth pattern was reproduced in humanized mouse models. MM biopsies exhibited intralesional as well as spatial heterogeneity, with coexistence of T cell-rich and T cell-sparse regions and the presence of areas of T cell exclusion. In vitro studies demonstrated that T cell entry into MM clusters was regulated by agonistic signals and CD2-CD58 interactions. Upon adoptive transfer, antigen-specific T cells localized to the tumor site but required in situ DC-mediated antigen presentation for tumor entry. C-type lectin domain family 9 member A-positive (CLEC9A+) DCs appeared to mark portals of entry for gradients of T cell infiltration in MM biopsies, and their proximity to T cell factor 1-positive (TCF1+) T cells correlated with disease state and risk status. These data illustrate a role for tumor-associated DCs and in situ activation in promoting the infiltration of antigen-specific T cells in MM and provide insights into spatial alterations in tumor/immune cells with malignant evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David L Jaye
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ajay K Nooka
- Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Maryam I Azeem
- Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | | | - Jingjing Gong
- Pathology Department, NanoString Inc., Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Yan Liang
- Pathology Department, NanoString Inc., Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Vikas A Gupta
- Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lawrence H Boise
- Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jonathan L Kaufman
- Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Craig C Hofmeister
- Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Nisha S Joseph
- Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sagar Lonial
- Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kavita M Dhodapkar
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Madhav V Dhodapkar
- Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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11
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Kilsdonk M, Veldman C, Rosati S, Plattel W, Diepstra A. The value of thymus and activation related chemokine immunohistochemistry in classic Hodgkin lymphoma diagnostics. Histopathology 2023; 82:495-503. [PMID: 36345263 PMCID: PMC10100154 DOI: 10.1111/his.14836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Classic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) should be distinguished from its wide variety of histological mimics, including reactive conditions and mature B and T cell neoplasms. Thymus and activation-related chemokine (TARC) is produced in extremely high quantities by the Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg (HRS) tumour cells and is largely responsible for the attraction of CD4+ T cells into the cHL tumour micro-environment. In the current study we evaluated the diagnostic potential of TARC immunohistochemistry in daily practice in a tertiary referral centre in the Netherlands. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 383 cases, approximately half of which were cHL mimics, were prospectively evaluated in the period from June 2014 to November 2020. In 190 cHL cases, 92% were TARC-positive and the majority of cases showed strong and highly specific staining in all HRS cells (77%). In most cases, TARC could discriminate between nodular lymphocyte-predominant and lymphocyte-rich Hodgkin lymphoma. HRS-like cells in mature lymphoid neoplasms were rarely positive (6.4%) and there was no TARC staining at all in 64 reactive lymphadenopathies. CONCLUSIONS TARC immunohistochemistry has great value in differentiating between cHL and its mimics, including nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma, reactive lymphadenopathies and mature lymphoid neoplasms with HRS-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvin Kilsdonk
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Carlijn Veldman
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Stefano Rosati
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter Plattel
- Department of Haematology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Arjan Diepstra
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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12
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De Re V, Repetto O, Mussolin L, Brisotto G, Elia C, Lopci E, d’Amore ESG, Burnelli R, Mascarin M. Promising drugs and treatment options for pediatric and adolescent patients with Hodgkin lymphoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:965803. [PMID: 36506094 PMCID: PMC9729954 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.965803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently-available therapies for newly-diagnosed pediatric and adolescent patients with Hodgkin lymphoma result in >95% survival at 5 years. Long-term survivors may suffer from long-term treatment-related side effects, however, so the past 20 years have seen clinical trials for children and adolescents with HL gradually abandon the regimens used in adults in an effort to improve this situation. Narrower-field radiotherapy can reduce long-term toxicity while maintaining good tumor control. Various risk-adapted chemo-radiotherapy strategies have been used. Early assessment of tumor response with interim positron emission tomography and/or measuring metabolic tumor volume has been used both to limit RT in patients with favorable characteristics and to adopt more aggressive therapies in patients with a poor response. Most classical Hodgkin's lymphoma relapses occur within 3 years of initial treatment, while relapses occurring 5 years or more after diagnosis are rare. As the outcome for patients with relapsed/refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma remains unsatisfactory, new drugs have been proposed for its prevention or treatment. This review summarizes the important advances made in recent years in the management of pediatric and adolescent with classical Hodgkin lymphoma, and the novel targeted treatments for relapsed and refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valli De Re
- Immunopatologia e Biomarcatori Oncologici, Dipartimento di Ricerca e Diagnostica Avanzata dei Tumori, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, IRCCS, Aviano, Italy,*Correspondence: Valli De Re, ; Maurizio Mascarin,
| | - Ombretta Repetto
- Immunopatologia e Biomarcatori Oncologici, Dipartimento di Ricerca e Diagnostica Avanzata dei Tumori, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Lara Mussolin
- Pediatric Hemato-Oncology Unit, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Giulia Brisotto
- Immunopatologia e Biomarcatori Oncologici, Dipartimento di Ricerca e Diagnostica Avanzata dei Tumori, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Caterina Elia
- AYA Oncology and Pediatric Radiotherapy Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Egesta Lopci
- Nuclear Medicine, IRCCS—Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, MI, Italy
| | | | - Roberta Burnelli
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Ospedale Sant’Anna, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maurizio Mascarin
- AYA Oncology and Pediatric Radiotherapy Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico IRCCS, Aviano, Italy,*Correspondence: Valli De Re, ; Maurizio Mascarin,
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13
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Cai F, Gao H, Yu Z, Zhu K, Gu W, Guo X, Xu X, Shen H, Shu Q. High percentages of peripheral blood T-cell activation in childhood Hodgkin's lymphoma are associated with inferior outcome. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:955373. [PMID: 36035394 PMCID: PMC9399494 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.955373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to investigate the activation of T lymphocytes in peripheral blood from children with Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) and explore their roles for prognosis in HL. A cohort of 52 newly diagnosed children with HL during the past 10 years was enrolled for analysis in this study. Peripheral blood samples of the patients were acquired before treatment in our hospital, and T-cell subsets were detected by a four-color flow cytometer. CD4+ T cells and CD4+/CD8+ T-cell ratio decreased significantly in patients with HL vs. healthy controls. CD8+ T cells, CD3+CD4+HLA-DR+ T cells, and CD3+CD8+HLA-DR+ T cells increased markedly in patients with HL vs. healthy controls. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that CD3+CD4+HLA-DR+ T cells and CD3+CD8+HLA-DR+ T cells each distinguished the high-risk group from the low- and intermediate-risk group. The area under the ROC curve for predicting high-risk patients was 0.795 for CD3+CD4+HLA-DR+ T cell and 0.784 for CD3+CD8+HLA-DR+ T cell. A comparison of peripheral blood T-cell subsets that responded differently to therapy showed significantly higher percentages of CD3+CD4+HLA-DR+ T cells and CD3+CD8+HLA-DR+ T cells in patients who achieved complete remission compared to those who did not achieve complete remission. In addition, high percentages of both CD3+CD4+HLA-DR+ T cells and CD3+CD8+HLA-DR+ T cells were associated with inferior event-free survival. Peripheral immune status may be related to disease severity in HL. CD3+CD4+HLA-DR+ T cells and CD3+CD8+HLA-DR+ T cells may be a novel indicator for risk stratification of HL and may be an independent risk factor for inferior outcome in childhood HL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqing Cai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Children's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Children's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhongsheng Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Children's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kun Zhu
- Department of Pathology, The Children's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weizhong Gu
- Department of Pathology, The Children's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Guo
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, The Children's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Xu
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, The Children's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongqiang Shen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Children's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hongqiang Shen
| | - Qiang Shu
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Qiang Shu
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14
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Hodgkin Lymphoma: Biology and Differential Diagnostic Problem. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12061507. [PMID: 35741318 PMCID: PMC9221773 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12061507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hodgkin lymphomas (HLs) are lymphoid neoplasms that are morphologically defined as being composed of dysplastic cells, namely, Hodgkin and Reed–Sternberg cells, in a reactive inflammatory background. The biological nature of HLs has long been unclear; however, our understanding of HL-related genetics and tumor microenvironment interactions is rapidly expanding. For example, cell surface overexpression of programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (CD274/PD-L1) is now considered a defining feature of an HL subset, and targeting such immune checkpoint molecules is a promising therapeutic option. Still, HLs comprise multiple disease subtypes, and some HL features may overlap with its morphological mimics, posing challenging diagnostic and therapeutic problems. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in understanding the biology of HLs, and discuss approaches to differentiating HL and its mimics.
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15
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Casagrande N, Borghese C, Aldinucci D. Current and Emerging Approaches to Study Microenvironmental Interactions and Drug Activity in Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14102427. [PMID: 35626032 PMCID: PMC9139207 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14102427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In classical Hodgkin Lymphoma (cHL), the tumor microenvironment (TME) plays an important role in tumor progression and treatment response, making its evaluation critical for determining prognosis, treatment strategies and predicting an increase in drug toxicity. Therefore, there is a need to utilize more complex systems to study the cHL-TME and its interplay with tumor cells. To evaluate new anticancer drugs and to find the mechanisms of drug resistance, this review summarizes emerging approaches for the analysis of the TME composition and to identify the state of the disease; the in vitro techniques used to determine the mechanisms involved in the building of an immunosuppressive and protective TME; new 3-dimensional (3D) models, the heterospheroids (HS), developed to mimic TME interactions. Here, we describe the present and likely future clinical applications indicated by the results of these studies and propose a classification for the in vitro culture methods used to study TME interactions in cHL. Abstract Classic Hodgkin lymphoma is characterized by a few tumor cells surrounded by a protective and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) composed by a wide variety of noncancerous cells that are an active part of the disease. Therefore, new techniques to study the cHL-TME and new therapeutic strategies targeting specifically tumor cells, reactivating the antitumor immunity, counteracting the protective effects of the TME, were developed. Here, we describe new methods used to study the cell composition, the phenotype, and the spatial distribution of Hodgkin and Reed–Sternberg (HRS) cells and of noncancerous cells in tumor tissues. Moreover, we propose a classification, with increasing complexity, of the in vitro functional studies used to clarify the interactions leading not only to HRS cell survival, growth and drug resistance, but also to the immunosuppressive tumor education of monocytes, T lymphocytes and fibroblasts. This classification also includes new 3-dimensional (3D) models, obtained by cultivating HRS cells in extracellular matrix scaffolds or in sponge scaffolds, under non-adherent conditions with noncancerous cells to form heterospheroids (HS), implanted in developing chick eggs (ovo model). We report results obtained with these approaches and their applications in clinical setting.
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16
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The Hodgkin Lymphoma Immune Microenvironment: Turning Bad News into Good. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14051360. [PMID: 35267668 PMCID: PMC8909875 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14051360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The classic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) tumor microenvironment (TME) is by far the most abundant component of tumors and is responsible for most of their biological and clinical characteristics. Recent advances in our knowledge of these networks in cellular interactions allow us to understand that the neoplastic Hodgkin and Reed Sternberg (HRS) cells, although they are in the minority, are the main architects of this dysregulated immune milieu. Here, we review the major changes that have happened in recent years: from TME as a helpless bystander, reflecting an ineffective immune response, to a dynamic tumor-promoting and immunosuppressive element. The HRS cells promote survival through interconnected intrinsic and extrinsic alterations, boosting pro-tumoral signaling pathways through genetic aberrations and autocrine growth signals, in parallel with abnormal cytokine secretion for the recruitment and selection of the best cell partners for this immunosuppressive TME. In turn, cHL is already proving to be the perfect model with which to address an immune checkpoint blockade. Preliminary data demonstrate the utility of druggable key signaling pathways in this ensemble, such as JAK-STAT, NF-κB, and others. In addition, myriad biomarkers predicting a response await validation by new in situ multiplex analytical methods, single-cell gene expression, and other techniques. Together, these components will define the functional phenotypes with which we will elucidate the molecular pathogenesis of the disease and improve the survival of patients who are refractory to conventional therapies.
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17
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Ingravallo G, Tamma R, Opinto G, Annese T, Gaudio F, Specchia G, Perrone T, Musto P, Cazzato G, Bellitti E, Capodiferro S, Maiorano E, Ribatti D. The Effect of the Tumor Microenvironment on Lymphoid Neoplasms Derived from B Cells. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12030573. [PMID: 35328127 PMCID: PMC8947733 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12030573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphomas are characteristic tumors surrounded by an inflammatory microenvironment. The cells of the microenvironment are essential for the growth and survival of neoplastic cells and are recruited through the effect of cytokines/chemokines. Lymphomas include heterogeneous groups of neoplasms infiltrating various lymphoid structures which may arise from B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and natural killer (NK) cells at various stages of their differentiation state. In this review article, we analyze the literature data concerning the involvement of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in the progression of lymphomas and the recent advances in the analysis of microenvironment components in the most common forms: some mature B cell lymphoma neoplasms and classic Hodgkin lymphomas. The complex crosstalk between the TME and tumor cells led to the discovery of many mechanisms usable as molecular-targeted therapy through the control of diverse elements of the TME, varying from inhibitors of angiogenic cytokines and their receptors to the regulation of cells' activities and the novel immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Ingravallo
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Policlinico-Piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (E.B.); (E.M.)
- Correspondence: (G.I.); (R.T.); (G.C.)
| | - Roberto Tamma
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Policlinico-Piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (T.A.); (D.R.)
- Correspondence: (G.I.); (R.T.); (G.C.)
| | - Giuseppina Opinto
- Haematology and Cell Therapy Unit, IRCCS-Istituto Tumori ‘Giovanni Paolo II’, Viale Orazio Flacco 65, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Tiziana Annese
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Policlinico-Piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (T.A.); (D.R.)
| | - Francesco Gaudio
- Hematology Section, Department of Emergency and Transplantation, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy; (F.G.); (T.P.); (P.M.)
| | - Giorgina Specchia
- School of Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Tommasina Perrone
- Hematology Section, Department of Emergency and Transplantation, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy; (F.G.); (T.P.); (P.M.)
| | - Pellegrino Musto
- Hematology Section, Department of Emergency and Transplantation, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy; (F.G.); (T.P.); (P.M.)
| | - Gerardo Cazzato
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Policlinico-Piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (E.B.); (E.M.)
- Correspondence: (G.I.); (R.T.); (G.C.)
| | - Emilio Bellitti
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Policlinico-Piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (E.B.); (E.M.)
| | - Saverio Capodiferro
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Policlinico-Piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Eugenio Maiorano
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Policlinico-Piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (E.B.); (E.M.)
| | - Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Policlinico-Piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (T.A.); (D.R.)
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18
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Veldman J, Rodrigues Plaça J, Chong L, Terpstra MM, Mastik M, van Kempen LC, Kok K, Aoki T, Steidl C, van den Berg A, Visser L, Diepstra A. CD4+ T cells in classical Hodgkin lymphoma express exhaustion associated transcription factors TOX and TOX2. Oncoimmunology 2022; 11:2033433. [PMID: 35111387 PMCID: PMC8803106 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2022.2033433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL), the highly abundant CD4+ T cells in the vicinity of tumor cells are considered essential for tumor cell survival, but are ill-defined. Although they are activated, they consistently lack expression of activation marker CD26. In this study, we compared sorted CD4+CD26- and CD4+CD26+ T cells from cHL lymph node cell suspensions by RNA sequencing and T cell receptor variable gene segment usage analysis. This revealed that although CD4+CD26- T cells are antigen experienced, they have not clonally expanded. This may well be explained by the expression of exhaustion associated transcription factors TOX and TOX2, immune checkpoints PDCD1 and CD200, and chemokine CXCL13, which were amongst the 100 significantly enriched genes in comparison with the CD4+CD26+ T cells. Findings were validated in single-cell RNA sequencing data from an independent cohort. Interestingly, immunohistochemistry revealed predominant and high frequency of staining for TOX and TOX2 in the T cells attached to the tumor cells. In conclusion, the dominant CD4+CD26- T cell population in cHL is antigen experienced, polyclonal, and exhausted. This population is likely a main contributor to the very high response rates to immune checkpoint inhibitors in cHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Veldman
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica Rodrigues Plaça
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy (INCT/CNPq) and Center for Cell-Based Therapy, CEPID/FAPESP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lauren Chong
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Miente Martijn Terpstra
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Mastik
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Léon C. van Kempen
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas Kok
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tomohiro Aoki
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christian Steidl
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anke van den Berg
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lydia Visser
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan Diepstra
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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19
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Henry M, Buck S, Al-Qanber B, Gadgeel M, Savaşan S. Lymphocyte HLA-DR/CD-38 co-expression correlates with Hodgkin lymphoma cell cytotoxicity in vitro independent of PD-1/PD1-L pathway. Leuk Lymphoma 2022; 63:1331-1338. [PMID: 35001800 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2021.2023744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The interactions between Hodgkin and Reed Sternberg cells and tumor microenvironment, the changes that occur with therapy and, in particular, checkpoint inhibition are not fully understood. Understanding these is key to optimizing outcomes for patients with Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). We evaluated the immunophenotypic characteristics of cytotoxic, helper T and NK lymphocytes upon in vitro stimulation, cell-mediated cytotoxicity against HL cells, HDLM-2 and KM-H2, and the association with effector cell activation state, as well as changes in cytotoxicity following PD-1 or PDL-1 blockade. Higher HLA-DR/CD38 expression on effector cells was associated with increased cytotoxicity against HL cells. All effector cell types were cytotoxic of HL cells, though achieved maximum activation and cytotoxicity at variable timepoints. HLA-DR/CD38 co-expression correlated with cytotoxicity, but PD-1 expression did not. There was no significant change in cell-mediated cytotoxicity following PD-1/PDL-1 blockade. The mechanism of action of checkpoint inhibitors may not be limited to direct PD-1/PDL-1 blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meret Henry
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplant Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Center, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Central Michigan University College of Medicine, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA
| | - Steven Buck
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Hematology/Oncology Flow Cytometry Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Batool Al-Qanber
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Hematology/Oncology Flow Cytometry Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Manisha Gadgeel
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Hematology/Oncology Flow Cytometry Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Süreyya Savaşan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplant Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Center, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Central Michigan University College of Medicine, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Hematology/Oncology Flow Cytometry Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA
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20
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Martig DS, Fromm JR. A comparison and review of the flow cytometric findings in classic Hodgkin lymphoma, nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma, T cell/histiocyte rich large B cell lymphoma, and primary mediastinal large B cell lymphoma. CYTOMETRY. PART B, CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2022; 102:14-25. [PMID: 34878224 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.22045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The "Hodgkin-like" lymphomas including classic Hodgkin lymphoma, nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma, T cell/histiocyte rich large B cell lymphoma, and primary mediastinal large B cell lymphoma have been shown to be pathobiologically related. With the exception of primary mediastinal large B cell lymphoma, these lymphomas have similar morphologic growth patterns with occasional neoplastic cells within a prominent reactive cell background. Historically, distinguishing these entities was difficult by flow cytometry; however, over the past 15 years, our laboratory has developed antibody-fluorochrome combinations capable of accurately distinguishing these entities by their immunoprofile. Additionally, an algorithmic approach based on characterization of the background reactive B-cell and T-cell populations can aid in narrowing the differential diagnosis. This review summarizes both the morphologic and immunophenotypic features and the current flow cytometric insights of the neoplastic and reactive populations found in this unique subset of lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Martig
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jonathan R Fromm
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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21
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HLA Expression in Relation to HLA Type in Classic Hodgkin Lymphoma Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13225833. [PMID: 34830986 PMCID: PMC8616181 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Classic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) is a B-cell malignancy with involvement of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) in about 30% of the European population. The risk to develop cHL is strongly linked to genetic variants in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genomic region and to certain HLA alleles. This may be caused by the function of HLA alleles, or by genetic linkage to non-HLA genes. HLA can present EBV-derived and tumour-cell specific antigens and this may lead to anti-tumour immune responses. However, the tumour cells downregulate HLA expression in a proportion of the cases, which may result in immune escape. In this study, we tested whether the loss of HLA expression is related to the presence of certain protective HLA alleles. We found that loss and retention of HLA expression is indeed associated with presence of known susceptibility HLA alleles. These findings suggest that HLA itself is involved in development of cHL. Abstract Several human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles are strongly associated with susceptibility to classic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL), also in subgroups stratified for presence of the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). We tested the hypothesis that the pressure on cHL tumour cells to lose HLA expression is associated with HLA susceptibility alleles. A meta-analysis was carried out to identify consistent protective and risk HLA alleles in a combined cohort of 839 cHL patients from the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Tumour cell HLA expression was studied in 338 cHL cases from these two cohorts and correlated to the presence of specific susceptibility HLA alleles. Carriers of the HLA-DRB1*07 protective allele frequently lost HLA class II expression in cHL overall. Patients carrying the HLA-DRB1*15/16 (DR2) risk allele retained HLA class II expression in EBV− cHL and patients with the HLA-B*37 risk allele retained HLA class I expression more frequently than non-carriers in EBV+ cHL. The other susceptibility alleles showed no significant differences in expression. Thus, HLA expression by tumour cells is associated with a subset of the protective and risk alleles. This strongly suggests that HLA associations in cHL are related to peptide binding capacities of specific HLA alleles.
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Tang S, Davoudi Z, Wang G, Xu Z, Rehman T, Prominski A, Tian B, Bratlie KM, Peng H, Wang Q. Soft materials as biological and artificial membranes. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:12679-12701. [PMID: 34636824 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00029b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The past few decades have seen emerging growth in the field of soft materials for synthetic biology. This review focuses on soft materials involved in biological and artificial membranes. The biological membranes discussed here are mainly those involved in the structure and function of cells and organelles. As building blocks in medicine, non-native membranes including nanocarriers (NCs), especially liposomes and DQAsomes, and polymeric membranes for scaffolds are constructed from amphiphilic combinations of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. Artificial membranes can be prepared using synthetic, soft materials and molecules and then incorporated into structures through self-organization to form micelles or niosomes. The modification of artificial membranes can be realized using traditional chemical methods such as click reactions to target the delivery of NCs and control the release of therapeutics. The biomembrane, a lamellar structure inlaid with ion channels, receptors, lipid rafts, enzymes, and other functional units, separates cells and organelles from the environment. An active domain inserted into the membrane and organelles for energy conversion and cellular communication can target disease by changing the membrane's composition, structure, and fluidity and affecting the on/off status of the membrane gates. The biological membrane targets analyzing pathological mechanisms and curing complex diseases, which inspires us to create NCs with artificial membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shukun Tang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Daqing Branch, Harbin Medical University, Research and Development of Natural Products Key Laboratory of Harbin Medical University, 39 Xin Yang Road, Daqing, 163319, China.
| | - Zahra Davoudi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, 1014 Sweeney Hall, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Guangtian Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Daqing Branch, Harbin Medical University, Research and Development of Natural Products Key Laboratory of Harbin Medical University, 39 Xin Yang Road, Daqing, 163319, China.
| | - Zihao Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Tanzeel Rehman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Aleksander Prominski
- The James Franck Institute, Department of Chemistry, The Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Bozhi Tian
- The James Franck Institute, Department of Chemistry, The Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Kaitlin M Bratlie
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, 1014 Sweeney Hall, Ames, IA 50011, USA. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Haisheng Peng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Daqing Branch, Harbin Medical University, Research and Development of Natural Products Key Laboratory of Harbin Medical University, 39 Xin Yang Road, Daqing, 163319, China.
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, 1014 Sweeney Hall, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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23
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Hodgkin Lymphoma: A Special Microenvironment. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10204665. [PMID: 34682791 PMCID: PMC8541076 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10204665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical Hodgkin’s lymphoma (cHL) is one of the most particular lymphomas for the few tumor cells surrounded by an inflammatory microenvironment. Reed-Sternberg (RS) and Hodgkin (H) cells reprogram and evade antitumor mechanisms of the normal cells present in the microenvironment. The cells of microenvironment are essential for growth and survival of the RS/H cells and are recruited through the effect of cytokines/chemokines. We summarize recent advances in gene expression profiling (GEP) analysis applied to study microenvironment component in cHL. We also describe the main therapies that target not only the neoplastic cells but also the cellular components of the background.
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24
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Reverted exhaustion phenotype of circulating lymphocytes as immune correlate of anti-PD1 first-line treatment in Hodgkin lymphoma. Leukemia 2021; 36:760-771. [PMID: 34584203 PMCID: PMC8885413 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-021-01421-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
While classical Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is highly susceptible to anti-programmed death protein 1 (PD1) antibodies, the exact modes of action remain controversial. To elucidate the circulating lymphocyte phenotype and systemic effects during anti-PD1 1st-line HL treatment we applied multicolor flow cytometry, FluoroSpot and NanoString to sequential samples of 81 HL patients from the NIVAHL trial (NCT03004833) compared to healthy controls. HL patients showed a decreased CD4 T-cell fraction, a higher percentage of effector-memory T cells and higher expression of activation markers at baseline. Strikingly, and in contrast to solid cancers, expression for 10 out of 16 analyzed co-inhibitory molecules on T cells (e.g., PD1, LAG3, Tim3) was higher in HL. Overall, we observed a sustained decrease of the exhausted T-cell phenotype during anti-PD1 treatment. FluoroSpot of 42.3% of patients revealed T-cell responses against ≥1 of five analyzed tumor-associated antigens. Importantly, these responses were more frequently observed in samples from patients with early excellent response to anti-PD1 therapy. In summary, an initially exhausted lymphocyte phenotype rapidly reverted during anti-PD1 1st-line treatment. The frequently observed IFN-y responses against shared tumor-associated antigens indicate T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity and could represent an important resource for immune monitoring and cellular therapy of HL.
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25
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Zhang Y, Liu Q, Yang S, Liao Q. CD58 Immunobiology at a Glance. Front Immunol 2021; 12:705260. [PMID: 34168659 PMCID: PMC8218816 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.705260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The glycoprotein CD58, also known as lymphocyte-function antigen 3 (LFA-3), is a costimulatory receptor distributed on a broad range of human tissue cells. Its natural ligand CD2 is primarily expressed on the surface of T/NK cells. The CD2-CD58 interaction is an important component of the immunological synapse (IS) that induces activation and proliferation of T/NK cells and triggers a series of intracellular signaling in T/NK cells and target cells, respectively, in addition to promoting cell adhesion and recognition. Furthermore, a soluble form of CD58 (sCD58) is also present in cellular supernatant in vitro and in local tissues in vivo. The sCD58 is involved in T/NK cell-mediated immune responses as an immunosuppressive factor by affecting CD2-CD58 interaction. Altered accumulation of sCD58 may lead to immunosuppression of T/NK cells in the tumor microenvironment, allowing sCD58 as a novel immunotherapeutic target. Recently, the crucial roles of costimulatory molecule CD58 in immunomodulation seem to be reattracting the interests of investigators. In particular, the CD2-CD58 interaction is involved in the regulation of antiviral responses, inflammatory responses in autoimmune diseases, immune rejection of transplantation, and immune evasion of tumor cells. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of CD58 immunobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalu Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qiaofei Liu
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Sen Yang
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Quan Liao
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Ferrarini I, Rigo A, Visco C, Krampera M, Vinante F. The Evolving Knowledge on T and NK Cells in Classic Hodgkin Lymphoma: Insights into Novel Subsets Populating the Immune Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123757. [PMID: 33327433 PMCID: PMC7764890 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In classic Hodgkin lymphoma, T and NK cells constitute a significant fraction of the reactive microenvironment established by malignant Hodgkin Reed–Sternberg cells. Despite their abundance, T and NK cells remain largely ineffective because of two coordinated levels of immune evasion. The first is based on the acquisition of regulatory properties or exhausted phenotypes that cripple their antitumor activity. The second is represented by their peculiar spatial distribution, with the most immunosuppressive subpopulations lying in close proximity of neoplastic cells. Recent discoveries about the functional role and the spatial orientation of T and NK cells in classic Hodgkin lymphoma are the focus of this review. Abstract Classic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) is a unique lymphoid neoplasm characterized by extensive immune infiltrates surrounding rare malignant Hodgkin Reed–Sternberg (HRS) cells. Different subsets of T and NK cells have long been recognized in the cHL microenvironment, yet their distinct contribution to disease pathogenesis has remained enigmatic. Very recently, novel platforms for high dimensional analysis of immune cells, such as single-cell RNA sequencing and mass cytometry, have revealed unanticipated insights into the composition of T- and NK-cell compartments in cHL. Advances in imaging techniques have better defined specific T-helper subpopulations physically interacting with neoplastic cells. In addition, the identification of novel cytotoxic subsets with an exhausted phenotype, typically enriched in cHL milieu, is shedding light on previously unrecognized immune evasion mechanisms. This review examines the immunological features and the functional properties of T and NK subsets recently identified in the cHL microenvironment, highlighting their pathological interplay with HRS cells. We also discuss how this knowledge can be exploited to predict response to immunotherapy and to design novel strategies to improve PD-1 blockade efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isacco Ferrarini
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.R.); (C.V.); (M.K.); (F.V.)
- Cancer Research and Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-045-812-8411
| | - Antonella Rigo
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.R.); (C.V.); (M.K.); (F.V.)
- Cancer Research and Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Carlo Visco
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.R.); (C.V.); (M.K.); (F.V.)
| | - Mauro Krampera
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.R.); (C.V.); (M.K.); (F.V.)
| | - Fabrizio Vinante
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.R.); (C.V.); (M.K.); (F.V.)
- Cancer Research and Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
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27
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Architecture and interior design of Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood 2020; 136:2367-2369. [PMID: 33211831 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020007637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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28
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Poppema S. Lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma, antigen-driven after all? J Pathol 2020; 253:1-10. [PMID: 33044742 DOI: 10.1002/path.5567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL) was suggested as an entity separate from other types of Hodgkin lymphoma 40 years ago and recognized in the WHO classification in 2001. Based on its relatively benign course with late distant relapses, relation with lymph node hyperplasia with progressively transformed germinal centers, presence of clonal immunoglobulin gene rearrangements with somatic hypermutations and ongoing mutations, and relation with a number of inherited defects affecting the immune system, it has been suspected that NLPHL might be antigen-driven. Recent evidence has shown that cases of IgD-positive NLPHL are associated with infection by Moraxella catarrhalis, a common bacterium in the upper respiratory tract and in lymph nodes. This review summarizes the evidence for NLPHL as a B-cell lymphoma involving follicular T-lymphocytes normally found in germinal centers, its molecular features and relation to inherited immune defects, and its relation and differential diagnosis from similar entities. Finally, it discusses the evidence that in many cases a watch and wait policy might be a viable initial management strategy. © 2020 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibrandes Poppema
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
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