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Li W, Xu K, Liu Y, Lei X, Ru X, Guo P, Feng H, Chen Y, Xing M. Hydrophobic Polystyrene-Modified Gelatin Enhances Fast Hemostasis and Tissue Regeneration in Traumatic Brain Injury. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2300708. [PMID: 37442090 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202300708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Hemostatic sealant is required to deal with blood loss, especially in the scenario of traumatic brain injury (TBI), which presents high rates of morbidity and disability. Hemostasis in surgery with traditional gelatin-based sealants often leads to blood loss and other issues in brain because of the hydrophilic gelatin swelling. Herein, hydrophobic effects on the hemostasis in TBI surgery are studied by tuning the chain length of polystyrene (PS) onto methylacrylated gelatin (Gel-MA). The hydrophobicity and hemostatic efficiency can be tuned by controlling the length of PS groups. The platelet activation of modified sealants Gel-MA-2P, Gel-MA-P, and Gel-MA-0.5P is as much as 17.5, 9.1, and 2.1 times higher than Gel-MA in vitro. The hemostatic time of Gel-MA-2P, Gel-MA-P, and Gel-MA-0.5P groups is 2.0-, 1.6-, and 1.1-folds faster than that in Gel-MA group in TBI mice. Increased formation of fibrins and platelet aggregation can also be observed in vitro by scanning electron microscopy. Animal's mortality is lowered by 46%, neurologic deficiency is reduced by 1.5 times, and brain edema is attenuated by 10%. Protein expression is further investigated to exhibit toxic iron-related processes caused by delayed hemostasis and activation of platelets via PI3K/PKC-α signaling. The hydrophobic Gel-MA has the potential in hemostatic TBI and promotes nervous system recovery in brain with the potentials in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Kaige Xu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Manitoba, 75 Chancellors Circle, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5V6, Canada
| | - Yuqing Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Manitoba, 75 Chancellors Circle, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5V6, Canada
| | - Xuejiao Lei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xufang Ru
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Peiwen Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yujie Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Malcolm Xing
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Manitoba, 75 Chancellors Circle, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5V6, Canada
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Zeng H, Guo S, Ren X, Wu Z, Liu S, Yao X. Current Strategies for Exosome Cargo Loading and Targeting Delivery. Cells 2023; 12:1416. [PMID: 37408250 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) such as ectosomes and exosomes have gained attention as promising natural carriers for drug delivery. Exosomes, which range from 30 to 100 nm in diameter, possess a lipid bilayer and are secreted by various cells. Due to their high biocompatibility, stability, and low immunogenicity, exosomes are favored as cargo carriers. The lipid bilayer membrane of exosomes also offers protection against cargo degradation, making them a desirable candidate for drug delivery. However, loading cargo into exosomes remains to be a challenge. Despite various strategies such as incubation, electroporation, sonication, extrusion, freeze-thaw cycling, and transfection that have been developed to facilitate cargo loading, inadequate efficiency still persists. This review offers an overview of current cargo delivery strategies using exosomes and summarizes recent approaches for loading small-molecule, nucleic acid, and protein drugs into exosomes. With insights from these studies, we provide ideas for more efficient and effective delivery of drug molecules by using exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Zeng
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shaoshen Guo
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xuancheng Ren
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhenkun Wu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shuwen Liu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xingang Yao
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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