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Tsyplenkova S, Charlebois E, Fillebeen C, Pantopoulos K. Excess of circulating apotransferrin enhances dietary iron absorption in mice. Blood 2024; 144:117-121. [PMID: 38527216 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023022916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Intravenous injection of excess apotransferrin enhances dietary iron absorption in mice and triggers accumulation of plasma non-transferrin-bound iron. Injected fluorescent-labeled transferrin colocalizes with lamina propria macrophages, consistent with the recently proposed iron absorption checkpoint involving macrophage-mediated transferrin degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofiya Tsyplenkova
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Edouard Charlebois
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Carine Fillebeen
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Kostas Pantopoulos
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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2
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Fisher AL, Phillips S, Wang CY, Paulo JA, Xiao X, Moschetta GA, Sridhar A, Mancias JD, Babitt JL. Endothelial ZIP8 plays a minor role in BMP6 regulation by iron in mice. Blood 2024; 143:2433-2437. [PMID: 38518102 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023023385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Iron-mediated induction of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)6 expression by liver endothelial cells is essential for iron homeostasis regulation. We used multiple dietary and genetic mouse cohorts to demonstrate a minor functional role for the metal-ion transporter ZIP8 in regulating BMP6 expression under high-iron conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L Fisher
- Nephrology Division and Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Sydney Phillips
- Nephrology Division and Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Chia-Yu Wang
- Nephrology Division and Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Joao A Paulo
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Xia Xiao
- Nephrology Division and Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Gillian A Moschetta
- Nephrology Division and Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Adhvaith Sridhar
- Nephrology Division and Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Joseph D Mancias
- Division of Radiation and Genome Stability, Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jodie L Babitt
- Nephrology Division and Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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3
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Knutson MD. The elusive endothelial iron transporter. Blood 2024; 143:2349-2350. [PMID: 38842863 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2024024664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
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4
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Zurawska G, Jończy A, Niklewicz M, Sas Z, Rumieńczyk I, Kulecka M, Piwocka K, Rygiel TP, Mikula M, Mleczko-Sanecka K. Iron-triggered signaling via ETS1 and the p38/JNK MAPK pathway regulates Bmp6 expression. Am J Hematol 2024; 99:543-554. [PMID: 38293789 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.27223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
BMP6 is an iron-sensing cytokine whose transcription in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) is enhanced by high iron levels, a step that precedes the induction of the iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin. While several reports suggested a cell-autonomous induction of Bmp6 by iron-triggered signals, likely via sensing of oxidative stress by the transcription factor NRF2, other studies proposed the dominant role of a paracrine yet unidentified signal released by iron-loaded hepatocytes. To further explore the mechanisms of Bmp6 transcriptional regulation, we used female mice aged 10-11 months, which are characterized by hepatocytic but not LSEC iron accumulation, and no evidence of systemic iron overload. We found that LSECs of aged mice exhibit increased Bmp6 mRNA levels as compared to young controls, but do not show a transcriptional signature characteristic of activated NFR2-mediated signaling in FACS-sorted LSECs. We further observed that primary murine LSECs derived from both wild-type and NRF2 knock-out mice induce Bmp6 expression in response to iron exposure. By analyzing transcriptomic data of FACS-sorted LSECs from aged versus young mice, as well as early after iron citrate injections, we identified ETS1 as a candidate transcription factor involved in Bmp6 transcriptional regulation. By performing siRNA-mediated knockdown, small-molecule treatments, and chromatin immunoprecipitation in primary LSECs, we show that Bmp6 transcription is regulated by iron via ETS1 and p38/JNK MAP kinase-mediated signaling, at least in part independently of NRF2. Thereby, these findings identify the new components of LSEC iron sensing machinery broadly associated with cellular stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Zurawska
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aneta Jończy
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Niklewicz
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Sas
- Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Izabela Rumieńczyk
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Kulecka
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Tomasz P Rygiel
- Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michal Mikula
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
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5
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Yang L, Chen Y, He S, Yu D. The crucial role of NRF2 in erythropoiesis and anemia: Mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. Arch Biochem Biophys 2024; 754:109948. [PMID: 38452967 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2024.109948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is a transcription factor crucial in cellular defense against oxidative and electrophilic stresses. Recent research has highlighted the significance of NRF2 in normal erythropoiesis and anemia. NRF2 regulates genes involved in vital aspects of erythroid development, including hemoglobin catabolism, inflammation, and iron homeostasis in erythrocytes. Disrupted NRF2 activity has been implicated in various pathologies involving abnormal erythropoiesis. In this review, we summarize the progress made in understanding the mechanisms of NRF2 activation in erythropoiesis and explore the roles of NRF2 in various types of anemia. This review also discusses the potential of targeting NRF2 as a new therapeutic approach to treat anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225003, China
| | - Sheng He
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Research and Prevention, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Birth Defects Prevention, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Women and Children Care Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, 530000, China
| | - Duonan Yu
- Department of Hematology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610000, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Research and Prevention, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Birth Defects Prevention, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Women and Children Care Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, 530000, China.
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6
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Galy B, Conrad M, Muckenthaler M. Mechanisms controlling cellular and systemic iron homeostasis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024; 25:133-155. [PMID: 37783783 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-023-00648-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, hundreds of proteins use iron in a multitude of cellular functions, including vital processes such as mitochondrial respiration, gene regulation and DNA synthesis or repair. Highly orchestrated regulatory systems control cellular and systemic iron fluxes ensuring sufficient iron delivery to target proteins is maintained, while limiting its potentially deleterious effects in iron-mediated oxidative cell damage and ferroptosis. In this Review, we discuss how cells acquire, traffick and export iron and how stored iron is mobilized for iron-sulfur cluster and haem biogenesis. Furthermore, we describe how these cellular processes are fine-tuned by the combination of various sensory and regulatory systems, such as the iron-regulatory protein (IRP)-iron-responsive element (IRE) network, the nuclear receptor co-activator 4 (NCOA4)-mediated ferritinophagy pathway, the prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD)-hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) axis or the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) regulatory hub. We further describe how these pathways interact with systemic iron homeostasis control through the hepcidin-ferroportin axis to ensure appropriate iron fluxes. This knowledge is key for the identification of novel therapeutic opportunities to prevent diseases of cellular and/or systemic iron mismanagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Galy
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Virus-associated Carcinogenesis (F170), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcus Conrad
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Metabolism and Cell Death, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martina Muckenthaler
- Department of Paediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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7
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Fisher AL, Wang CY, Xu Y, Phillips S, Paulo JA, Małachowska B, Xiao X, Fendler W, Mancias JD, Babitt JL. Quantitative proteomics and RNA-sequencing of mouse liver endothelial cells identify novel regulators of BMP6 by iron. iScience 2023; 26:108555. [PMID: 38125029 PMCID: PMC10730383 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepcidin is the master hormone governing systemic iron homeostasis. Iron regulates hepcidin by activating bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)6 expression in liver endothelial cells (LECs), but the mechanisms are incompletely understood. To address this, we performed proteomics and RNA-sequencing on LECs from iron-adequate and iron-loaded mice. Gene set enrichment analysis identified transcription factors activated by high iron, including Nrf-2, which was previously reported to contribute to BMP6 regulation, and c-Jun. Jun (encoding c-Jun) knockdown blocked Bmp6 but not Nrf-2 pathway induction by iron in LEC cultures. Chromatin immunoprecipitation of mouse livers showed iron-dependent c-Jun binding to predicted sites in Bmp6 regulatory regions. Finally, c-Jun inhibitor blunted induction of Bmp6 and hepcidin, but not Nrf-2 activity, in iron-loaded mice. However, Bmp6 and iron parameters were unchanged in endothelial Jun knockout mice. Our data suggest that c-Jun participates in iron-mediated BMP6 regulation independent of Nrf-2, though the mechanisms may be redundant and/or multifactorial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L. Fisher
- Nephrology Division and Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chia-Yu Wang
- Nephrology Division and Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yang Xu
- Nephrology Division and Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sydney Phillips
- Nephrology Division and Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joao A. Paulo
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Beata Małachowska
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NYC, NY, USA
| | - Xia Xiao
- Nephrology Division and Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wojciech Fendler
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph D. Mancias
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jodie L. Babitt
- Nephrology Division and Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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8
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Colucci S, Carvalho Oliveira T, Muckenthaler MU, Marques O. Iron homeostasis in mice: does liver lobe matter? Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2023; 325:G453-G457. [PMID: 37667844 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00085.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
The liver plays a crucial role in maintaining systemic iron homeostasis through iron storage, sensing of systemic iron needs, and production of the iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin. While mice are commonly used as models for studying human iron homeostasis, their liver structure differs significantly from humans. Since the mouse liver is structured in six separated lobes, often, the analysis of a single defined lobe is preferred due to concerns over data reproducibility between experimental cohorts. In this study, we compared iron-related parameters in distinct liver lobes of C57BL/6 wild-type mice across different ages. We found that the non-heme iron levels, as well as the mRNA and protein expression of iron storage protein Ferritin and the iron importer Transferrin Receptor 1, were similar between liver lobes. Additionally, the mRNA expression of Hepcidin, as well as its regulators, Bmp2 and Bmp6, and iron importers Zip8 and Zip14 were comparable. Minor differences were observed in Ferroportin mRNA levels of 24-wk-old mice; however, this did not correlate with altered iron content. The findings in wild-type mice were reproduced in Hfe knock-out mice - a well-established genetic model of the most prevalent form of hemochromatosis. Overall, our results indicate that C57BL/6 mouse liver lobes can be used interchangeably for assessing iron content and expression of iron-related genes. Understanding if these findings are applicable to other mouse developmental stages, strains, or models of (iron-related) disorders will be key to promote reduction of experimental animal numbers and facilitate resource sharing among research groups studying liver iron homeostasis.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study reveals that, despite being structurally separated, liver lobes from C57BL/6 wild-type and iron-overloaded mice can be used interchangeably for the evaluation of iron content and expression of iron-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Colucci
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology and Hopp Children Cancer Center (KiTZ), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), EMBL and University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tiago Carvalho Oliveira
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology and Hopp Children Cancer Center (KiTZ), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martina U Muckenthaler
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology and Hopp Children Cancer Center (KiTZ), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), EMBL and University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oriana Marques
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology and Hopp Children Cancer Center (KiTZ), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), EMBL and University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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9
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Enns CA, Weiskopf T, Zhang RH, Wu J, Jue S, Kawaguchi M, Kataoka H, Zhang AS. Matriptase-2 regulates iron homeostasis primarily by setting the basal levels of hepatic hepcidin expression through a nonproteolytic mechanism. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105238. [PMID: 37690687 PMCID: PMC10551898 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Matriptase-2 (MT2), encoded by TMPRSS6, is a membrane-anchored serine protease. It plays a key role in iron homeostasis by suppressing the iron-regulatory hormone, hepcidin. Lack of functional MT2 results in an inappropriately high hepcidin and iron-refractory iron-deficiency anemia. Mt2 cleaves multiple components of the hepcidin-induction pathway in vitro. It is inhibited by the membrane-anchored serine protease inhibitor, Hai-2. Earlier in vivo studies show that Mt2 can suppress hepcidin expression independently of its proteolytic activity. In this study, our data indicate that hepatic Mt2 was a limiting factor in suppressing hepcidin. Studies in Tmprss6-/- mice revealed that increases in dietary iron to ∼0.5% were sufficient to overcome the high hepcidin barrier and to correct iron-deficiency anemia. Interestingly, the increased iron in Tmprss6-/- mice was able to further upregulate hepcidin expression to a similar magnitude as in wild-type mice. These results suggest that a lack of Mt2 does not impact the iron induction of hepcidin. Additional studies of wild-type Mt2 and the proteolytic-dead form, fMt2S762A, indicated that the function of Mt2 is to lower the basal levels of hepcidin expression in a manner that primarily relies on its nonproteolytic role. This idea is supported by the studies in mice with the hepatocyte-specific ablation of Hai-2, which showed a marginal impact on iron homeostasis and no significant effects on iron regulation of hepcidin. Together, these observations suggest that the function of Mt2 is to set the basal levels of hepcidin expression and that this process is primarily accomplished through a nonproteolytic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A Enns
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Tyler Weiskopf
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Richard H Zhang
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Jeffrey Wu
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Shall Jue
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Makiko Kawaguchi
- Faculty of Medicine, Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology, Department of Pathology, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kataoka
- Faculty of Medicine, Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology, Department of Pathology, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - An-Sheng Zhang
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
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10
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Silvestri L, Pettinato M, Furiosi V, Bavuso Volpe L, Nai A, Pagani A. Managing the Dual Nature of Iron to Preserve Health. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043995. [PMID: 36835406 PMCID: PMC9961779 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Because of its peculiar redox properties, iron is an essential element in living organisms, being involved in crucial biochemical processes such as oxygen transport, energy production, DNA metabolism, and many others. However, its propensity to accept or donate electrons makes it potentially highly toxic when present in excess and inadequately buffered, as it can generate reactive oxygen species. For this reason, several mechanisms evolved to prevent both iron overload and iron deficiency. At the cellular level, iron regulatory proteins, sensors of intracellular iron levels, and post-transcriptional modifications regulate the expression and translation of genes encoding proteins that modulate the uptake, storage, utilization, and export of iron. At the systemic level, the liver controls body iron levels by producing hepcidin, a peptide hormone that reduces the amount of iron entering the bloodstream by blocking the function of ferroportin, the sole iron exporter in mammals. The regulation of hepcidin occurs through the integration of multiple signals, primarily iron, inflammation and infection, and erythropoiesis. These signals modulate hepcidin levels by accessory proteins such as the hemochromatosis proteins hemojuvelin, HFE, and transferrin receptor 2, the serine protease TMPRSS6, the proinflammatory cytokine IL6, and the erythroid regulator Erythroferrone. The deregulation of the hepcidin/ferroportin axis is the central pathogenic mechanism of diseases characterized by iron overload, such as hemochromatosis and iron-loading anemias, or by iron deficiency, such as IRIDA and anemia of inflammation. Understanding the basic mechanisms involved in the regulation of hepcidin will help in identifying new therapeutic targets to treat these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Silvestri
- Regulation of Iron Metabolism Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0226436889; Fax: +39-0226434723
| | - Mariateresa Pettinato
- Regulation of Iron Metabolism Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Furiosi
- Regulation of Iron Metabolism Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Letizia Bavuso Volpe
- Regulation of Iron Metabolism Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Nai
- Regulation of Iron Metabolism Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessia Pagani
- Regulation of Iron Metabolism Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
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11
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Non-transferrin-bound iron takes the driver's seat. Blood 2023; 141:214-216. [PMID: 36656611 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022019049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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