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Human papillomavirus type 16 E6/E7-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes for adoptive immunotherapy of HPV-associated malignancies. J Immunother 2013; 36:66-76. [PMID: 23211628 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e318279652e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines prevent human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated cancer but, although these tumors express foreign, viral antigens (E6 and E7 proteins), they have little benefit in established malignancies, likely due to negative environmental cues that block tumor recognition and induce T-cell anergy in vivo. We postulated that we could identify mechanisms by which ex vivo stimulation of T cells could reactivate and expand tumor-directed T-cell lines from HPV cancer patients for subsequent adoptive immunotherapy. A total of 68 patients with HPV-associated cancers were studied. Peripheral blood T cells were stimulated with monocyte-derived dendritic cells loaded with pepmixes [peptide libraries of 15-mers overlapping by 11 amino acids (aa)] spanning E6/E7, in the presence or absence of specific accessory cytokines. The resulting T-cell lines were further expanded with pepmix-loaded activated B-cell blasts. Interferon-γ release and cytotoxic responses to E6/E7 were assessed. We successfully reactivated and expanded (>1200-fold) E6-specific/E7-specific T cells from 8/16 cervical and 33/52 oropharyngeal cancer patients. The presence of the cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, IL-7, IL-12, and IL-15 is critical for this process. These T-cell lines possess the desirable characteristics of polyclonality, multiple T-cell subset representation (including the memory compartment) and a TH1 bias, and may eliminate E6/E7 targets. In conclusion, we have shown it is possible to robustly generate HPV16 E6/E7-directed T-cell lines from patients with HPV16-associated cancers. Because our technique is scalable and good-manufacturing procedures-compliant, these lines could be used for adoptive cellular immunotherapy of patients with HPV16 cancers.
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Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy. Oncology 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/0-387-31056-8_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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3
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Dessureault S, Noyes D, Lee D, Dunn M, Janssen W, Cantor A, Sotomayor E, Messina J, Antonia SJ. A phase-I trial using a universal GM-CSF-producing and CD40L-expressing bystander cell line (GM.CD40L) in the formulation of autologous tumor cell-based vaccines for cancer patients with stage IV disease. Ann Surg Oncol 2006; 14:869-84. [PMID: 17103257 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-006-9196-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2006] [Revised: 07/10/2006] [Accepted: 07/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Significant antitumor T-cell responses are generated in vitro when human lymphocytes are stimulated with autologous tumor cells in the presence of bystander cells transfected with CD40L and GM-CSF. Our goal was to test this bystander-based vaccine strategy in vivo in cancer patients with stage IV disease. METHODS Patients received three intradermal vaccine injections (irradiated autologous tumor cells plus GM.CD40L bystander cells) at 28-day intervals. Patients with no disease progression received three additional vaccines at 4, 12, and 24 months. Patients were monitored for toxicity, tumor response, and tumor-specific immune responses. RESULTS Twenty-one patients received at least three vaccine injections, with no toxicity attributable to the vaccine. Immunohistochemistry of vaccine injection site biopsies with CD1a and CD86 antibodies confirmed recruitment and activation of dendritic cells. There was no tumor regression after vaccination, but many patients had stable disease, including six of ten melanoma patients. Four patients developed tumor-specific T-cell responses on ELISPOT testing. One patient, who had stable disease for 24 months, demonstrated an increase in MART-1-specific T-cells by tetramer analysis after re-immunization; biopsy of the tumor that progressed 2 years after the onset of vaccination revealed a massive peritumoral and intratumoral T-cell infiltrate. CONCLUSIONS Vaccination of cancer patients with autologous tumor cells and GM.CD40L bystander cells (engineered to express GM-CSF and CD40L) is safe, can recruit and activate dendritic cells, and can elicit tumor-specific T-cell responses. Phase-II trials are underway to evaluate the impact of bystander-based vaccines on melanoma and mantle cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Dessureault
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, at the University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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4
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Ren SP, Wu CT, Huang WR, Lu ZZ, Jia XX, Wang L, Lao MF, Wang LS. Adenoviral-mediated transfer of human wild-type p53, GM-CSF and B7-1 genes results in growth suppression and autologous anti-tumor cytotoxicity of multiple myeloma cells in vitro. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2006; 55:375-85. [PMID: 16001164 PMCID: PMC11030571 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-005-0011-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2004] [Accepted: 04/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) remains incurable despite the use of high-dose chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation. However, immunotherapy is expected to offer long-term disease control, or even possibly a cure. We have previously demonstrated the suppressive effect of a recombinant adenovirus carrying human wild-type p53, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and B7-1 genes (Ad-p53/GM-CSF/B7-1) on the growth of laryngeal cancer cells. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of an Ad-p53/GM-CSF/B7-1-modified myeloma cell vaccine strategy aimed to induce apoptosis and to augment the immunogenicity of MM cells. Both MM cell lines and purified primary myeloma cells were infected with Ad-p53/GM-CSF/B7-1. High expression levels of these three genes were confirmed separately by Western blot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and flow cytometry. When wild-type p53, GM-CSF and B7-1 genes were introduced, the growth of MM cells was inhibited via enhanced apoptosis and the immunogenicity of tumor cells was augmented. The combinatorial effect of these three genes on inducing cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) was more evident than that of p53 individually or any combinations of two (p53 plus GM-CSF or p53 plus B7-1). Furthermore, significant proliferation of autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) and specific cytotoxicity against autologous primary MM cells were induced in vitro. These results suggest that myeloma cell vaccination co-transferred with p53, GM-CSF and B7-1 genes may be a promising immunotherapeutic approach against MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Ping Ren
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chu-Tse Wu
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen-Rong Huang
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhuo-zhuang Lu
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Xu Jia
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lan Wang
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850 People’s Republic of China
| | - Miao-Fen Lao
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850 People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-Sheng Wang
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850 People’s Republic of China
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5
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Biagi E, Rousseau R, Yvon E, Schwartz M, Dotti G, Foster A, Havlik-Cooper D, Grilley B, Gee A, Baker K, Carrum G, Rice L, Andreeff M, Popat U, Brenner M. Responses to human CD40 ligand/human interleukin-2 autologous cell vaccine in patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 11:6916-23. [PMID: 16203783 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-0484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Human CD40 ligand activates the malignant B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells and enhances their capacity to present tumor antigens. Human interleukin-2 further potentiates the immunogenicity of human CD40 ligand in preclinical murine models. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We prepared autologous B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells that expressed both human CD40 ligand (>90% positive) and human interleukin-2 (median secretion, 1,822 pg/mL/10(6) cells; range, 174-3,604 pg). Nine patients were enrolled in a phase I trial, receiving three to eight s.c. vaccinations. RESULTS Vaccinations were administered without evidence of significant local or systemic toxicity. A B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia-specific T-cell response was detected in seven patients. The mean frequencies of IFN-gamma, granzyme-B, and IL-5 spot-forming cells were 1/1,230, 1/1,450, and 1/4,500, respectively, representing a 43- to 164-fold increase over the frequency before vaccine administration. Three patients produced leukemia-specific immunoglobulins. Three patients had >50% reduction in the size of affected lymph nodes. Nonetheless, the antitumor immune responses were observed only transiently once immunization ceased. High levels of circulating CD4+/CD25+/LAG-3+/FoxP-3+ immunoregulatory T cells were present before, during and after treatment and in vitro removal of these cells increased the antileukemic T-cell reactivity. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that immune responses to B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia can be obtained with human CD40 ligand/human interleukin-2-expressing s.c. vaccines but that these responses are transient. High levels of circulating regulatory T cells are present, and it will be of interest to see if their removal in vivo augments and prolongs the antitumor immune response.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antineoplastic Agents/metabolism
- Area Under Curve
- B7-2 Antigen/biosynthesis
- CD3 Complex/biosynthesis
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD40 Ligand/metabolism
- Cancer Vaccines/chemistry
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Coculture Techniques
- Female
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/biosynthesis
- Humans
- Immune System
- Interleukin-2/metabolism
- Leukemia, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, B-Cell/therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/therapy
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Treatment Outcome
- Lymphocyte Activation Gene 3 Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Ettore Biagi
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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6
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Cignetti A, Vallario A, Follenzi A, Circosta P, Capaldi A, Gottardi D, Naldini L, Caligaris-Cappio F. Lentiviral transduction of primary myeloma cells with CD80 and CD154 generates antimyeloma effector T cells. Hum Gene Ther 2005; 16:445-56. [PMID: 15871676 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2005.16.445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of immunotherapy approaches designed to obtain tumor-specific T cells might help eradicate residual malignant cells in multiple myeloma (MM) patients. To this end, we used autologous primary MM cells as antigen-presenting cells (APC). Gene transfer of both CD80 and CD154 by lentiviral vectors was necessary to significantly improve the APC function of human MM cells. Simultaneous CD80/CD154 expression on MM cells allowed the generation of CD8+ T cells that recognized unmodified MM cells in 11 of 16 cases, specifically in six of six patients with low-stage disease, but only in five of ten patients with advanced disease. The activity of CD8+ T cells was MHC restricted and MM specific. In seven of seven cases, CD8+ T cell activity was inhibited by monoclonal antibodies against HLA class I, and in four of four cases, CD8+ T cells recognized autologous MM cells but not autologous normal B and T lymphocytes nor bone marrow stromal cells. In addition, the activity of CD8+ T cells was directed against allogeneic MM cells that shared at least one MHC allele with the autologous counterpart, but not against MHC mismatched MM cells. These data lay the ground for the isolation of new MM antigens and for the design of vaccination protocols with primary MM cells genetically engineered to express immunostimulatory molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Cignetti
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer ReEsearch and Treatment, University of Turin-School of Medicine, Torino, Italy.
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7
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Dessureault S, Alsarraj M, McCarthy S, Hunter T, Noyes D, Lee D, Harkins J, Seigne J, Jennings R, Antonia SJ. A GM-CSF/CD40L Producing Cell Augments Anti-tumor T Cell Responses. J Surg Res 2005; 125:173-81. [PMID: 15854671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2004.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2004] [Revised: 11/28/2004] [Accepted: 11/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumors evade T cell-mediated rejection despite the presence of tumor associated antigens (TAAs) and T cells specific for these TAAs in cancer patients. Therapeutic tumor vaccines are being developed to prevent this evasion. Previous reports revealed that anti-tumor T cell responses could be activated in mice when granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or CD40L are produced at tumor vaccine sites. We sought to test the hypothesis that production of GM-CSF and CD40L by a bystander cell line could induce an anti-tumor T cell response in an in vitro human model. MATERIALS AND METHODS The K562 cell line was stably transfected with the human GM-CSF and CD40L genes. The effect of this cell line on T cell responses was tested in a human autologous mixed tumor cell/lymph node cell model using tissue from a series of cancer patients. RESULTS There was no significant anti-tumor T cell response when human lymphocytes derived from tumor-draining lymph nodes were stimulated with autologous tumor cells in vitro. However, significant anti-tumor T cell responses were observed when bystander cells transfected with CD40L and GM-CSF were added to the cultures. CONCLUSIONS A fully autologous human model consisting of tumor cells as stimulator cells and tumor-draining lymph nodes as responder cells can be used to test immunotherapeutic strategies. T cells in these lymph nodes are unresponsive to autologous tumor cells, but this lack of responsiveness can be reversed in the presence of GM-CSF and CD40L. These data provide a rationale for testing tumor cell vaccines incorporating GM-CSF- and CD40L-expressing bystanders in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Dessureault
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute at the University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
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8
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Grigg A, Ritchie D. Graft-versus-lymphoma effects: clinical review, policy proposals, and immunobiology. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2005; 10:579-90. [PMID: 15319770 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2004.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The indubitable existence of a graft-versus-lymphoma (GVL) effect is difficult to prove directly. This article reviews the difficulties in interpreting the current literature in this field and, with a number of caveats, argues for the existence of a clinically meaningful GVL effect in follicular, mantle cell, small lymphocytic, and Hodgkin lymphomas. The evidence, however, for a potent GVL effect in diffuse large-cell lymphoma and Burkitt lymphoma is not convincing. Policies for allografting in lymphoma are proposed on the basis of this evidence. The immunobiology of GVL effects is discussed--in particular, the expression of HLA class I and II and co-stimulatory molecules on lymphomas that influence the generation of alloreactive T cells--together with future directions in immunotherapy that may help to eradicate chemoresistant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Grigg
- Department of Clinical Haematology and Medical Oncology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
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9
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Biagi E, Dotti G, Yvon E, Lee E, Pule M, Vigouroux S, Gottschalk S, Popat U, Rousseau R, Brenner M. Molecular transfer of CD40 and OX40 ligands to leukemic human B cells induces expansion of autologous tumor-reactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Blood 2004; 105:2436-42. [PMID: 15536147 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-07-2556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical benefits from monoclonal antibody therapy for B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) have increased interest in developing additional immunotherapies for the disease. CD40 ligand is an accessory signal for T-cell activation and can overcome T-cell anergy. The OX40-OX40 ligand pathway is involved in the subsequent expansion of memory antigen-specific T cells. We expressed both CD40L and OX40L on B-CLL cells by exploiting the phenomenon of molecular transfer from fibroblasts overexpressing these ligands. We analyzed the effects of the modified B-CLL cells on the number, phenotype, and cytotoxic function of autologous T cells in 7 B-CLL patients. Transfer of CD40L and OX40L was observed in all and was followed by the up-regulation of B7-1 and B7-2. The culture of CD40L/OX40L-expressing B-CLL cells with autologous T cells generated CD4+/CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell lines, which secreted interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and granzyme-B/perforin in response to autologous, but not to allogeneic, B-CLL cells or to autologous T-cell blasts. CD40L or OX40L alone was insufficient to expand tumor-reactive T cells. The combination of CD40L and OX40L on B-CLL cells may allow the generation of therapeutic immune responses to B-CLL, either by active immunization with modified tumor cells or by adoptive immunotherapy with tumor-reactive autologous T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- B7-1 Antigen/biosynthesis
- B7-1 Antigen/immunology
- B7-2 Antigen/biosynthesis
- B7-2 Antigen/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- CD40 Ligand/biosynthesis
- CD40 Ligand/genetics
- CD40 Ligand/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Cell Proliferation
- Coculture Techniques
- Fibroblasts/immunology
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Granzymes
- Humans
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- K562 Cells
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/therapy
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- OX40 Ligand
- Serine Endopeptidases/immunology
- Serine Endopeptidases/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/transplantation
- Transduction, Genetic
- Transplantation, Autologous
- Tumor Necrosis Factors/biosynthesis
- Tumor Necrosis Factors/immunology
- Up-Regulation/genetics
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ettore Biagi
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Methodist Hospital, Suite 750.01, 1102 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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10
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Abstract
Primary immunodeficiency diseases represent good targets for hematopoietic stem cell-targeted gene therapy. Severe combined immunodeficiencies (SCID) have been the first examples of successful gene therapy based on the ex vivo usage of retroviral vectors. New advances in the technology of gene transfer should further promote gene therapy as a safe and effective therapeutic strategy of immunodeficiency diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Fischer
- INSERM U 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.
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11
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D'Amico G, Marin V, Biondi A, Bonamino MH. Potential use of CD40 ligand for immunotherapy of childhood B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2004; 17:465-77. [PMID: 15498717 DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2004.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Around 20% of children affected by B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (BCP-ALL) still experience a recurrence of the disease after diagnosis, despite a significant improvement in the cure rate (80%). Moreover, standard therapies have high and often unacceptable acute and chronic organ toxicity, with an increased risk for secondary malignancies. Therefore, new strategies are needed to improve overall survival and decrease treatment-associated morbidity. Recent in-vitro and in-vivo studies have demonstrated that CD40 engagement improves tumour immunogenicity and, consequently, generates a strong antitumour immune response. The CD40-CD40 ligand (CD40L) system is of pivotal importance in the immune response via interactions between T cells and antigen-presenting cells. The general aim of this chapter is to review the feasibility of developing cellular strategies to increase childhood BCP-ALL immunogenicity, and the potential use of CD40L as a new strategy to induce an antileukaemia immune response in BCP-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna D'Amico
- Centro Ricerca M. Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica Università Milano-Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo, Via Donizetti, 20052 Monza (MI), Italy
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12
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D'Amico G, Vulcano M, Bugarin C, Bianchi G, Pirovano G, Bonamino M, Marin V, Allavena P, Biagi E, Biondi A. CD40 activation of BCP-ALL cells generates IL-10–producing, IL-12–defective APCs that induce allogeneic T-cell anergy. Blood 2004; 104:744-51. [PMID: 15001471 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-11-3762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe use of leukemia cells as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in immunotherapy is critically dependent on their capacity to initiate and sustain an antitumor-specific immune response. Previous studies suggested that pediatric B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL) cells could be manipulated in vitro through the CD40-CD40L pathway to increase their immunostimulatory capacity. We extended the APC characterization of CD40L-activated BCP-ALL for their potential use in immunotherapy in a series of 19 patients. Engaging CD40 induced the up-regulation of CCR7 in 7 of 11 patients and then the migration to CCL19 in 2 of 5 patients. As accessory cells, CD40L-activated BCP-ALL induced a strong proliferation response of naive T lymphocytes. Leukemia cells, however, were unable to sustain proliferation over time, and T cells eventually became anergic. After CD40-activation, BCP-ALL cells released substantial amounts of interleukin-10 (IL-10) but were unable to produce bioactive IL-12 or to polarize TH1 effectors. Interestingly, adding exogenous IL-12 induced the generation of interferon-γ (IFN-γ)–secreting TH1 effectors and reverted the anergic profile in a secondary response. Therefore, engaging CD40 on BCP-ALL cells is insufficient for the acquisition of full functional properties of immunostimulatory APCs. These results suggest caution against the potential use of CD40L-activated BCP-ALL cells as agents for immunotherapy unless additional stimuli, such as IL-12, are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna D'Amico
- Centro Ricerca M. Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica Università Milano-Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza (MI), Italy
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13
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Bonamino M, Serafini M, D'Amico G, Gaipa G, Todisco E, Bernasconi S, Golay J, Biondi A, Introna M. Functional transfer of CD40L gene in human B-cell precursor ALL blasts by second-generation SIN lentivectors. Gene Ther 2004; 11:85-93. [PMID: 14681701 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Three different second-generation lentiviral self-inactivating vectors containing CMV, EF1alpha and PGK promoter, respectively, and all carrying the exogenous GFP gene, were compared for expression in human B-cell precursor ALL blasts. At a comparable percentage of transduction and vector DNA copy number, CMV clearly showed better efficiency of transcription. Human bone marrow stromal cells were favored compared to the MRC-5 cell line, as support for cell viability during infection. Cells were infected and analyzed after variable culture times ranging from 4 to 12 days, to reduce the possibility of pseudotransduction. In 10/14 samples, we detected more than 20% GFP-positive cells after exposure to high-titer viral supernatants. We then tested a similar vector carrying the human CD40L cDNA and, in similar infection conditions, obtained more than 20% transduction in 6/6 samples. The levels of transduction obtained were sufficient to induce the upregulation of CD83 molecule in cocultured immature dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bonamino
- Centro M Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica Università di Milano Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Italy
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14
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Abstract
The clinical application of immunotherapy for cancer is rapidly moving forward in multiple areas, including the adoptive transfer of anti-tumor-reactive T cells and the use of 'therapeutic' vaccines. Recently, both clinical and immunological endpoints have shown improvement. Novel strategies designed in the laboratory and proven in preclinical animal tumor models are now entering the clinic, with the intent of enhancing current therapeutic efficacy. These novel strategies involve breaking tolerance to tumor self-antigens by inhibiting regulatory cells, boosting T-cell co-stimulation and using combinations of recombinant cytokines and other defined molecules with 'immuno-enhancing' activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Antonia
- H. Lee Moffitt Comprehensive Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
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15
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Airoldi I, Lualdi S, Bruno S, Raffaghello L, Occhino M, Gambini C, Pistoia V, Corrias MV. Expression of costimulatory molecules in human neuroblastoma. Evidence that CD40+ neuroblastoma cells undergo apoptosis following interaction with CD40L. Br J Cancer 2003; 88:1527-36. [PMID: 12771917 PMCID: PMC2377102 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour cells display low to absent expression of costimulatory molecules. Here, we have investigated the expression of costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD80, CD86, PD-1L, B7H2, OX40L and 4-1BBL) in human neuroblastoma (NB) cells, since virtually no information is available on this issue. Both established NB cell lines and primary tumours were tested by RT-PCR and flow cytometry. Neuroblastoma cell lines expressed the transcripts of all costimulatory molecule genes, but not the corresponding proteins. Culture of NB cell lines with human recombinant (r)IFN-gamma induced surface expression of CD40 in half of them. Primary NB cells showed CD40, CD80, CD86, OX40L, 4-1BBL, but not PD-1L and B7H2, mRNA expression. Surface CD40 was consistently detected on primary NB cells by flow cytometry. Interferon-gamma gene-transfected NB cells expressed constitutively surface CD40 and were induced into apoptosis by incubation with rCD40L through a caspase-8-dependent mechanism. CD40 may represent a novel therapeutic target in NB.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Airoldi
- Laboratory of Oncology, G Gaslini Institute, Largo G Gaslini, 5, 16148 Genova, Italy
| | - S Lualdi
- Laboratory of Oncology, G Gaslini Institute, Largo G Gaslini, 5, 16148 Genova, Italy
| | - S Bruno
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - L Raffaghello
- Laboratory of Oncology, G Gaslini Institute, Largo G Gaslini, 5, 16148 Genova, Italy
| | - M Occhino
- Laboratory of Oncology, G Gaslini Institute, Largo G Gaslini, 5, 16148 Genova, Italy
| | - C Gambini
- Service of Pathology, G Gaslini Institute, 16148 Genova, Italy
| | - V Pistoia
- Laboratory of Oncology, G Gaslini Institute, Largo G Gaslini, 5, 16148 Genova, Italy
- Laboratory of Oncology, G Gaslini Institute, Largo G Gaslini, 5, 16148 Genova, Italy. E-mail:
| | - M V Corrias
- Laboratory of Oncology, G Gaslini Institute, Largo G Gaslini, 5, 16148 Genova, Italy
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Biagi E, Yvon E, Dotti G, Amrolia PJ, Takahashi S, Popat U, Marini F, Andreeff M, Brenner MK, Rousseau RF. Bystander transfer of functional human CD40 ligand from gene-modified fibroblasts to B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Hum Gene Ther 2003; 14:545-59. [PMID: 12718765 DOI: 10.1089/104303403764539332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD40 ligand (CD40L) is a good candidate molecule for the immunotherapy of B cell malignancies including B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL), because it may increase the capacity of the malignant cells to present tumor antigens. However, efforts to manipulate expression of the human CD40L (hCD40L) molecule have foundered on problems associated with lack of consistent gene transfer into the malignant target cells. We now describe a new, highly reproducible method for inducing hCD40L surface expression on malignant B cells, which is dependent on intercellular transfer of the hCD40L protein from donor gene-modified fibroblasts to patient tumor cells. Ten B-CLL samples were cocultured with MRC-5 fibroblasts (a human embryonic lung cell line) previously transduced with an adenoviral vector encoding the hCD40L gene. The malignant cells expressed high levels of surface hCD40L, B7-1, B7-2, and ICAM-1 after coculture. Upregulation of B7-1 and B7-2 was cycloheximide inhibitable and was a consequence of CD40 activation. However, inhibition of protein synthesis had no effect on the ability of B-CLL cells to acquire surface expression of hCD40L. hCD40L surface expression required cell-to-cell contact, but was independent of CD40 engagement. hCD40L transfer was not mediated by membrane fusion. The transferred hCD40L was functionally intact and B-CLL cells expressing this molecule induced increased interferon-gamma production from autologous peripheral blood T lymphocytes. This approach does not use any direct gene transfer to primary leukemia cells and can readily be scaled up for production of clinical B-CLL vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ettore Biagi
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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