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Huang PY, Best OG, Almazi JG, Belov L, Davis ZA, Majid A, Dyer MJ, Pascovici D, Mulligan SP, Christopherson RI. Cell surface phenotype profiles distinguish stable and progressive chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2014; 55:2085-92. [DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2013.867486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Huang PY, Best OG, Belov L, Mulligan SP, Christopherson RI. Surface profiles for subclassification of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2012; 53:1046-56. [PMID: 22023531 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2011.631370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has a variable clinical course. Some patients have stable disease while others progress and require treatment. Levels of several cluster of differentiation (CD) antigens are known to correlate with prognosis and may be used to stratify patients according to risk. In this review, we summarize current information on surface CD antigens found on CLL, their pathological significance and their detection using CD antibody microarrays. The use of extensive immunophenotypic patterns or surface profiles as disease signatures for CLL subclassification, prognosis and patient management is discussed with a focus on triaging patients with CLL with progressive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Y Huang
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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3
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Spaner DE, Hammond C, Mena J, Foden C, Deabreu A. A phase I/II trial of oxidized autologous tumor vaccines during the "watch and wait" phase of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2005; 54:635-46. [PMID: 15918075 PMCID: PMC11034307 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-004-0626-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2004] [Accepted: 09/21/2004] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Based on their activity in patients with advanced stage chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), a phase I/II study was designed to evaluate the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of autologous vaccines made from oxidized tumor cells in patients with earlier stage CLL, and to determine an optimal schedule of injections. Eighteen patients (at risk for disease progression and with white blood cell counts between 15 and 100 x 10(6) cells/ml) were injected intramuscularly with 10 ml of oxidized autologous blood (composed mainly of CLL cells) either 12 times over 6 weeks (group 1), 12 times over 16 days (group 2), or 4 times over 6 weeks (group 3). Fourteen out of eighteen patients had Rai stage 0-II disease, while 4/18 had stage III-IV disease but did not require conventional treatment. Partial clinical responses, associated with enhanced anti-tumor T cell activity in vitro, were observed in 5/18 patients of whom three were in group 2. Stable disease was observed in six patients while disease progression appeared not to be affected in the remaining patients. Toxicity was minimal. Vaccination with oxidized autologous tumor cells appears worthy of further investigation and may be a potential alternative to a "watch and wait" strategy for selected CLL patients.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- B7-1 Antigen/immunology
- B7-1 Antigen/metabolism
- B7-2 Antigen
- Cancer Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Feasibility Studies
- Female
- Humans
- Immunotherapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/therapy
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Middle Aged
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Transplantation, Autologous
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Spaner
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Research Institute, Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Sciences Center, Toronto, ON, Canada M4N 3M5.
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Kay NE, Wasil T. Survival of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells: CD40L and the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) connection. Leukemia 2005; 19:531-2. [PMID: 15861177 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N E Kay
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Nédellec S, Renaudineau Y, Bordron A, Berthou C, Porakishvili N, Lydyard PM, Pers JO, Youinou P. B cell response to surface IgM cross-linking identifies different prognostic groups of B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:3749-56. [PMID: 15749915 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.6.3749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of responses to surface IgM (sIgM) cross-linking, B cells from 41 patients with B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia were categorized as 15 nonresponders (group I) and 26 responders (group II). The latter cases were subclassified as those seven where proliferation was induced (subgroup IIa) and the remaining 19 in whom apoptosis occurred (subgroup IIa). Signal disruption in group I was confirmed by the absence of Ca2+ mobilization. Activation of PI3K was constitutive in subgroup IIa, but not in subgroup IIb, and that of Akt induced by anti-mu in subgroup IIa, but not in subgroup IIb. Among the MAPK, ERK was more highly activated relative to p38 in subgroup IIa, whereas activation of p38 predominated over that of ERK in subgroup IIb. For subgroup IIb cells, based on tyrosine phosphorylation and translocation into lipid rafts, sIgM signaling was shown to be enhanced by Zap70. The different consequences of signaling through sIgM were associated with biological prognosis indicators. These included high levels of CD38, lack of mutations in the IgVH chain genes, preferential usage of full-length CD79b, and severe clinical stage. Thus, modification of sIgM-induced signaling could be a therapeutic approach.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Apoptosis
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Calcium Signaling
- Case-Control Studies
- Cell Proliferation
- Cross-Linking Reagents
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin M/metabolism
- In Vitro Techniques
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/classification
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Prognosis
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Nédellec
- Institut de Synergie des Sciences et de la Santé, Brest University Medical School, Brest, France
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Spaner DE, Hammond C, Mena J, Shi Y. Effect of IL-2Rβ
-binding cytokines on costimulatory properties of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells: implications for immunotherapy. Br J Haematol 2004; 127:531-42. [PMID: 15566356 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2004.05240.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Weak immunogenicity of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) cells may contribute to disease progression and inhibit the effectiveness of immunotherapies, such as vaccines. Agents that can enhance the antigen presenting capabilities of CLL cells might then help to improve the clinical results of immunotherapies. This study investigated the effects of the common gamma chain-binding cytokines, interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-15, on costimulatory properties of primary CLL cells from 51 patients. IL-2 improved the ability of CLL cells to stimulate T cell proliferation and increased the expression of costimulatory molecules (particularly CD80) in a dose-dependent fashion, especially in CLL cells with weak expression of CD38. CD80 and CD86 induction by IL-2 were positively regulated through the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, while CD86 expression was negatively regulated through Janus kinase pathways. However, further activation with protein kinase C agonists was required for IL-2 activated CLL cells to stimulate autologous T cells sufficiently to clear bystander CLL cells from mixed lymphocyte responses. IL-15 had similar effects on the costimulatory properties of CLL cells. These results suggest a role for IL-2, or IL-15, in immunotherapeutic strategies for CLL.
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MESH Headings
- ADP-ribosyl Cyclase/immunology
- ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B7-1 Antigen/immunology
- B7-2 Antigen
- Cell Proliferation
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Active/methods
- Interleukin-15/therapeutic use
- Interleukin-2/therapeutic use
- Interleukin-2 Receptor beta Subunit
- Interleukins/therapeutic use
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/therapy
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Middle Aged
- Receptors, Interleukin/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Spaner
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Research Institute, Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Sciences Center, Toronto M4N 3M5, Canada.
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Wiktor A, Van Dyke DL. Combined cytogenetic testing and fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis in the study of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and multiple myeloma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 153:73-6. [PMID: 15325099 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2004.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2003] [Accepted: 03/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the usefulness of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) panels when testing for chromosomal aberrations of known prognostic significance in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and multiple myeloma (MM). Our CLL panel included probes for 11q, 12 centromere, 13q, 14, and 17p. Karyotype and FISH were abnormal in 13 of 60 (21.6%) cases, two (3.3%) abnormal by karyotype alone, and 25 (41.6%) by FISH alone. Karyotype and FISH were normal in 16 (27%) patients, and 4 samples were unsuitable for karyotype analysis. One patient had an abnormality not included in the panel (20q deletion). FISH was abnormal in 19 cases (31.6%) with a normal karyotype and in 6 cases with no analyzable metaphases. Thirteen CLL cases with abnormal karyotypes were either confirmed or clarified by FISH. The MM panel probes were 11q, 13q, 17p, and t(11;14). Karyotype and FISH were abnormal in 18 of 139 (13%) MM cases. Twenty patients (14.4%) had a normal karyotype and abnormal FISH. Two samples not suitable for metaphase analysis were abnormal by interphase FISH. Karyotype and FISH were normal in 94 (68%) patients. Five patients (3.6%) had chromosomal abnormalities not included in the panel. Compared to karyotyping alone, the FISH panels improved the detection rate of recurrent chromosomal aberrations in CLL from 22-63% and in MM from 15-29%.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aneuploidy
- Bone Marrow/pathology
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Female
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Karyotyping
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/blood
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Multiple Myeloma/genetics
- Multiple Myeloma/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Wiktor
- Department of Medical Genetics, Henry Ford Health System, 2799 W. Grand Boulevard, Clara Ford Pavilion 461, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- C Negrier
- Haemophilia Center, Edouard Herriot University Hospital, University of Lyon, 69003 Lyon, France.
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Abstract
In the last three decades, hemophilia has moved from the status of a neglected and often fatal hereditary disorder to that of a fully defined group of molecular-pathological entities for which safe and effective treatment is available. Hemophilia is likely to be the first widespread severe genetic condition to be cured by gene therapy in the third millennium. In the socio-economic arena it remains a challenge to humanity to know that four-fifths of the world's hemophiliacs still receive no treatment at all. Production of factor (F) VIII and IX in the milk of transgenic farmyard animals could provide a source of less expensive replacement therapy for developing countries. Affordable gene transfer will be the ultimate solution for hemophilia in the third world as in the first. Thus it may be confidently predicted that the early new millennium will see an end to this ancient scourge.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Mannucci
- Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS Maggiore Hospital, Italy.
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Molica S, Vitelli G, Levato D, Giannarelli D, Vacca A, Cuneo A, Cavazzini F, Squillace R, Mirabelli R, Digiesi G. Increased serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 predict clinical outcome of patients with early B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Eur J Haematol 2003; 70:373-8. [PMID: 12756019 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0609.2003.00064.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND METHODS Serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) which agree with progression in solid and haematological tumours were correlated to the risk of disease progression in 62 patients with early (Binet stage A) B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). Sera were taken at diagnosis and tested by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS MMP-9 levels positively correlated with haemoglobin levels (P = 0.03) and platelet count (P = 0.03). No association was found with main clinico-haematological features representative of tumour mass, such as peripheral blood lymphocytosis, bone marrow histology, Rai substages and beta-2 microglobulin (beta-2m). A cut-off of MMP-9 levels corresponding to 33rd percentile (203 ng/mL) or higher identified earlier upstaging and shorter progression-free survival. MMP-9 was a significant prognostic marker in multivariate analysis and partially independent of Rai substages, which suggests its inclusion into such a staging system to better stratify prognostically Rai stages I and II patients. CONCLUSIONS MMP-9 serum levels predict disease behaviour and help to refine the prognosis of stage A CLL patients.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Disease Progression
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Female
- Hemoglobins/analysis
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/blood
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/enzymology
- Male
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/blood
- Middle Aged
- Multivariate Analysis
- Neoplasm Staging
- Platelet Count
- Prognosis
- Survival Analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Molica
- Medical Oncology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Pugliese-Ciaccio, Catanzaro, Italy.
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