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Oppezzo P, Dighiero G. "Role of the B-cell receptor and the microenvironment in chronic lymphocytic leukemia''. Blood Cancer J 2013; 3:e149. [PMID: 24056719 PMCID: PMC3789209 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2013.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite significant progress in treatment, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) remains an incurable disease. Advances have been made to understand the molecular pathogenesis underlying CLL progression and treatment resistance. We here review the available evidences concerning the role of the B-cell receptor (BCR) and the tumor microenvironment interactions in CLL pathogenesis. Antigen likely has a key role in the selection of the tumoral clone, the mutational status of immunoglobulin genes is a strong prognostic predictor and BCR signaling has been postulated to have a role for CLL trafficking and interaction with the stromal microenvironment. There is also important evidence, favoring a role for the microenvironment in CLL pathogenesis. Most, if not all, proliferative events occur in the lymph nodes and bone marrow, where leukemic cells receive through microenvironment interactions survival signals aiming to avoid apoptosis and acquire favorable tumoral growing conditions. In addition, the tumoral microenvironment appears to be the site where the acquisition of additional genetic lesions in the clone occur, which should greatly influence clinical outcome. The advent of new tyrosine kinase inhibitors which seem to be able to modulate microenvironment interactions and circumvent the p53 deletion have generated significant promise by raising the possibility that they could provide significant progress in disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Oppezzo
- 1] Unit of Recombinant Protein, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay [2] Immunobiology Department, School of Medicine, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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2
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Visco C, Moretta F, Falisi E, Facco M, Maura F, Novella E, Nichele I, Finotto S, Giaretta I, Ave E, Perbellini O, Guercini N, Scupoli MT, Trentin L, Trimarco V, Neri A, Semenzato G, Rodeghiero F, Pizzolo G, Ambrosetti A. Double productive immunoglobulin sequence rearrangements in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Am J Hematol 2013; 88:277-82. [PMID: 23450508 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.23396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The immunoglobulin heavy chain variable (IGHV) gene mutational status represents a major prognostic marker in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Usually, the prognostic implications of IGHV gene analysis can be reliably ascertained but, occasionally, double productive rearrangements have been detected. Clinical presentation and biological features of such cases are unknown. Sixty patients with morphologically and phenotypically monoclonal CLL but double productive IGHV rearrangements were retrospectively identified by mRNA analysis from three Hematology Institutions. Clinical and biological features and survival of these 60 patients were compared with a control group of patients with CLL and single IGHV rearrangement. A prospective registry was used to assess the epidemiology of double productive IGHV among incidental patients with CLL. Using standard criteria to define IGHV-mutated (M) or unmutated (U) cases, 39 of the 60 patients (65%) with double productive IGHV rearrangement had concordant status (23 MM, 16 UU), while 21 (35%) had discordant IGHV status. As compared with M patients, the MM ones had lower CD38 expression, more favorable cytogenetics and more indolent clinical behavior. Cases with UU had similar characteristics of U patients. Discordant cases presented with adverse prognostic features and had an aggressive clinical behavior requiring early treatment, similar to U patients. The prevalence of double IGHV was 3.1%. Patients with CLL with double concordant mutational status (MM or UU) have a clinical course similar to that of the corresponding single IGHV status, while those exhibiting discordant status represent a high risk population. This may help correct stratification within clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Visco
- Department of Hematology S. Bortolo Hospital; Vicenza Italy
| | - Francesca Moretta
- Hematology Section, Department of Medicine; University of Verona; Italy
| | - Erika Falisi
- Department of Hematology S. Bortolo Hospital; Vicenza Italy
| | - Monica Facco
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch; Padua University School of Medicine; Padova Italy
| | - Francesco Maura
- Department of Medical Sciences and Hematology-CTMO; University of Milano; Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano Italy
| | | | - Ilaria Nichele
- Department of Hematology S. Bortolo Hospital; Vicenza Italy
| | - Silvia Finotto
- Department of Hematology S. Bortolo Hospital; Vicenza Italy
| | | | - Elisa Ave
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch; Padua University School of Medicine; Padova Italy
| | - Omar Perbellini
- Hematology Section, Department of Medicine; University of Verona; Italy
| | | | | | - Livio Trentin
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch; Padua University School of Medicine; Padova Italy
| | - Valentina Trimarco
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch; Padua University School of Medicine; Padova Italy
| | - Antonino Neri
- Department of Medical Sciences and Hematology-CTMO; University of Milano; Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano Italy
| | - Gianpietro Semenzato
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch; Padua University School of Medicine; Padova Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Pizzolo
- Hematology Section, Department of Medicine; University of Verona; Italy
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3
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Van Bockstaele F, Verhasselt B, Philippé J. Prognostic markers in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: A comprehensive review. Blood Rev 2009; 23:25-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2008.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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4
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Wlodarska I, Matthews C, Veyt E, Pospisilova H, Catherwood MA, Poulsen TS, Vanhentenrijk V, Ibbotson R, Vandenberghe P, Morris TCMC, Alexander HD. Telomeric IGH losses detectable by fluorescence in situ hybridization in chronic lymphocytic leukemia reflect somatic VH recombination events. J Mol Diagn 2007; 9:47-54. [PMID: 17251335 PMCID: PMC1867431 DOI: 10.2353/jmoldx.2007.060088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Routine interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) with LSI IGH/CCND1 assay, applied to differentiate CLL from leukemic mantle cell lymphoma, identified a subset of cases (42/174) with translocation-like IGH signal pattern. To unravel the underlying 14q32/IGH aberrations, 14 of these cases were subjected to cytogenetic, detailed FISH, and V(H) mutation analyses. FISH identified cryptic losses of various portions of the IGHV region in all 14 cases. Fine mapping of these V(H) deletions revealed a strict correlation between their distal border and localization of the used VH gene, suggesting that they are not oncogenic but reflect physiological events accompanying somatic V-D-J assembly. This hypothesis was further supported by FISH analysis of 20 CLL and hairy cell leukemia cases with the known V(H) usage showing a constant loss of sequences proximal to the used gene, identification of V(H) deletions in normal B cells, and their exclusive demonstration in B cell malignancies, but not of T cell and myeloid linage. Given that these cryptic physiological VH losses in B cells may seriously complicate analysis of B cell leukemia/lymphoma and lead to false conclusions, FISH users should take them into consideration when interpreting IGH aberrations in these malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Wlodarska
- Center for Human Genetics, Catholoc University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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5
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Vuillier F, Dumas G, Magnac C, Prevost MC, Lalanne AI, Oppezzo P, Melanitou E, Dighiero G, Payelle-Brogard B. Lower levels of surface B-cell-receptor expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia are associated with glycosylation and folding defects of the μ and CD79a chains. Blood 2005; 105:2933-40. [PMID: 15591116 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-09-3643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractLow levels of B-cell-receptor (BCR) expression are the hallmark of tumoral B lymphocytes in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL). These cells also respond inadequately to stimulation through the BCR. This receptor consists of a surface immunoglobulin associated with a CD79a/CD79b heterodimer. We previously showed that the intracellular synthesis of BCR components, from transcription onward, is normal. Here, we investigated the glycosylation status and cellular localization of μ, CD79a, and CD79b chains in 10 CLL patients differing in surface immunoglobulin M (IgM) expression. We reported a severe impairment of the glycosylation and folding of μ and CD79a. These defects were associated with the retention of both chains in the endoplasmic reticulum and lower levels of surface IgM expression. In contrast, no clear impairment of glycosylation and folding was observed for CD79b. No sequence defects were identified for BCR components and for the chaperone proteins involved in BCR folding processes. These data show, for the first time, that lower levels of BCR surface expression observed in CLL are accounted for by an impaired glycosylation and folding of the μ and CD79a chains.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Antigens, CD/chemistry
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/ultrastructure
- CD79 Antigens
- Dimerization
- Endoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism
- Endoplasmic Reticulum/ultrastructure
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Glycosylation
- Golgi Apparatus/metabolism
- Golgi Apparatus/ultrastructure
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin M/chemistry
- Immunoglobulin M/genetics
- Immunoglobulin M/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/physiopathology
- Male
- Microscopy, Electron
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Chaperones/metabolism
- Protein Folding
- Receptor Aggregation
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Vuillier
- Unité d'Immuno-Hématologie et d'Immunopathologie, Plate-forme de Microscopie Electronique, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
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6
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Cerny J, Slavickova A, Krepelova A, Trneny M, Karban J, Klener P. Biallelic IgH rearrangements in patients with indolent lymphoproliferative disorders: Molecular and practical implications. J Cell Physiol 2004; 199:217-26. [PMID: 15040004 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.10459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We report a group of patients (pts) with indolent lymphoproliferative disorder who had both alleles for the immunoglobulin heavy chain genes rearranged (biIgH). This group of 17 pts consisted of 9 small lymphocytic lymphomas (SLL) and 8 chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of clonal immunoglobulin heavy (IgH) rearrangement using the complementarity determining region III (CDRIII) constantly retrieved two distinct bands in all PCR informative samples of those pts. To rule out biclonality, we evaluated samples by fluorescein activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis and sequenced the PCR products. We were able to obtain both IgH sequences from 12 patients. FACS suggested biclonality in one case, which also correlated with sequencing results as both IgH rearrangements were in-frame. Recently, we reported a patient who sustained transformation into an aggressive disease after biIgH was detected in the setting of monoclonal disease (Cerny et al., 2003b, Haematologica 88(05):ECR15 B.). We decided to compare clinical characteristics and prognosis of 17 pts with biIgH and 37 pts with monoIgH rearrangements. Although we found some minor differences in disease characteristics between both groups, these did not translate into a significantly different overall survival. Our findings suggest that true biclonal cases of CLL are rare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Cerny
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Charles University General Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Cragg MS, Chan HTC, Fox MD, Tutt A, Smith A, Oscier DG, Hamblin TJ, Glennie MJ. The alternative transcript of CD79b is overexpressed in B-CLL and inhibits signaling for apoptosis. Blood 2002; 100:3068-76. [PMID: 12384401 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v100.9.3068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The B-cell receptor (BCR) for antigen is composed of surface immunoglobulin (sIg), which provides antigen specificity, and a noncovalently associated signaling unit, the CD79a/b heterodimer. Defects in CD79 can influence both BCR expression and signaling and may explain why cells from certain malignancies, such as B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL), often express diminished and inactive BCR. Recently, an alternative transcript of CD79b (DeltaCD79b) has been reported that is up-regulated in B-CLL and may explain this diminished BCR expression. Here we assess the expression of DeltaCD79b in B-CLL and other lymphoid malignancies and investigate its function. High relative expression of DeltaCD79b was confirmed in most cases of B-CLL and found in 6 of 6 cases of splenic lymphomas with villous lymphocytes (SLVLs) and hairy cell leukemia. In a range of Burkitt lymphoma cell lines, expression of DeltaCD79b was relatively low but correlated inversely with the ability of the BCR to signal apoptosis when cross-linked by antibody (Ab). Interestingly, when Ramos-EHRB cells, which express low DeltaCD79b, were transfected with this transcript, they were transformed from being sensitive to anti-Fcmu-induced apoptosis to being highly resistant. Although DeltaCD79b was expressed as protein, its overexpression did not reduce the level of cell surface BCR. Finally, we showed that the inhibitory activity of DeltaCD79b depended on an intact leader sequence to ensure endoplasmic reticulum (ER) trafficking and a functional signaling immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) in its cytoplasmic tail. These results point to DeltaCD79b being a powerful modulator of BCR signaling that may play an important role in normal and malignant B cells.
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MESH Headings
- Alternative Splicing
- Amino Acid Motifs
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/chemistry
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Burkitt Lymphoma/genetics
- Burkitt Lymphoma/metabolism
- Burkitt Lymphoma/pathology
- CD79 Antigens
- Dimerization
- Endoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Humans
- K562 Cells/metabolism
- K562 Cells/pathology
- Leukemia, Hairy Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Hairy Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Hairy Cell/pathology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/metabolism
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/pathology
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/chemistry
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Protein Transport
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/physiology
- Splenic Neoplasms/genetics
- Splenic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Splenic Neoplasms/pathology
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Cragg
- Tenovus Research Laboratory, Cancer Sciences Division, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
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8
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Dyer MJS, Oscier DG. The configuration of the immunoglobulin genes in B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia 2002; 16:973-84. [PMID: 12040429 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2001] [Accepted: 02/19/2002] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) lacks a consistent genetic abnormality. However, immunoglobulin V(H) gene segment mutation analysis has provided insights into the pathogenesis of these diseases and allowed the development of powerful prognostic markers. Immunoglobulin gene chromosomal translocations are rare in CLL and involve a distinct subset of genes including BCL3, BCL11A and CCND2. BCL2 translocations in CLL appear to arise via a different mechanism from comparable translocations seen in B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J S Dyer
- Department of Haematology, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, UK
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Indraccolo S, Minuzzo S, Zamarchi R, Calderazzo F, Piovan E, Amadori A. Alternatively spliced forms of Igalpha and Igbeta prevent B cell receptor expression on the cell surface. Eur J Immunol 2002; 32:1530-40. [PMID: 12115635 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(200206)32:6<1530::aid-immu1530>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The B cell antigen receptor (BCR) includes an Igalpha/Igbeta heterodimer non-covalently associated with surface immunoglobulin. Recently, variant Igalpha and Igbeta transcripts, arising from alternative mRNA splicing, have been reported. The present study examined the function of the potential products of these transcripts, by utilizing cDNA expression plasmids to reconstitute human BCR expression in transfected 293T cells. Spliced transcripts produced truncated proteins (deltaIgalpha and deltaIgbeta), that failed to form heterodimers with their full-length counterparts, and did not mediate transport of IgM to the cell surface. When overexpressed, both deltaIgalpha and deltaIgbeta acted as competitors of Igalpha and Igbeta, leading to down-modulated surface IgM expression, and retention of IgM in the endoplasmic reticulum. These findings document a possible novel mechanism for controlling BCR expression in B cells, based on up-regulated synthesis of components devoid of transport function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Indraccolo
- Department of Oncology and Surgical Sciences, Interuniversity Center for Research on Cancer, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia continues to attract much basic and clinical research interest. Despite recent advances, the disease still has no established cure. Nonetheless, significant strides have been made in our understanding of the genetics, biology, and clinical staging of this disease. This understanding may improve our ability to segregate patients into subtypes that differ in their cytogenesis, propensity toward disease progression, or response to standard or innovative forms of therapy. Finally, several promising new modalities of treatment are being evaluated in clinical trials, involving novel drugs or drug-combinations, monoclonal antibodies, stem cell transplantation, or gene therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Apoptosis
- Biomarkers, Tumor
- CD79 Antigens
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Chromosomes, Human/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human/ultrastructure
- Cladribine/therapeutic use
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Cytokines/therapeutic use
- Female
- Genes, Immunoglobulin
- Genes, p53
- Genetic Therapy
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
- Humans
- Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/etiology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/epidemiology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/therapy
- Male
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Prognosis
- Risk Factors
- Vidarabine/analogs & derivatives
- Vidarabine/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Kipps
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0663, USA
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