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Richards SJ, Dickinson AJ, Newton DJ, Hillmen P. Immunophenotypic assessment of PNH clones in major and minor cell lineages in the peripheral blood of patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. CYTOMETRY. PART B, CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2022; 102:487-497. [PMID: 36134740 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.22094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flow cytometric immunophenotyping is essential for the diagnosis of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH). Most cases have easy to interpret flow cytometry profiles with red cells, neutrophils and monocytes showing complete deficiency of glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI) linked antigen expression. Some cases are more challenging to interpret due to the presence of multiple populations of PNH cells and variable levels of GPI antigen expression. METHODS We studied 46 known PNH patients, many with complex immunophenotypic profiles using a novel, single tube, multi-parameter 7-color immunophenotyping assay that allowed simultaneous detection and assessment of PNH clones within multiple lineages of peripheral blood leucocytes. Red cell PNH clones were also assessed in total and immature (CD71+) components by CD59 expression. RESULTS For individual patients, total PNH clones in each cell lineage were highly correlated. Monocytes, eosinophils and basophils showed the highest proportions of PNH cells. Red cell PNH clones were typically smaller than monocyte and neutrophil PNH clones. In most cases, PNH clones were detectable in minor leucocyte populations where multiple populations of PNH cells were present, variability in the proportions of type II and type III cells was seen across different cell lineages, even though total PNH clones remained similar. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that PNH patients with multiple PNH clones do not always display the same abnormality across all cell lineages routinely tested. There is no simple explanation for this but is likely due to a combination of complex molecular, genetic and biochemical dysfunction in different blood cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Richards
- Division of Haematology and Immunology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Anita J Dickinson
- Haematological Malignancy Diagnostic Service, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Darren J Newton
- Division of Haematology and Immunology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Peter Hillmen
- Division of Haematology and Immunology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Pagani IS, Dang P, Saunders VA, Grose R, Shanmuganathan N, Kok CH, Carne L, Rwodzi Z, Watts S, McLean J, Braley J, Altamura H, Yeung DT, Branford S, Yong ASM, White DL, Hughes TP, Ross DM. Lineage of measurable residual disease in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in treatment-free remission. Leukemia 2019; 34:1052-1061. [PMID: 31768016 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-019-0647-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Approximately half of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in sustained deep molecular response who discontinue tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) remain in treatment-free remission (TFR). Some of these patients have measurable residual disease (MRD) by BCR-ABL1 mRNA testing, and most have detectable BCR-ABL1 DNA by highly sensitive methods. We used fluorescence-activated cell sorting and BCR-ABL1 DNA PCR to investigate the lineage of residual CML cells in TFR. Twenty patients in TFR for >1 year provided blood for sorting into granulocytes, monocytes, B cells, T cells, and NK cells. MRD was identified predominantly in the lymphoid compartment and never in granulocytes. B cells were more often BCR-ABL1 positive than T cells (18 vs 11/20 patients) and at higher levels (median 10-4.9 vs 10-5.7; P = 0.014). In 13 CML patients studied at diagnosis lymphocytes expressing BCR-ABL1 mRNA comprised a small proportion of total leukocytes. These data improve our understanding of TFR biology, since it is now clear that MRD in the blood of TFR patients need not imply the persistence of multipotent CML cells. Lineage-specific assessment of MRD could be explored as a means to improve the prediction of TFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria S Pagani
- Cancer Program, Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Australasian Leukaemia and Lymphoma Group, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Phuong Dang
- Cancer Program, Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Verity A Saunders
- Cancer Program, Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Randall Grose
- Cancer Program, Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Naranie Shanmuganathan
- Cancer Program, Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Australasian Leukaemia and Lymphoma Group, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Genetic and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Chung H Kok
- Cancer Program, Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Lisa Carne
- Department of Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Zandy Rwodzi
- Department of Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sophie Watts
- Cancer Program, Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jennifer McLean
- Cancer Program, Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jodi Braley
- Genetic and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Haley Altamura
- Genetic and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - David T Yeung
- Cancer Program, Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Australasian Leukaemia and Lymphoma Group, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Susan Branford
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Genetic and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Agnes S M Yong
- Cancer Program, Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Australasian Leukaemia and Lymphoma Group, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Deborah L White
- Cancer Program, Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Australasian Leukaemia and Lymphoma Group, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,School of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Timothy P Hughes
- Cancer Program, Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Australasian Leukaemia and Lymphoma Group, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - David M Ross
- Cancer Program, Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia. .,School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia. .,Australasian Leukaemia and Lymphoma Group, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia. .,Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia. .,Department of Haematology and Genetic Pathology, Flinders University and Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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