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Matis S, Grazia Recchia A, Colombo M, Cardillo M, Fabbi M, Todoerti K, Bossio S, Fabris S, Cancila V, Massara R, Reverberi D, Emionite L, Cilli M, Cerruti G, Salvi S, Bet P, Pigozzi S, Fiocca R, Ibatici A, Angelucci E, Gentile M, Monti P, Menichini P, Fronza G, Torricelli F, Ciarrocchi A, Neri A, Fais F, Tripodo C, Morabito F, Ferrarini M, Cutrona G. MiR-146b-5p regulates IL-23 receptor complex expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Blood Adv 2022; 6:5593-5612. [PMID: 35819446 PMCID: PMC9647700 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021005726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells express the interleukin-23 receptor (IL-23R) chain, but the expression of the complementary IL-12Rβ1 chain requires cell stimulation via surface CD40 molecules (and not via the B-cell receptor [BCR]). This stimulation induces the expression of a heterodimeric functional IL-23R complex and the secretion of IL-23, initiating an autocrine loop that drives leukemic cell expansion. Based on the observation in 224 untreated Binet stage A patients that the cases with the lowest miR-146b-5p concentrations had the shortest time to first treatment (TTFT), we hypothesized that miR-146b-5p could negatively regulate IL-12Rβ1 side chain expression and clonal expansion. Indeed, miR-146b-5p significantly bound to the 3'-UTR region of the IL-12Rβ1 mRNA in an in vitro luciferase assay. Downregulation of miR-146b-5p with specific miRNA inhibitors in vitro led to the upregulation of the IL-12Rβ1 side chain and expression of a functional IL-23R complex similar to that observed after stimulation of the CLL cell through the surface CD40 molecules. Expression of miR-146b-5p with miRNA mimics in vitro inhibited the expression of the IL-23R complex after stimulation with CD40L. Administration of a miR-146b-5p mimic to NSG mice, successfully engrafted with CLL cells, caused tumor shrinkage, with a reduction of leukemic nodules and of IL-12Rβ1-positive CLL cells in the spleen. Our findings indicate that IL-12Rβ1 expression, a crucial checkpoint for the functioning of the IL-23 and IL-23R complex loop, is under the control of miR-146b-5p, which may represent a potential target for therapy since it contributes to the CLL pathogenesis. This trial is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00917540.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Matis
- Molecular Pathology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Anna Grazia Recchia
- Hematology Unit AO of Cosenza, Cosenza, Italy
- Biothecnology Research Unit, AO, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Monica Colombo
- Molecular Pathology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Martina Cardillo
- Molecular Pathology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marina Fabbi
- Biotherapy Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Katia Todoerti
- Hematology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Sabrina Bossio
- Hematology Unit AO of Cosenza, Cosenza, Italy
- Biothecnology Research Unit, AO, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Sonia Fabris
- Hematology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Cancila
- Tumor Immunology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Palermo School of Medicine, Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosanna Massara
- Molecular Pathology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Daniele Reverberi
- Molecular Pathology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Laura Emionite
- Animal Facility, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Michele Cilli
- Animal Facility, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giannamaria Cerruti
- Molecular Diagnostic Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sandra Salvi
- Pathology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paola Bet
- Pathology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Simona Pigozzi
- Pathology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DISC), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Roberto Fiocca
- Pathology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DISC), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Adalberto Ibatici
- Hematology Unit and Transplant Center, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Emanuele Angelucci
- Hematology Unit and Transplant Center, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Massimo Gentile
- Hematology Unit AO of Cosenza, Cosenza, Italy
- Biothecnology Research Unit, AO, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Paola Monti
- Mutagenesis and Cancer Prevention Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paola Menichini
- Mutagenesis and Cancer Prevention Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gilberto Fronza
- Mutagenesis and Cancer Prevention Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Federica Torricelli
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda USL IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Alessia Ciarrocchi
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda USL IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Antonino Neri
- Scientific Directorate, Azienda USL IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Franco Fais
- Molecular Pathology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Claudio Tripodo
- Tumor Immunology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Palermo School of Medicine, Palermo, Italy
| | - Fortunato Morabito
- Biothecnology Research Unit, AO, Cosenza, Italy
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Hemato-Oncology Department, Augusta Victoria Hospital, East Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Manlio Ferrarini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giovanna Cutrona
- Molecular Pathology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
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Review: RNA-based diagnostic markers discovery and therapeutic targets development in cancer. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 234:108123. [PMID: 35121000 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The present review aimed to outline different types of RNAs in cancer diagnostics and treatment, and to provide novel insights into their clinical applications. RNAs, including mRNA, long non-coding (lnc)RNA, circular (circ)RNA and micro (mi)RNA, are now increasingly utilized in the diagnosis and treatment of various cancers. Each aforementioned type of RNA possess their own unique characteristics and could be aberrantly expressed as diagnostic markers or therapeutic targets in different cancers. In addition to mRNAs, which have become a promising alternative in cancer diagnostics and therapy, the uses of lncRNA, circRNA and miRNA in predictive tumor diagnostics and therapy has rapidly increased in recent years. In the present review, the mechanisms of mRNA, lncRNA, circRNA and miRNA in regulating and participating in the development of different cancers were determined, and their potential capacity in cancer diagnostics and therapy were investigated. In addition, the present review analyzed the assoaciations between different RNAs and their subsequent potential in cancer prediction and treatment.
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Genetics of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 27:259-265. [PMID: 34398552 DOI: 10.1097/ppo.0000000000000538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT During the past 10 years, relevant advances have been made in the understanding of the pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia via the integrated analysis of its genome and related epigenome, and transcriptome. These analyses also had an impact on our understanding of the initiation, as well as of the evolution of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, including resistance to chemotherapy and sensitivity and resistance to novel targeted therapies. This chapter will review the current state of the art in this field, with emphasis on the genetic heterogeneity of the disease and the biological pathways that are altered by the genetic lesions.
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Han S, Qi Y, Xu Y, Wang M, Wang J, Wang J, Yuan M, Jia Y, Ma X, Wang Y, Liu X. lncRNA DLEU2 promotes gastric cancer progression through ETS2 via targeting miR-30a-5p. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:376. [PMID: 34261460 PMCID: PMC8278695 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-02074-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gastric cancer (GC) remains an important cancer worldwide. Further understanding of the molecular mechanisms of gastric carcinogenesis will enhance the diagnosis and treatment of GC. Methods The expression of DLEU2 and ETS2 was analyzed in several GC cell lines using GEPIA online analyze, qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. The biological behavior of GC cells was detected by CCK8, clone formation, transwell, wound healing, western blot, and flow cytometry assay. More in-depth mechanisms were studied. Results DLEU2 was significantly up-regulated in GC tissues and cell lines. The expression of DLEU2 was significantly associated with pathological grading and TNM stage of GC patients. Furthermore, knockdown of DLEU2 inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of AGS and MKN-45 cells, while overexpression of DLEU2 promoted the proliferation, migration, and invasion of HGC-27 cells. MiR-30a-5p could directly bind to the 3’ UTR region of ETS2. Moreover, DLEU2 bound to miR-30a-5p through the same binding site, which facilitated the expression of ETS2. Knockdown of DLEU2 reduced the protein level of intracellular ETS2 and inhibited AKT phosphorylation, while overexpression of DLEU2 induced the expression of ETS2 and the phosphorylation of AKT. ETS2 was highly expressed in GC tissues. The expression of ETS2 was significantly associated with age, pathological grading, and TNM stage. ETS2 overexpression promoted cell proliferation and migration of AGS and MKN-45 cells. Furthermore, ETS2 overexpression rescued cell proliferation and migration inhibition induced by DLEU2 down-regulation and miR-30a-5p up-regulation in AGS and MKN-45 cells. Conclusions DLEU2 is a potential molecular target for GC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Han
- Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, 115 Jie Fang Road, Jinan, 250013, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, 115 Jie Fang Road, Jinan, 250013, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Yan Qi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yihui Xu
- Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, 115 Jie Fang Road, Jinan, 250013, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Wang
- Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, 115 Jie Fang Road, Jinan, 250013, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Wang
- Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, 115 Jie Fang Road, Jinan, 250013, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingjie Yuan
- Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfei Jia
- Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, 115 Jie Fang Road, Jinan, 250013, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Ma
- Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, 115 Jie Fang Road, Jinan, 250013, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunshan Wang
- Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, 115 Jie Fang Road, Jinan, 250013, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangdong Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated To Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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Kikushige Y. Pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and the development of novel therapeutic strategies. J Clin Exp Hematop 2020; 60:146-158. [PMID: 33148933 PMCID: PMC7810248 DOI: 10.3960/jslrt.20036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common adult leukemia in Western countries and is characterized by the clonal expansion of mature CD5+ B cells. There have been substantial advances in the field of CLL research in the last decade, including the identification of recurrent mutations, and clarification of clonal architectures, signaling molecules, and the multistep leukemogenic process, providing a comprehensive understanding of CLL pathogenesis. Furthermore, the development of therapeutic approaches, especially that of molecular target therapies against CLL, has markedly improved the standard of care for CLL. This review focuses on the recent insights made in CLL leukemogenesis and the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Carcinogenesis/genetics
- Carcinogenesis/metabolism
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/therapy
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Mutation
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Wang B, Hang J, Li W, Yuan W. Knockdown of LncRNA DLEU2 Inhibits Cervical Cancer Progression via Targeting miR-128-3p. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:10173-10184. [PMID: 33116599 PMCID: PMC7553767 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s272292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Cervical cancer is one of the most common female malignancies worldwide and represents a major global health challenge. The fast growth of tumor and high rates of metastasis still lead to a poor prognosis of cervical cancer patients. It is urgent to clarify the mechanism and identify predictive biomarkers for the treatment of cervical cancer. Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) have been identified in cervical cancer and are related to malignant phenotypes of cervical cancer cells. However, the roles and mechanism of LncRNA deleted in lymphocytic leukemia (DLEU2) in the tumorigenesis and progression of cervical cancer remain unknown. Materials and Methods qPCR was performed to analyze the expression of DLEU2, Cyclin D1, CDK4, Bax, Bcl2 and mi-128-3p. Western blot was performed to detect the cell cycle hallmarks expression. CCK8 was used to examine cell proliferation. Cellular apoptosis was analyzed by Hoechst 33,258 staining and AV/PI staining with flow cytometry. Cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry. The xenograft model in nude mice was used to elucidate the function of DLEU2 in vivo. Bioinformatics analysis and luciferase reporter assay were proceeded to clarify whether miR-128-3p directly binds with lncRNA DLEU2. Pull‑down assay and RNA-binding protein immunoprecipitation assay were used for exploring the relationship between DLEU2 and miR-128-3p. Results We demonstrated that DLEU2 was upregulated in cervical cancer tumor tissues. Downregulation of DLEU2 inhibited cell proliferation, induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase of cervical cancer cells in vitro, and suppressed tumor growth in vivo. Further, LncRNA DLEU2 is one of the targets of miR-128-3p. miR-128-3p inhibitor abrogated the cell proliferation suppressed by knockdown of DLEU2, apoptosis induced by knockdown of DLEU2 and reversed the expression of cell cycle hallmarks regulated by knockdown of DLEU2. Conclusion Taken together, these results suggested knockdown of DLEU2 inhibited cervical cancer progression via targeting miR-128-3p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bofei Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weifang NO.2 People's Hospital
| | - Jing Hang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Peking University Third Hospital, Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproduction, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiling Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanqiong Yuan
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Spinal Disease, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF THIS REVIEW This review summarizes the role of BCL-2 in the pathogenesis of CLL, and the clinical data evaluating safety and efficacy of venetoclax, in treatment of patients with CLL, in the context of other available targeted agents. RECENT FINDINGS Venetoclax, alone or in combination with other targeted agents results in high rate of durable responses and undetectable measurable residual disease. Venetoclax maintains activity across all clinical and biologic subgroups, including those with high risk disease, including CLL with chromosome 17p deletion. TLS risk can be mitigated with risk stratification and five-week administration ramp-up schedule. Venetoclax, a novel, orally bioavailable inhibitor of BCL-2 has demonstrated substantial clinical activity in the treatment of CLL. In combination with other targeted agents it can induce high disease response rates and potentially lead to MRD-negative durable remissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Eradat
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Lee J, Wang YL. Prognostic and Predictive Molecular Biomarkers in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. J Mol Diagn 2020; 22:1114-1125. [PMID: 32615167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a malignancy of B cells with a variable clinical course. Prognostication is important to place patients into different risk categories for guiding decisions on clinical management, to treat or not to treat. Although several clinical, cytogenetic, and molecular parameters have been established, in the past decade, a tremendous understanding of molecular lesions has been obtained with the advent of high-throughput sequencing. Meanwhile, rapid advances in the understanding of the CLL oncogenic pathways have led to the development of small-molecule targeting signal transducers, Bruton tyrosine kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, as well as anti-apoptotic protein BCL2 apoptosis regulator. After an initial response to these targeted therapies, some patients develop resistance and experience disease progression. Novel gene mutations have been identified that account for some of the drug resistance mechanisms. This article focuses on the prognostic and predictive molecular biomarkers in CLL relevant to the molecular pathology practice, beginning with a review of well-established prognostic markers that have already been incorporated into major clinical guidelines, which will be followed by a discussion of emerging biomarkers that are expected to impact clinical practice soon in the future. Special emphasis will be put on predictive biomarkers related to newer targeted therapies in hopes that this review will serve as a useful reference for molecular diagnostic professionals, clinicians, as well as laboratory investigators and trainees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Lee
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Y Lynn Wang
- Department of Pathology, Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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Javandoost E, Firoozi-Majd E, Rostamian H, Khakpoor-Koosheh M, Mirzaei HR. Role of microRNAs in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Pathogenesis. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:282-297. [PMID: 31544709 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190911114842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of small endogenous non-coding RNAs involved in many cancers and various cellular processes such as cellular growth, DNA methylation, apoptosis, and differentiation. 13q14.3 chromosomal region contains miR-15 and miR-16 and deletion of this region is a commonly reported aberration in Chronic Lymphoblastic Leukemia (CLL), suggesting miRNAs involvement in CLL pathogenesis. MicroRNAs are known as oncogenes and tumor suppressors in CLL which may also serve as markers of onset and progression of the disease. The most prevalent form of leukemia diagnosed in adults in the western world, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, accounts for one-third of all leukemias. CLL is characterized by the presence of B Cell Malignant Clones in secondary lymphoid tissues, peripheral blood and bone marrow. The precise etiology of CLL is remained to be known, however, a number of Chromosomal Abnormalities such as deletions of 13q14.3, 11q and 17p and trisomy 12 have been detected. In this review, we offer our prospect on how miRNAs are involved in the CLL pathogenesis and disease progression. Further understanding of the underlying mechanisms and regulation of CLL pathogenesis has underscored the need for further research regarding their role in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Javandoost
- Department of Hematology, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Firoozi-Majd
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hosein Rostamian
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Khakpoor-Koosheh
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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10
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Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), the most frequent type of leukaemia in adults, is a lymphoproliferative disorder that is characterized by the expansion of monoclonal, mature CD5+CD23+ B cells in the peripheral blood, secondary lymphoid tissues and bone marrow. CLL is an incurable disease with a heterogeneous clinical course, for which the treatment decision still relies on conventional parameters (such as clinical stage and lymphocyte doubling time). During the past 5 years, relevant advances have been made in understanding CLL biology. Indeed, substantial progress has been made in the identification of the putative cell of origin of CLL, and comprehensive studies have dissected the genomic, epigenomic and transcriptomic landscape of CLL. Advances in clinical management include improvements in our understanding of the prognostic value of different genetic lesions, particularly those associated with chemoresistance and progression to highly aggressive forms of CLL, and the advent of new therapies targeting crucial biological pathways. In this Review, we discuss new insights into the genetic lesions involved in the pathogenesis of CLL and how these genetic insights influence clinical management and the development of new therapeutic strategies for this disease.
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11
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Abstract
Apoptosis, the process of programmed cell death, occurs normally during development and aging. Members of the B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2) family of proteins are central regulators of apoptosis, and resistance to apoptosis is one of the hallmarks of cancer. Targeting the apoptotic pathway via BCL2 inhibitors has been considered a promising treatment strategy in the past decade. Initial efforts with small molecule BH3 mimetics such as ABT-737 and ABT-263 (navitoclax) pioneered the development of the first-in-class Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved oral BCL2 inhibitor, venetoclax. Venetoclax was approved for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia, and is now being studied in a number of hematologic malignancies. Several other inhibitors targeting different BCL2 family members are now in early stages of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fevzi F Yalniz
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 428, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - William G Wierda
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 428, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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12
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Pekarsky Y, Croce CM. Noncoding RNA genes in cancer pathogenesis. Adv Biol Regul 2018; 71:219-223. [PMID: 30611710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
By using chronic lymphocytic leukemia as target for discovery in cancer pathogenesis we discovered that the great majority of CLLs (75-85%) carry a deletion of miR-15a and miR-16-1 at 13q14. We also discovered that miR-15/16 are negative regulators of the BCL2 oncogene. Thus the loss of the two negative regulators causes BCL2 overexpression and leukemia. A corollary of this is that CLL is very sensitive to the anti BCL2 drug venetoclax that can induce complete remission in CLL patients. Since leukemia patients may carry billions of leukemia cells, it is quite likely that some (few) of the leukemic cells are resistant to venetoclax. Thus, since microRNAs have multiple targets, we looked for other proteins that may be overexpressed in CLL because of the low of miR-15/16. We discovered that ROR1 an embryonal antigen expressed on most (∼ 90%) CLL, but not on normal B cell, is also regulated by miR-15/16. Thus CLL cells are also sensitive to monoclonal antibodies against ROR1. Venetoclax and monoclonal antibodies against ROR1 act synergistically in killing CLL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Pekarsky
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Carlo M Croce
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
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13
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The effects of DLEU1 gene expression in Burkitt lymphoma (BL): potential mechanism of chemoimmunotherapy resistance in BL. Oncotarget 2018; 8:27839-27853. [PMID: 28427156 PMCID: PMC5438612 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Following a multivariant analysis we demonstrated that children and adolescents with Burkitt lymphoma (BL) and a 13q14.3 deletion have a significant decrease in event free survival (EFS) despite identical short intensive multi-agent chemotherapy. However, how this deletion in the 13q14.3 region is associated with a significant decrease in EFS in children and adolescents with BL is largely unknown. The gene Deleted in Lymphocytic Leukemia 1 (DLEU1) is located in the region of 13q14.3. Here, we report that DLEU1 expression is implicated in the regulation of BL programmed cell death, cell proliferation, and expression of apoptotic genes in transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN)s-induced DLEU1 knockdown and DLEU1 overexpressing BL cell lines. Furthermore, NSG mice xenografted with DLEU1 knockdown BL cells had significantly shortened survival (p < 0.05 and p < 0.005), whereas those xenografted with DLEU1 overexpressing BL cells had significantly improved survival (p < 0.05 and p < 0.0001), following treatment with rituximab and/or cyclophosphamide. These data suggest that DLEU1 may in part function as a tumor suppressor gene and confer chemoimmunotherapy resistance in children and adolescents with BL.
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14
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Abstract
DNA mutations are inevitable. Despite proficient DNA repair mechanisms, somatic cells accumulate mutations during development and aging, generating cells with different genotypes within the same individual, a phenomenon known as somatic mosaicism. While the existence of somatic mosaicism has long been recognized, in the last five years, advances in sequencing have provided unprecedented resolution to characterize the extent and nature of somatic genetic variation. Collectively, these new studies are revealing a previously uncharacterized aging phenotype: the accumulation of clones with cancer driver mutations. Here, we summarize the most recent findings, which converge in the novel notion that cancer-associated mutations are prevalent in normal tissue and accumulate with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Ana Risques
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Scott R. Kennedy
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Pekarsky Y, Balatti V, Croce CM. BCL2 and miR-15/16: from gene discovery to treatment. Cell Death Differ 2017; 25:21-26. [PMID: 28984869 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In 1984, we investigated the t(14;18) chromosomal translocations that frequently occur in patients with follicular lymphoma. We first identified a locus on chromosome 18 involved in these translocations with the chromosome 14 containing the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus. Within this region on chromosome 18, we then discovered a gene that we called BCL2, which was activated by the translocations. Since that time, many studies determined that BCL2 is one of the most important oncogenes involved in cancer by inhibiting apoptosis. In 2002, we studied 13q deletions in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and found that the microRNA cluster miR-15a/miR-16-1 (miR-15/16) is deleted by 13q deletions. In 2005, we discovered that miR-15/16 function as tumor suppressors by directly targeting BCL2. Thus the loss of two negative regulators of BCL2 expression results in overexpression of BCL2. Very recently, a specific BCL2 inhibitor ABT-199 (Venetoclax) was developed and approved by FDA for CLL treatment. Thus it took 32 years from fundamental discovery of a critical oncogene to the development of a drug capable to cure CLL. In this review, we discuss the discovery, functions and clinical relevance of miR-15/16 and BCL2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Pekarsky
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Veronica Balatti
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Carlo M Croce
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
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16
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Abstract
More than six decades ago Watson and Crick published the chemical structure of DNA. This discovery revolutionized our approach to medical science and opened new perspectives for the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases including cancer. Since then, progress in molecular biology, together with the rapid advance of technologies, allowed to clone hundreds of protein-coding genes that were found mutated in all types of cancer. Normal and aberrant gene functions, interactions, and mechanisms of mutations were studied to identify the intricate network of pathways leading to cancer. With the acknowledgment of the genetic nature of cancer, new diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic strategies have been attempted and developed, but very few have found their way in the clinical field. In an effort to identify new translational targets, another great discovery has changed our way to look at genes and their functions. MicroRNAs have been the first noncoding genes involved in cancer. This review is a brief chronological history of microRNAs and cancer. Through the work of few of the greatest scientists of our times, this chapter describes the discovery of microRNAs from C. elegans to their debut in cancer and in the medical field, the concurrent development of technologies, and their future translational applications. The purpose was to share the exciting path that lead to one of the most important discoveries in cancer genetics in the past 20 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Drusco
- Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Carlo M Croce
- Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.
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17
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Mirzaei H, Fathullahzadeh S, Khanmohammadi R, Darijani M, Momeni F, Masoudifar A, Goodarzi M, Mardanshah O, Stenvang J, Jaafari MR, Mirzaei HR. State of the art in microRNA as diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:888-900. [PMID: 28084621 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Early diagnostic is one of the most important steps in cancer therapy which helps to design and choose a better therapeutic approach. The finding of biomarkers in various levels including genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics levels could provide better treatment for various cancers such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The CLL is the one of main lymphoid malignancies which is specified by aggregation of mature B lymphocytes. Among different biomarkers (e.g., CD38, chromosomes abnormalities, ZAP-70, TP53, and microRNA [miRNA]), miRNAs have appeared as new diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers in patients with the CLL disease. Multiple lines of evidence indicated that deregulation of miRNAs could be associated with pathological events which are present in the CLL. These molecules have an effect on a variety of targets such as Bcl2, c-fos, c-Myc, TP53, TCL1, and STAT3 which play critical roles in the CLL pathogenesis. It has been shown that expression of miRNAs could lead to the activation of B cells and B cell antigen receptor (BCR). Moreover, exosomes containing miRNAs are one of the other molecules which could contribute to BCR stimulation and progression of CLL cells. Hence, miRNAs and exosomes released from CLL cells could be used as potential diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers for CLL. This critical review focuses on a very important aspect of CLL based on biomarker discovery covers the pros and cons of using miRNAs as important diagnostics and therapeutics biomarkers for this deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sima Fathullahzadeh
- Medical Biotechnology Research Center, Ashkezar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ashkezar, Yazd, Iran
| | - Razieh Khanmohammadi
- Department of pediatric dentistry, School of dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansoreh Darijani
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Momeni
- Applied Physiology Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Aria Masoudifar
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Goodarzi
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Biosystems, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven - KULeuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Omid Mardanshah
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Jan Stenvang
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Section for Molecular Disease Biology, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mahmoud Reza Jaafari
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Mirzaei
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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18
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The prognostic significance of 13q deletions of different sizes in patients with B-cell chronic lymphoproliferative disorders: a retrospective study. Int J Hematol 2017; 106:418-425. [PMID: 28439775 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-017-2240-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) with 13q deletion as the sole cytogenetic abnormality usually have a favorable outcome, but the frequency of the 13q14 deletion and its impact on the outcome of other B-cell chronic lymphoproliferative disorders (BCLPDs) remain unclear. To further characterize this aberration, we investigated the prognostic significance of 13q deletion in 541 patients with BCLPDs. We performed fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) studies with 13q locus-specific LSI-D13S25 and LSI-RB1 probes. 52.1% of the patients with CLL harbored 13q deletion, which was significantly higher than that of other BCLPDs (p < 0.001). The size of 13q deletion was heterogeneous in both CLL and other BCLPDs. However, the distribution of cases with different deletion sizes showed no significant difference between the two groups. Whereas 13q deletion was a favorable prognostic factor in CLL, a large deletion of 13q was associated with poor prognosis in terms of time to first therapy (p = 0.020), progression-free survival (p = 0.05) and overall survival (p = 0.002) in BCLPD cases other than CLL. In conclusion, the deletion of 13q varied in size both in CLL and in other BCLPDs and adversely influenced the prognosis of patients with other BCLPDs.
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Cutrona G, Matis S, Colombo M, Massucco C, Baio G, Valdora F, Emionite L, Fabris S, Recchia AG, Gentile M, Neumaier CE, Reverberi D, Massara R, Boccardo S, Basso L, Salvi S, Rosa F, Cilli M, Zupo S, Truini M, Tassone P, Calabrese M, Negrini M, Neri A, Morabito F, Fais F, Ferrarini M. Effects of miRNA-15 and miRNA-16 expression replacement in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: implication for therapy. Leukemia 2017; 31:1894-1904. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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20
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Roos-Weil D, Nguyen-Khac F, Bernard OA. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: Time to go past genomics? Am J Hematol 2016; 91:518-28. [PMID: 26800490 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.24301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in massively parallel sequencing technologies have provided a detailed picture of the mutational landscape in CLL and underscored the vast degree of interpatient and intratumor heterogeneities. These studies have led to the characterization of novel putative driver genes and recurrently affected biological pathways, and to the modeling of CLL clonal evolution. We herein review selected aspects including recent advances in the biology of CLL and present cellular and biological processes involved in the development of CLL and potentially other mature B-cell lymphoproliferative neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Roos-Weil
- Institut National De La Santé Et De La Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1170; Villejuif France
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris Saclay; France
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer
| | - Florence Nguyen-Khac
- INSERM U1138; Paris France
- Université Pierre Et Marie Curie-Paris 6; France
- Service D'hématologie Biologique, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP; Paris France
| | - Olivier A. Bernard
- Institut National De La Santé Et De La Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1170; Villejuif France
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris Saclay; France
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer
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21
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Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are noncoding regulatory RNAs usually consisting of 20-24 nucleotides. During the past decade, increases and decreases in miRNA expression have been shown to associate with various types of diseases, including cancer. Over 4500 miRNAs have been identified in humans, and it is known that nearly all human protein-encoding genes can be controlled by miRNAs in both healthy and malignant cells. Detailed genome-wide miRNA expression analysis has been performed in various malignant lymphoma subtypes, and these analyses have led to the discovery of subtype-specific miRNA alterations. In this chapter, I describe several key miRNAs and their targets in distinct malignant lymphoma subsets and their roles in their pathogenesis, studies of which will lead new therapeutic strategies against aggressive lymphomas.
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22
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Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a heterogeneous disease and has a highly variable clinical course with survival ranging from a couple of months to several decades. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), small non-coding RNAs that regulate transcription and translation of genes, have been found to be involved in CLL initiation, progression, and resistance to therapy. In addition, they can be used as prognostic biomarkers and as targets for novel therapies. In this review, we describe the association between miRNAs and the cytogenetic aberrations commonly found in CLL, as well as with other prognostic factors. We describe the presence of miRNAs as extracellular entities in the plasma and serum of CLL patients and discuss their role in resistance to therapy. Finally, we will explore the potential of targeted miRNA therapy for the treatment of CLL, with a special emphasis on MRX34, the first miRNA mimic that is currently being evaluated for clinical use.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic/drug effects
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/therapy
- MicroRNAs/blood
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/therapeutic use
- Prognosis
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Van Roosbroeck
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - George A Calin
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
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Abstract
B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common adult human leukemia. Although, the molecular alterations leading to CLL onset and progression are still under investigation (specifically, the interplay and exact role of oncogenes and tumor suppressors in CLL pathogenesis). MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression and are expressed in a tissue specific manner. Deregulation of microRNAs can alter expression levels of genes involved in the development and/or progression of tumors. In CLL, microRNAs can function as oncogenes or tumor suppressors. Here, we review the most recent findings on the role of microRNAs in the onset/progression of CLL, and how this knowledge can be used to identify new biomarkers and targets to treat this leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Balatti
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mario Acunzo
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Yuri Pekarky
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Carlo M Croce
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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24
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Abstract
Recent investigations have provided an increasingly complete picture of the genetic landscape of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). These analyses revealed that the CLL genome displays a high degree of heterogeneity between patients and within the same patient. In addition, they highlighted molecular mechanisms and functionally relevant biological programmes that may be important for the pathogenesis and therapeutic targeting of this disease. This Review focuses on recent insights into the understanding of CLL biology, with emphasis on the role of genetic lesions in the initiation and clinical progression of CLL. We also consider the translation of these findings into the development of risk-adapted and targeted therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Fabbri
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Riccardo Dalla-Favera
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology and New York, New York 10032, USA
- Departments of Genetics and Development and Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
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25
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Grygalewicz B, Woroniecka R, Rygier J, Borkowska K, Rzepecka I, Łukasik M, Budziłowska A, Rymkiewicz G, Błachnio K, Nowakowska B, Bartnik M, Gos M, Pieńkowska-Grela B. Monoallelic and biallelic deletions of 13q14 in a group of CLL/SLL patients investigated by CGH Haematological Cancer and SNP array (8x60K). Mol Cytogenet 2016; 9:1. [PMID: 26740820 PMCID: PMC4702365 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-015-0212-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deletion of 13q14 is the most common cytogenetic change in chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL) and is detected in about 50 % of patients by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), which can reveal presence of del(13)(q14) and mono- or biallelic deletion status without information about the size of the lost region. Array-comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) can detect submicroscopic copy number changes, loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and uniparental disomy (UPD) regions. The purpose of this study was detection of the size of del(13)(q14) deletion in our group of patients, comparing the size of the monoallelic and biallelic deletions, detection of LOH and UPD regions. RESULTS We have investigated 40 CLL/SLL patients by karyotype, FISH and CGH and SNP array. Mutational status was of immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable-region (IGVH) was also examined. The size of deletion ranged from 348,12 Kb to 38.97 Mb. Detected minimal deleted region comprised genes: TRIM13, miR-3613, KCNRG, DLEU2, miR-16-1, miR-15a, DLEU1. The RB1 deletions were detected in 41 % of cases. The average size in monoallelic 13q14 deletion group was 7,2 Mb while in biallelic group was 4,8 Mb. In two cases 13q14 deletions were located in the bigger UPD regions. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that bigger deletion including RB1 or presence of biallelic 13q14 deletion is not sufficient to be considered as adverse prognostic factor in CLL/SLL. CytoSure Haematological Cancer and SNP array (8x60k) can precisely detect recurrent copy number changes with known prognostic significance in CLL/SLL as well as other chromosomal imbalances. The big advantage of this array is simultaneous detection of LOH and UPD regions during the same test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Grygalewicz
- />Cancer Genetic Laboratory, Pathology and Laboratory Diagnostics Department, Centre of Oncology, M. Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Institute, Warsaw, Poland
- />Department of Pathology and Laboratory Diagnostics, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, 15B Wawelska Str, 02-034, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Renata Woroniecka
- />Cancer Genetic Laboratory, Pathology and Laboratory Diagnostics Department, Centre of Oncology, M. Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jolanta Rygier
- />Cancer Genetic Laboratory, Pathology and Laboratory Diagnostics Department, Centre of Oncology, M. Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Klaudia Borkowska
- />Cancer Genetic Laboratory, Pathology and Laboratory Diagnostics Department, Centre of Oncology, M. Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Rzepecka
- />Cancer Genetic Laboratory, Pathology and Laboratory Diagnostics Department, Centre of Oncology, M. Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Martyna Łukasik
- />Cancer Genetic Laboratory, Pathology and Laboratory Diagnostics Department, Centre of Oncology, M. Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Budziłowska
- />Cancer Genetic Laboratory, Pathology and Laboratory Diagnostics Department, Centre of Oncology, M. Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Rymkiewicz
- />Flow Cytometry Laboratory, Pathology and Laboratory Diagnostics Department, Centre of Oncology, M. Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Błachnio
- />Flow Cytometry Laboratory, Pathology and Laboratory Diagnostics Department, Centre of Oncology, M. Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Nowakowska
- />Department of Medical Genetics, Mother and Child Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Bartnik
- />Department of Medical Genetics, Mother and Child Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Gos
- />Department of Medical Genetics, Mother and Child Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Pieńkowska-Grela
- />Cancer Genetic Laboratory, Pathology and Laboratory Diagnostics Department, Centre of Oncology, M. Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Institute, Warsaw, Poland
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26
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De Braekeleer M, Guéganic N, Tous C, Le Bris MJ, Basinko A, Morel F, Douet-Guilbert N. Translocations involving 13q14 without associated deletion in chronic lymphoid leukaemia target DLEU2. Br J Haematol 2015; 172:467-9. [PMID: 25960054 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.13495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc De Braekeleer
- Laboratoire d'Histologie, Embryologie et Cytogénétique, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Brest, Brest, France. .,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Brest, France. .,Service de Cytogénétique et Biologie de la Reproduction, Hôpital Morvan, CHRU Brest, Brest, France.
| | - Nadia Guéganic
- Laboratoire d'Histologie, Embryologie et Cytogénétique, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Brest, Brest, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Brest, France
| | - Corine Tous
- Service de Cytogénétique et Biologie de la Reproduction, Hôpital Morvan, CHRU Brest, Brest, France
| | - Marie-Josée Le Bris
- Service de Cytogénétique et Biologie de la Reproduction, Hôpital Morvan, CHRU Brest, Brest, France
| | - Audrey Basinko
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Brest, France.,Service de Cytogénétique et Biologie de la Reproduction, Hôpital Morvan, CHRU Brest, Brest, France
| | - Frédéric Morel
- Laboratoire d'Histologie, Embryologie et Cytogénétique, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Brest, Brest, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Brest, France.,Service de Cytogénétique et Biologie de la Reproduction, Hôpital Morvan, CHRU Brest, Brest, France
| | - Nathalie Douet-Guilbert
- Laboratoire d'Histologie, Embryologie et Cytogénétique, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Brest, Brest, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Brest, France.,Service de Cytogénétique et Biologie de la Reproduction, Hôpital Morvan, CHRU Brest, Brest, France
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27
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Balatti V, Pekarky Y, Croce CM. Role of microRNA in chronic lymphocytic leukemia onset and progression. J Hematol Oncol 2015; 8:12. [PMID: 25886051 PMCID: PMC4336680 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-015-0112-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common human leukemia occurring as indolent or aggressive form. CLL clinical features and genetic abnormalities are well documented, but molecular details are still under investigation. MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs involved in several cellular processes and expressed in a tissue-specific manner. MicroRNAs regulate gene expression, and their deregulation can alter expression levels of genes involved in development/progression of tumors. In CLL, microRNAs can function as oncogenes or tumor suppressors and can also serve as markers for CLL onset/progression. Here, we discuss the most recent findings about the role of microRNAs in CLL and how this knowledge can be used to identify new biomarkers and treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Balatti
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Yuri Pekarky
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Carlo M Croce
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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28
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Zhang X, Dong H, Tian Y. miRNA Biology in Pathological Processes. SPRINGERBRIEFS IN MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-47293-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
Mouse models that recapitulate human malignancy are valuable tools for the elucidation of the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms and for preclinical studies. Several genetically engineered mouse models have been generated, either mimicking genetic aberrations or deregulated gene expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The usefulness of such models in the study of the human disease may potentially be hampered by species-specific biological differences in the target cell of the oncogenic transformation. Specifically, do the genetic lesions or the deregulated expression of leukemia-associated genes faithfully recapitulate the spectrum of lymphoproliferations in humans? Do the CLL-like lymphoproliferations in the mouse have the phenotypic, histological, genetic, and clinical features of the human disease? Here we compare the various CLL mouse models with regard to disease phenotype, penetrance, and severity. We discuss similarities and differences of the murine lymphoproliferations compared with human CLL. We propose that the Eμ-TCL1 transgenic and 13q14-deletion models that have been comprehensively studied at the levels of leukemia phenotype, antigen-receptor repertoire, and disease course show close resemblance to the human disease. We conclude that modeling CLL-associated genetic dysregulations in mice can provide important insights into the molecular mechanisms of disease pathogenesis and generate valuable tools for the development of novel therapies.
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30
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Role of miR-15/16 in CLL. Cell Death Differ 2014; 22:6-11. [PMID: 24971479 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common adult leukemia. The most common chromosomal abnormalities detectable by cytogenetics include deletion at 13q (55%), 11q (18%), trisomy 12 (12-16%) and 17p (8%). In 2002, we discovered that a microRNA cluster miR-15a/miR-16-1 (miR-15/16) is the target of 13q deletions in CLL. MicroRNAs encoded by the miR-15/16 locus (miR-15 and miR-16) function as tumor suppressors. Expression of these miRNAs downregulated in CLL, melanoma, colorectal cancer, bladder cancer and other solid tumors. miR-15/16 cluster targets multiple oncogenes, including BCL2, Cyclin D1, MCL1 and others. The most important target of miR-15/16 in CLL is arguably BCL2, as BCL2 is overexpressed in almost all CLLs. In this review, we discuss the discovery, functions, clinical relevance and treatment opportunities related to miR-15/16.
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31
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Kawahara Y. Human diseases caused by germline and somatic abnormalities in microRNA and microRNA-related genes. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2014; 54:12-21. [PMID: 24330020 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The human genome harbors approximately 2000 genes that encode microRNAs (miRNAs), small non-coding RNAs of approximately 20-22 nt that mediate post-transcriptional gene silencing. MiRNAs are generated from long transcripts through stepwise processing by the Drosha/DGCR8, Exportin-5/RanGTP and Dicer/TRBP complexes. Given that the expression of each individual miRNA is tightly regulated, the altered expression of certain miRNAs plays a pivotal role in human diseases. For instance, germline and somatic mutations in the genes encoding the miRNA processing machinery have been reported in different cancers. Furthermore, certain miRNA genes are encoded within regions that are deleted or duplicated in individuals with chromosomal abnormalities, and the fact that the knockout of these miRNAs in animal models results in lethality or the abnormal development of certain tissues indicates that these miRNA genes contribute to the disease phenotypes. It has also been reported that mutations in miRNA genes or in miRNA-binding sites, which result in the impairment of tight regulation of target mRNA expression, cause human genetic diseases, although these cases are rare. This is in contrast to the aberrant expression of certain miRNAs that results from the impairment of transcriptional or post-transcriptional regulation, which has been reported frequently in various human diseases. The present review focuses on human diseases caused by mutations in genes encoding miRNAs and the miRNA processing machinery as well as in miRNA-binding sites. Furthermore, human diseases caused by chromosomal abnormalities that involve the deletion or duplication of regions harboring genes that encode miRNAs or the miRNA processing machinery are also introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Kawahara
- Laboratory of RNA Function, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Gozzetti A, Crupi R, Tozzuoli D. The Use of FluorescenceIn SituHybridization (FISH) in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL). Hematology 2013; 9:11-5. [PMID: 14965864 DOI: 10.1080/10245330310001652446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
As a result of the low proliferative index, only 50% of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cases are adequate for cytogenetic analysis. Of these, about half have clonal abnormalities. The application of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to CLL has substantially enhanced our ability to detect chromosomal aberrations; the incidence of a number of recurring abnormalities has been established, providing new insights into the pathogenesis of this disease with a direct impact on the prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Gozzetti
- Department of Medicine and Immunological Sciences, University of Siena, Italy.
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Therapeutic implications of activation of the host gene (Dleu2) promoter for miR-15a/16-1 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Oncogene 2013; 33:3307-15. [PMID: 23995789 PMCID: PMC4508006 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Genetic lesions and other regulatory events lead to silencing of the 13q14 locus in a majority of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients. This locus encodes a pair of critical pro-apoptotic microRNAs, miR-15a/16-1. Decreased levels of miR-15a/16-1 are critical for the increased survival exhibited by CLL cells. Similarly, in a de novo murine model of CLL, the NZB strain, germline-encoded regulation of the syntenic region resulted in decreased miR-15a/16-1. In this paper we have identified additional molecular mechanisms regulating miR-15a/16-1 levels and shown that the transcription factor BSAP (B cell Specific Activator Protein) directly interacts with Dleu2, the host gene containing the mir-15a/16-1 loci and via negative regulation of the Dleu2 promoter results in repression of mir-15a/16 expression. CLL patient B cell expression levels of BSAP were increased compared to control sources of B cells. With the use of siRNA mediated repression, the levels of BSAP were decreased in vitro in the NZB derived malignant B1 cell line, LNC, and in ex vivo CLL patient PBMC. BSAP knockdown led to an increase in the expression of miR-15a/16-1 and an increase in apoptosis and a cell cycle arrest in both the cell line and patient PBMC. Moreover, using Dleu2 promoter analysis by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay we have shown that BSAP directly interacts with the Dleu2 promoter. Derepression of the Dleu2 promoter via inhibition of histone deacetylation combined with BSAP knockdown increased miR-15a/16 expression and increased malignant B cell death. In summary, therapy targeting enhanced host gene Dleu2 transcription may augment CLL therapy.
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Tagawa H, Ikeda S, Sawada K. Role of microRNA in the pathogenesis of malignant lymphoma. Cancer Sci 2013; 104:801-9. [PMID: 23551855 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA) are non-coding regulatory RNA usually consisting of 20-24 nucleotides. Over the past decade, increases and decreases in miRNA expression have been shown to associate with various types of disease, including cancer. The first two known miRNA aberrations resulted from altered expression of DLEU2 and C13orf25 in hematological malignancies. DLEU2, which encodes miR-15a and miR-16-1, was discovered from 13q14 deletion in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, while C13orf25, which encodes six mature miRNA (miR-17, miR-18, miR-19a, miR-19b, miR-20a and miR-92a), was identified from 13q31 amplification in aggressive B-cell lymphomas. These miRNA were downregulated or upregulated in accordance with genomic deletion or amplification, which suggests that they contribute to tumorigenesis through altered regulation of target oncogenes or tumor suppressors. Consistent with that idea, miR-15a/16-1 is known to regulate Bcl2 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and miR-17-92 regulates the tumor suppressors p21, Pten and Bim in aggressive B-cell lymphomas. Dysregulation of other miRNA, including miR-21, miR-29, miR-150 and miR-155, have also been shown to play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of aggressive transformed, high-grade and refractory lymphomas. Addition of miRNA dysregulation to the original genetic events likely enhances tumorigenicity of malignant lymphoma through activation of one or more signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Tagawa
- Department of Hematology, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
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Epigenetic upregulation of lncRNAs at 13q14.3 in leukemia is linked to the In Cis downregulation of a gene cluster that targets NF-kB. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003373. [PMID: 23593011 PMCID: PMC3616974 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs are much more common than previously thought. However, for the vast majority of non-coding RNAs, the cellular function remains enigmatic. The two long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) genes DLEU1 and DLEU2 map to a critical region at chromosomal band 13q14.3 that is recurrently deleted in solid tumors and hematopoietic malignancies like chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). While no point mutations have been found in the protein coding candidate genes at 13q14.3, they are deregulated in malignant cells, suggesting an epigenetic tumor suppressor mechanism. We therefore characterized the epigenetic makeup of 13q14.3 in CLL cells and found histone modifications by chromatin-immunoprecipitation (ChIP) that are associated with activated transcription and significant DNA-demethylation at the transcriptional start sites of DLEU1 and DLEU2 using 5 different semi-quantitative and quantitative methods (aPRIMES, BioCOBRA, MCIp, MassARRAY, and bisulfite sequencing). These epigenetic aberrations were correlated with transcriptional deregulation of the neighboring candidate tumor suppressor genes, suggesting a coregulation in cis of this gene cluster. We found that the 13q14.3 genes in addition to their previously known functions regulate NF-kB activity, which we could show after overexpression, siRNA-mediated knockdown, and dominant-negative mutant genes by using Western blots with previously undescribed antibodies, by a customized ELISA as well as by reporter assays. In addition, we performed an unbiased screen of 810 human miRNAs and identified the miR-15/16 family of genes at 13q14.3 as the strongest inducers of NF-kB activity. In summary, the tumor suppressor mechanism at 13q14.3 is a cluster of genes controlled by two lncRNA genes that are regulated by DNA-methylation and histone modifications and whose members all regulate NF-kB. Therefore, the tumor suppressor mechanism in 13q14.3 underlines the role both of epigenetic aberrations and of lncRNA genes in human tumorigenesis and is an example of colocalization of a functionally related gene cluster.
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Srivastava S, Tsongalis GJ, Kaur P. Recent advances in microRNA-mediated gene regulation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Clin Biochem 2013; 46:901-8. [PMID: 23518313 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common leukemia in the western world and is a very clinically heterogeneous disease for which better prognostic biomarkers are needed. Current prognostic markers exhibit both biological and technical limitations. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small endogenous, non-coding 22-nucleotide regulatory RNAs that have been shown to modulate hematopoietic lineage differentiation and play important gene-regulatory roles in disease processes. In this manuscript, we review miRNA biology and the association of specific miRNAs with CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Srivastava
- Department of Pathology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) represent a new class of small non-coding RNAs ∼ 22 nucleotides in length that are involved in fine-tuning of gene expression. An increasing number of papers are identifying a link between miRNAs and cancer. The discovery of miRNA expression signatures able to discriminate tumor from normal cells and between various categories of patients with the same type of cancer suggests the possible application of miRNAs as new biomarkers in molecular oncology. In this review, the authors describe the different techniques used to detect miRNAs in tumor samples and their potential for clinical use. The authors review the published evidence testing miRNAs as novel cancer biomarkers and describe the steps necessary to move forward in the application of miRNAs as biomarkers. Finally, the authors consider the utility of miRNAs as tumor predisposition markers in cancer screening programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Spizzo
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 36, Room Y6.6079, Houston, TX 77030, USA +1 713 792 5461 ; +1 713 745 4528 ;
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Rodríguez-Vicente AE, Díaz MG, Hernández-Rivas JM. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a clinical and molecular heterogenous disease. Cancer Genet 2013; 206:49-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Balatti V, Pekarky Y, Rizzotto L, Croce CM. miR deregulation in CLL. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 792:309-25. [PMID: 24014303 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-8051-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most frequent human leukemia and it occurs in two forms, indolent and aggressive. Although clinical features and genetic abnormalities in CLL are well documented, molecular details underlying the disease are still under investigation.MicroRNAs are small noncoding RNAs involved in a variety of cellular processes and expressed in a tissue-specific manner. MicroRNAs have the ability to regulate gene expression. In physiological conditions, microRNAs act as gene expression controllers by targeting the mRNA or inhibiting its translation. Their deregulation can lead to an alteration of the expression level of many genes which can induce the development or promote the progression of tumors.In CLL, microRNAs can function as oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and/or can be used as markers for disease onset/progression. For example, in indolent CLL, 13q14 deletions targeting miR-15/16 initiate the disease, while in aggressive CLL miR-181 targets the critical TCL1 oncogene and can also be used as a progression marker.Here we discuss the foremost findings about the role of microRNAs in CLL pathogenesis, and how this knowledge can be used to identify new approaches to treat CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Balatti
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center and the Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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40
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Acquired Genomic Copy Number Aberrations in CLL. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 792:47-86. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-8051-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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A microRNA component of the neoplastic microenvironment: microregulators with far-reaching impact. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 2013:762183. [PMID: 23509776 PMCID: PMC3591172 DOI: 10.1155/2013/762183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The interplay between tumor cells and their microenvironment plays a pivotal role in tumor development and progression. Although a growing body of evidence has established the importance of the tumor microenvironment, an understanding of the crosstalk between its components and cancer cells remains elusive. The pathways triggered by microenvironmental factors could modulate cancer-related gene transcription, also affecting small noncoding RNAs, microRNAs, which have emerged as key posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression, directly involved in human cancers. Although microRNAs regulate most biological mechanisms, their role in the tumor microenvironment has only recently become the focus of intense research. In this paper, we focus on the intertwined connection between the tumor microenvironment and aberrant expression of microRNAs involved in carcinogenesis. We also discuss the emerging roles of microRNAs in the tumor microenvironment as it relates to cancer progression. We conclude that microRNAs are critical for our understanding of the development of cancer, and that targeting microRNA signaling pathways in the microenvironment as well as in tumor cells opens new therapeutic avenues to the global control of cancer.
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Chan WL, Chang YS, Yang WK, Huang HD, Chang JG. Very long non-coding RNA and human disease. Biomedicine (Taipei) 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomed.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Gaidano G, Foà R, Dalla-Favera R. Molecular pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:3432-8. [PMID: 23023714 DOI: 10.1172/jci64101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common leukemia in adults. Here, we highlight important genetic alterations that contribute to tumorigenesis, clinical progression, and chemorefractoriness of CLL. All CLLs share a common gene expression profile that suggests derivation from antigen-experienced B cells, a model supported by frequent B cell receptor repertoire skewing and stereotypy. Many CLL patients carry mutated immuno-globulin heavy-chain variable genes, while approximately 35% harbor unmutated IgV genes, which are associated with an inferior outcome. Deletion of chromosome 13q14, which is the most common genetic mutation at diagnosis, is considered an initiating lesion that frequently results in disruption of the tumor suppressor locus DLEU2/MIR15A/MIR16A. Next-generation sequencing has revealed additional recurrent genetic lesions that are implicated in CLL pathogenesis. These advancements in the molecular genetics of CLL have important implications for stratifying treatment based on molecular prognosticators and for targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Gaidano
- Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, Amedeo Avogadro University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
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44
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Chen M, Maloney JA, Kallop DY, Atwal JK, Tam SJ, Baer K, Kissel H, Kaminker JS, Lewcock JW, Weimer RM, Watts RJ. Spatially coordinated kinase signaling regulates local axon degeneration. J Neurosci 2012; 32:13439-53. [PMID: 23015435 PMCID: PMC6621382 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2039-12.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to being a hallmark of neurodegenerative disease, axon degeneration is used during development of the nervous system to prune unwanted connections. In development, axon degeneration is tightly regulated both temporally and spatially. Here, we provide evidence that degeneration cues are transduced through various kinase pathways functioning in spatially distinct compartments to regulate axon degeneration. Intriguingly, glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) acts centrally, likely modulating gene expression in the cell body to regulate distally restricted axon degeneration. Through a combination of genetic and pharmacological manipulations, including the generation of an analog-sensitive kinase allele mutant mouse for GSK3β, we show that the β isoform of GSK3, not the α isoform, is essential for developmental axon pruning in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, we identify the dleu2/mir15a/16-1 cluster, previously characterized as a regulator of B-cell proliferation, and the transcription factor tbx6, as likely downstream effectors of GSK3β in axon degeneration.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Axons/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Electroporation
- Embryo, Mammalian
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Female
- Ganglia, Spinal/cytology
- Gene Expression Profiling/methods
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/physiology
- Genotype
- Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/genetics
- Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/metabolism
- Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Hippocampus/cytology
- Humans
- Immunoprecipitation
- Luminescent Proteins/genetics
- Luminescent Proteins/metabolism
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/genetics
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/physiology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mutation/genetics
- Nerve Degeneration/drug therapy
- Nerve Degeneration/enzymology
- Nerve Degeneration/pathology
- Nerve Degeneration/prevention & control
- Nerve Growth Factor/deficiency
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Neurons/pathology
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Organ Culture Techniques
- Phosphorylation/physiology
- Phosphotransferases/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/administration & dosage
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Retinal Ganglion Cells/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Transfection
- Red Fluorescent Protein
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Joshua S. Kaminker
- Bioinformatics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, and
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45
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Malek SN. The biology and clinical significance of acquired genomic copy number aberrations and recurrent gene mutations in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Oncogene 2012; 32:2805-17. [PMID: 23001040 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common leukemia in the Western world and remains incurable with conventional chemotherapy treatment approaches. CLL as a disease entity is defined by a relatively parsimonious set of diagnostic criteria and therefore likely constitutes an umbrella term for multiple related illnesses. Of the enduring fundamental biological processes that affect the biology and clinical behavior of CLL, few are as central to the pathogenesis of CLL as recurrent acquired genomic copy number aberrations (aCNA) and recurrent gene mutations. Here, a state-of-the-art overview of the pathological anatomy of the CLL genome is presented, including detailed descriptions of the anatomy of aCNA and gene mutations. Data from SNP array profiling and large-scale sequencing of large CLL cohorts, as well as stimulated karyotyping, are discussed. This review is organized by discussions of the anatomy, underlying pathomechanisms and clinical significance of individual genomic lesions and recurrent gene mutations. Finally, gaps in knowledge regarding the biological and clinical effects of recurrent genomic aberrations or gene mutations on CLL are outlined to provide critical stimuli for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Malek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0936, USA.
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46
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Ochs RC, Bagg A. Molecular genetic characterization of lymphoma: Application to cytology diagnosis. Diagn Cytopathol 2012; 40:542-55. [DOI: 10.1002/dc.22819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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47
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Jacobs KB, Yeager M, Zhou W, Wacholder S, Wang Z, Rodriguez-Santiago B, Hutchinson A, Deng X, Liu C, Horner MJ, Cullen M, Epstein CG, Burdett L, Dean MC, Chatterjee N, Sampson J, Chung CC, Kovaks J, Gapstur SM, Stevens VL, Teras LT, Gaudet MM, Albanes D, Weinstein SJ, Virtamo J, Taylor PR, Freedman ND, Abnet CC, Goldstein AM, Hu N, Yu K, Yuan JM, Liao L, Ding T, Qiao YL, Gao YT, Koh WP, Xiang YB, Tang ZZ, Fan JH, Aldrich MC, Amos C, Blot WJ, Bock CH, Gillanders EM, Harris CC, Haiman CA, Henderson BE, Kolonel LN, Le Marchand L, McNeill LH, Rybicki BA, Schwartz AG, Signorello LB, Spitz MR, Wiencke JK, Wrensch M, Wu X, Zanetti KA, Ziegler RG, Figueroa JD, Garcia-Closas M, Malats N, Marenne G, Prokunina-Olsson L, Baris D, Schwenn M, Johnson A, Landi MT, Goldin L, Consonni D, Bertazzi PA, Rotunno M, Rajaraman P, Andersson U, Freeman LEB, Berg CD, Buring JE, Butler MA, Carreon T, Feychting M, Ahlbom A, Gaziano JM, Giles GG, Hallmans G, Hankinson SE, Hartge P, Henriksson R, Inskip PD, Johansen C, Landgren A, McKean-Cowdin R, Michaud DS, Melin BS, Peters U, Ruder AM, Sesso HD, Severi G, Shu XO, Visvanathan K, White E, Wolk A, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Zheng W, Silverman DT, Kogevinas M, Gonzalez JR, Villa O, Li D, Duell EJ, Risch HA, Olson SH, Kooperberg C, Wolpin BM, Jiao L, Hassan M, Wheeler W, Arslan AA, Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita H, Fuchs CS, Gallinger S, Gross MD, Holly EA, Klein AP, LaCroix A, Mandelson MT, Petersen G, Boutron-Ruault MC, Bracci PM, Canzian F, Chang K, Cotterchio M, Giovannucci EL, Goggins M, Bolton JAH, Jenab M, Khaw KT, Krogh V, Kurtz RC, McWilliams RR, Mendelsohn JB, Rabe KG, Riboli E, Tjønneland A, Tobias GS, Trichopoulos D, Elena JW, Yu H, Amundadottir L, Stolzenberg-Solomon RZ, Kraft P, Schumacher F, Stram D, Savage SA, Mirabello L, Andrulis IL, Wunder JS, García AP, Sierrasesúmaga L, Barkauskas DA, Gorlick RG, Purdue M, Chow WH, Moore LE, Schwartz KL, Davis FG, Hsing AW, Berndt SI, Black A, Wentzensen N, Brinton LA, Lissowska J, Peplonska B, McGlynn KA, Cook MB, Graubard BI, Kratz CP, Greene MH, Erickson RL, Hunter DJ, Thomas G, Hoover RN, Real FX, Fraumeni JF, Caporaso NE, Tucker M, Rothman N, Pérez-Jurado LA, Chanock SJ. Detectable clonal mosaicism and its relationship to aging and cancer. Nat Genet 2012; 44:651-8. [PMID: 22561519 PMCID: PMC3372921 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 448] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In an analysis of 31,717 cancer cases and 26,136 cancer-free controls from 13 genome-wide association studies, we observed large chromosomal abnormalities in a subset of clones in DNA obtained from blood or buccal samples. We observed mosaic abnormalities, either aneuploidy or copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity, of >2 Mb in size in autosomes of 517 individuals (0.89%), with abnormal cell proportions of between 7% and 95%. In cancer-free individuals, frequency increased with age, from 0.23% under 50 years to 1.91% between 75 and 79 years (P = 4.8 × 10(-8)). Mosaic abnormalities were more frequent in individuals with solid tumors (0.97% versus 0.74% in cancer-free individuals; odds ratio (OR) = 1.25; P = 0.016), with stronger association with cases who had DNA collected before diagnosis or treatment (OR = 1.45; P = 0.0005). Detectable mosaicism was also more common in individuals for whom DNA was collected at least 1 year before diagnosis with leukemia compared to cancer-free individuals (OR = 35.4; P = 3.8 × 10(-11)). These findings underscore the time-dependent nature of somatic events in the etiology of cancer and potentially other late-onset diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin B Jacobs
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
- Core Genotyping Facility, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Meredith Yeager
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
- Core Genotyping Facility, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Weiyin Zhou
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
- Core Genotyping Facility, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Sholom Wacholder
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Zhaoming Wang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
- Core Genotyping Facility, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Benjamin Rodriguez-Santiago
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Quantitative Genomic Medicine Laboratory, qGenomics, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amy Hutchinson
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
- Core Genotyping Facility, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiang Deng
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
- Core Genotyping Facility, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Chenwei Liu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
- Core Genotyping Facility, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Marie-Josephe Horner
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Michael Cullen
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
- Core Genotyping Facility, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Caroline G Epstein
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Laurie Burdett
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
- Core Genotyping Facility, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael C Dean
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI- Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Nilanjan Chatterjee
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Joshua Sampson
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Charles C Chung
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Joseph Kovaks
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Susan M Gapstur
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Victoria L Stevens
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lauren T Teras
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mia M Gaudet
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Demetrius Albanes
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Stephanie J Weinstein
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Jarmo Virtamo
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Philip R Taylor
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Neal D Freedman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Christian C Abnet
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Alisa M Goldstein
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Nan Hu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Kai Yu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Jian-Min Yuan
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Linda Liao
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Ti Ding
- Shanxi Cancer Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - You-Lin Qiao
- Department of Epidemiology, Cancer Institute (Hospital), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Tang Gao
- Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Woon-Puay Koh
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yong-Bing Xiang
- Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ze-Zhong Tang
- Shanxi Cancer Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin-Hu Fan
- Department of Epidemiology, Cancer Institute (Hospital), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Melinda C Aldrich
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Division of Epidemiology in the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center,Nashville, Tennessee,USA
| | - Christopher Amos
- Department of Epidemiology, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - William J Blot
- Division of Epidemiology in the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center,Nashville, Tennessee,USA
- International Epidemiology Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
| | - Cathryn H Bock
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Gillanders
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Curtis C Harris
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Christopher A Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Brian E Henderson
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Laurence N Kolonel
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA
| | - Loic Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA
| | - Lorna H McNeill
- Department of Health Disparities Research, Division of Office of the Vice-President, Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas , USA
- Center for Community Engaged Translational Research , Duncan Family Institute, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Benjamin A Rybicki
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
| | - Ann G Schwartz
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Lisa B Signorello
- Division of Epidemiology in the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center,Nashville, Tennessee,USA
- International Epidemiology Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37203,USA
| | - Margaret R Spitz
- Dan L Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John K Wiencke
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Margaret Wrensch
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Xifeng Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Krista A Zanetti
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Regina G Ziegler
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Jonine D Figueroa
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Montserrat Garcia-Closas
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Nuria Malats
- Genetics and Molecular Epidemiology Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gaelle Marenne
- Genetics and Molecular Epidemiology Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Dalsu Baris
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Maria Teresa Landi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Lynn Goldin
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Dario Consonni
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health , University of Milan, Milan, 20122, Italy
- Unit of Epidemiology, Fondazione Istituto di Ricevero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, Milan, 20122, Italy
| | - Pier Alberto Bertazzi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health , University of Milan, Milan, 20122, Italy
- Unit of Epidemiology, Fondazione Istituto di Ricevero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, Milan, 20122, Italy
| | - Melissa Rotunno
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Preetha Rajaraman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Ulrika Andersson
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Laura E Beane Freeman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Christine D Berg
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Julie E Buring
- Department of Ambulatory Care and Prevention, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mary A Butler
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Tania Carreon
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Maria Feychting
- Division of Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Ahlbom
- Division of Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Michael Gaziano
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Aging, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts Veteran’s Epidemiology, Research and Information Center, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Graham G Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, The Cancer Council of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic, and Analytic Epidemiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Goran Hallmans
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Susan E Hankinson
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Patricia Hartge
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Roger Henriksson
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter D Inskip
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Annelie Landgren
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Roberta McKean-Cowdin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Dominique S Michaud
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Epidemiology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Beatrice S Melin
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ulrike Peters
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Avima M Ruder
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Howard D Sesso
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gianluca Severi
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, The Cancer Council of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic, and Analytic Epidemiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Xiao-Ou Shu
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37203,USA
| | - Kala Visvanathan
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Emily White
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alicja Wolk
- Division of Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anne Zeleniuch-Jacquotte
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Wei Zheng
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37203,USA
| | - Debra T Silverman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Manolis Kogevinas
- National School of Public Health, Athens, Greece
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Epidemiologia y Slaud Publica (CIBERESP), Barcelona
| | - Juan R Gonzalez
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Epidemiologia y Slaud Publica (CIBERESP), Barcelona
| | - Olaya Villa
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Quantitative Genomic Medicine Laboratory, qGenomics, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Donghui Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Eric J Duell
- Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL ), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Harvey A Risch
- Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sara H Olson
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Charles Kooperberg
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brian M Wolpin
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Li Jiao
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Manal Hassan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Alan A Arslan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- New York University Cancer Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - H Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Charles S Fuchs
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steven Gallinger
- Fred. A. Litwin Centre for Cancer Genetics, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Myron D Gross
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Holly
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alison P Klein
- Department of Oncology, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrea LaCroix
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Margaret T Mandelson
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Group Health Center for Health Studies, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gloria Petersen
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris-Sud University, Institut Gustave-Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Paige M Bracci
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Federico Canzian
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kenneth Chang
- Comprehensive Digestive Disease Center, University of California, Irvine Medical Center, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Michelle Cotterchio
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Edward L Giovannucci
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Goggins
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Judith A Hoffman Bolton
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mazda Jenab
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Clinical Gerontology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vittorio Krogh
- Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Robert C Kurtz
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Julie B Mendelsohn
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Kari G Rabe
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Elio Riboli
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Anne Tjønneland
- Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Geoffrey S Tobias
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Dimitrios Trichopoulos
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Joanne W Elena
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Herbert Yu
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA
| | - Laufey Amundadottir
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Peter Kraft
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fredrick Schumacher
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Daniel Stram
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Sharon A Savage
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Lisa Mirabello
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Irene L Andrulis
- Fred. A. Litwin Centre for Cancer Genetics, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Mount Sinai Hospital Christopher Sharp Centre for Surgery and Oncology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jay S Wunder
- Fred. A. Litwin Centre for Cancer Genetics, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Mount Sinai Hospital Christopher Sharp Centre for Surgery and Oncology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ana Patiño García
- Department of Pediatrics, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, E31080 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Luis Sierrasesúmaga
- Department of Pediatrics, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, E31080 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Donald A Barkauskas
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Richard G Gorlick
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology , Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Mark Purdue
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Wong-Ho Chow
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Lee E Moore
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Kendra L Schwartz
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Wayne State University, MI, USA
| | - Faith G Davis
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ann W Hsing
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Sonja I Berndt
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Amanda Black
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Nicolas Wentzensen
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Louise A Brinton
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Jolanta Lissowska
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Katherine A McGlynn
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Michael B Cook
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Barry I Graubard
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Christian P Kratz
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
- Zentrum für Kinderheilkunde und Jugendmedizin, Klinik für Pädiatrische Hämatologie und Onkologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mark H Greene
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - David J Hunter
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gilles Thomas
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Robert N Hoover
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Francisco X Real
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Joseph F Fraumeni
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Neil E Caporaso
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Margaret Tucker
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Nathaniel Rothman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Luis A Pérez-Jurado
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
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Huppi K, Pitt JJ, Wahlberg BM, Caplen NJ. The 8q24 gene desert: an oasis of non-coding transcriptional activity. Front Genet 2012; 3:69. [PMID: 22558003 PMCID: PMC3339310 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2012.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the functional effects of the wide-range of aberrant genetic characteristics associated with the human chromosome 8q24 region in cancer remains daunting due to the complexity of the locus. The most logical target for study remains the MYC proto-oncogene, a prominent resident of 8q24 that was first identified more than a quarter of a century ago. However, many of the amplifications, translocation breakpoints, and viral integration sites associated with 8q24 are often found throughout regions surrounding large expanses of the MYC locus that include other transcripts. In addition, chr.8q24 is host to a number of single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with cancer risk. Yet, the lack of a direct correlation between cancer risk alleles and MYC expression has also raised the possibility that MYC is not always the target of these genetic associations. The 8q24 region has been described as a "gene desert" because of the paucity of functionally annotated genes located within this region. Here we review the evidence for the role of other loci within the 8q24 region, most of which are non-coding transcripts, either in concert with MYC or independent of MYC, as possible candidate gene targets in malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Huppi
- Gene Silencing Section, Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA
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Abstract
Monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL), a newly recognized entity found in approximately 3% of normal persons, precedes chronic lymphocytic leukemia. However, MBLs progress into overt malignancy only in a very minor portion of cases, thus raising the clinical concern of whether and how we can discriminate at diagnosis which rare cases will evolve into a fully fledged tumor. Understanding the molecular/biologic features underlying the risk of progression may significantly modify our strategies for correctly managing B-cell premalignant states. MBL cells bear the same chromosomal abnormalities of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Genome-wide sequencing and animal models indicate that genetic abnormalities disrupting the control of cell growth and survival cooperate with microenvironment-triggered events, mainly represented by antigen-mediated B-cell receptor and coreceptor stimulation, to trigger and fuel clonal expansion. The initial functional activation of survival/proliferation pathways may later become subsidized by autonomous genetic abnormalities (eg, a single mutation) affecting the same or parallel critical signaling pathway(s).
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50
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Kiefer Y, Schulte C, Tiemann M, Bullerdiek J. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia-associated chromosomal abnormalities and miRNA deregulation. APPLICATION OF CLINICAL GENETICS 2012; 5:21-8. [PMID: 23776377 PMCID: PMC3681189 DOI: 10.2147/tacg.s18669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is the most common leukemia in adults. By cytogenetic investigations major subgroups of the disease can be identified that reflect different routes of tumor development. Of these chromosomal deviations, trisomy 12 and deletions of parts of either the long arm of chromosome 13, the long arm of chromosome 11, or the short arm of chromosome 17 are most commonly detected. In some of these aberrations the molecular target has been identified as eg, ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) in case of deletions of chromosomal region 11q22~23 and the genes encoding microRNAs miR-15a/16-1 as likely targets of deletions of chromosomal band 13q14.3. Of note, these aberrations do not characterize independent subgroups but often coexist within the metaphases of one tumor. Generally, complex aberrations are associated with a worse prognosis than simple karyotypic alterations. Due to smaller sizes of the missing segment the detection of recurrent deletions is not always possible by means of classical cytogenetics but requires more advanced techniques as in particular fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Nevertheless, at this time it is not recommended to replace classical cytogenetics by FISH because this would miss additional information given by complex or secondary karyotypic alterations. However, the results of cytogenetic analyses allow the stratification of prognostic and predictive groups of the disease. Of these, the group characterized by deletions involving TP53 is clinically most relevant. In the future refined methods as eg, array-based comparative genomic hybridization will supplement the existing techniques to characterize CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Kiefer
- Center for Human Genetics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
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