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Tseng CY, Wang K, Lin LH, Zhang C, White CC, Wang B. Advancing autologous CAR T-cell therapy through real-time patient health data integration: a simulation-based approach. Cytotherapy 2024:S1465-3249(24)00707-2. [PMID: 38795115 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2024.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024]
Abstract
Autologous chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy presents promising treatment outcomes for various cancers. However, its potential is restrained by unique supply chain challenges, including dynamic patient health conditions and extended turnaround time. These challenges often lead to missed optimal treatment windows, impeding the effective delivery of life-saving treatments. This article presents SimPAC (simulation-based decision support for Patient-centric manufacturing of autologous cell therapies). SimPAC is designed to model and incorporate real-time patient health conditions into the supply chain decisions of autologous chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy. SimPAC integrates system dynamics and agent-based simulation techniques, facilitating the adaptation of manufacturing processes and production schedules based on real-time patient health conditions. SimPAC can model various patient disease progressions using parametric functions, nonparametric functions, or tabular data. Additionally, SimPAC offers easy configuration options to model various cell therapy supply chains. We provide two case studies to demonstrate the capabilities of SimPAC and highlight the benefits of patient-centric manufacturing, including improved survival rates and potential economic advantages. However, while the benefits are significant, our study also emphasizes the importance of balancing improved patient outcomes, economic viability and ethical considerations in the context of personalized medicine. SimPAC can be used to explore applications of this approach to diverse therapeutic contexts and supply chain configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Yuan Tseng
- H. Milton Stewart School of Industrial & Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kan Wang
- H. Milton Stewart School of Industrial & Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Georgia Tech Manufacturing Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
| | - Li-Hsiang Lin
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Chuck Zhang
- H. Milton Stewart School of Industrial & Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Chelsea C White
- H. Milton Stewart School of Industrial & Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ben Wang
- H. Milton Stewart School of Industrial & Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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2
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Martin T, Jackson CC, Pacaud L, Madduri D, Jagannath S. Recent Advances in the Use of Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Expressing T-Cell Therapies for Treatment of Multiple Myeloma. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA, MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2023; 23:22-27. [PMID: 36411210 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapies have revolutionized the treatment paradigm for heavily pretreated B-cell malignancies such as large B-cell lymphoma. There is a major unmet need for effective treatments for heavily pretreated relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM), for which many CAR-T therapies are under active clinical investigation. Goal of the review: This review provides an overview of recently updated clinical trial data and indirect treatment comparison analyses regarding two clinically advanced CAR-T therapies, idecabtagene vicleucel (ide-cel) and ciltacabtagene autoleucel (cilta-cel). DISCUSSION Recently presented data after prolonged follow-up periods for ide-cel (KarMMa) and cilta-cel (CARTITUDE-1) have demonstrated that both therapies have the potential to elicit responses in individuals with heavily pretreated RRMM. Indirect treatment comparisons between cilta-cel and ide-cel suggest cilta-cel is associated with deeper and more durable responses than ide-cel in triple class-exposed RRMM; however, these types of comparisons have limitations and direct head-to-head trials are needed to confirm these findings. Additional indirect treatment comparisons conducted separately for ide-cel and cilta-cel have demonstrated that these CAR-T therapies hold promise for substantial clinical benefit relative to currently available treatments for RRMM. Further considerations, including safety profiles and real-world treatment considerations, are also discussed. CONCLUSION Data collected to date support CAR-T therapies holding substantial promise for patients with heavily pretreated RRMM relative to other currently available therapies. Additional real-world data will help provide further insights into the comparative efficacy and safety profiles of these treatments in RRMM as these treatments become more widely available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Martin
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco Medical Center, University of California, 18425 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, US.
| | - Carolyn C Jackson
- Janssen Research and Development, 920 US-202, Raritan, NJ, 08869, US.
| | - Lida Pacaud
- Legend Biotech, 10 Knightsbridge Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08554, US.
| | - Deepu Madduri
- Janssen Research and Development, 920 US-202, Raritan, NJ, 08869, US.
| | - Sundar Jagannath
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, US.
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Munoz JL, Wang Y, Jain P, Wang M. BTK Inhibitors and CAR T-Cell Therapy in Treating Mantle Cell Lymphoma-Finding a Dancing Partner. Curr Oncol Rep 2022; 24:1299-1311. [PMID: 35596920 PMCID: PMC9474429 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-022-01286-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review focuses on the feasibility of combining Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors (BTKis) with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy in patients with relapsed or refractory (R/R) mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). Potential scenarios for combination treatment with these agents are presented. RECENT FINDINGS BTKis and CAR T-cell therapy have revolutionized the treatment paradigm for R/R MCL. Ibrutinib, acalabrutinib, and zanubrutinib are covalent irreversible BTKis approved for R/R MCL. Brexucabtagene autoleucel was the first CAR T-cell therapy approved for R/R MCL based on findings from the ZUMA-2 trial. There is evidence to suggest that combination treatment with BTKis and CAR T-cell therapy may improve CAR T-cell efficacy. As BTKis and CAR T-cell therapy become mainstays in R/R MCL therapy, combination treatment strategies should be evaluated for their potential benefit in R/R MCL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Preetesh Jain
- Department of Lymphoma-Myeloma, Division of Cancer Medicine, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Michael Wang
- Department of Lymphoma-Myeloma, Division of Cancer Medicine, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
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Buonato JM, Edwards JP, Zaritskaya L, Witter AR, Gupta A, LaFleur DW, Tice DA, Richman LK, Hilbert DM. Preclinical Efficacy of BCMA-Directed CAR T Cells Incorporating a Novel D Domain Antigen Recognition Domain. Mol Cancer Ther 2022; 21:1171-1183. [PMID: 35737298 PMCID: PMC9377753 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies directed against B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) have shown compelling clinical activity and manageable safety in subjects with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM). Prior reported CAR T cells have mostly used antibody fragments such as humanized or murine single-chain variable fragments or camelid heavy-chain antibody fragments as the antigen recognition motif. Herein, we describe the generation and preclinical evaluation of ddBCMA CAR, which uses a novel BCMA binding domain discovered from our D domain phage display libraries and incorporates a 4-1BB costimulatory motif and CD3-zeta T-cell activation domain. Preclinical in vitro studies of ddBCMA CAR T cells cocultured with BCMA-positive cell lines showed highly potent, dose-dependent measures of cytotoxicity, cytokine production, T-cell degranulation, and T-cell proliferation. In each assay, ddBCMA CAR performed as well as the BCMA-directed scFv-based C11D5.3 CAR. Furthermore, ddBCMA CAR T cells demonstrated in vivo tumor suppression in three disseminated BCMA-expressing tumor models in NSG-immunocompromised mice. On the basis of these promising preclinical data, CART-ddBCMA is being studied in a first-in-human phase I clinical study to assess the safety, pharmacokinetics, immunogenicity, efficacy, and duration of effect for patients with RRMM (NCT04155749).
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine M. Buonato
- Arcellx, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland.,Corresponding Author: Janine M. Buonato, Arcellx, Inc., 25 West Watkins Mill Road, Suite A, Gaithersburg, MD 20878. Phone: 240-327-0627; E-mail:
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5
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Dorman K, Heinemann V, Kobold S, von Bergwelt-Baildon M, Boeck S. Novel systemic treatment approaches for metastatic pancreatic cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2022; 31:249-262. [PMID: 35114868 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2022.2037552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has a 5-year overall survival rate of 10 %, emphasizing the need for more effective therapies, especially in metastatic disease. The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, poor vascularization, and dense tumor stroma typical for PDAC are hurdles that need to be overcome by novel drugs. Investigations are moving towards more targeted treatments including immunotherapy and cell-based approaches. AREAS COVERED This article reviews emerging drugs in clinical development for metastatic PDAC, focusing on cellular therapies and novel treatments targeting metabolism, tumor stroma, oncogenic pathways and immunosuppression. With immunotherapy and CAR T cell therapy on the rise in hematological malignancies, the transfer to solid tumors remains intriguing. Multiple exciting clinical trials investigating innovative therapeutic strategies for PDAC are currently ongoing and reviewed herein. ClinicalTrials.gov, conference abstracts and PubMed were searched in August 2021 and assessed for information on ongoing and published clinical studies. EXPERT OPINION With many challenges to overcome, the optimal therapy for patients with metastatic PDAC is likely to consist of a combination of different agents. We are slowly moving from entity-dependent approaches to ones more focused on molecular and pathological features. Increasingly personalized treatment plans tailored to each patient may be the future of PDAC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Dorman
- Department of Internal Medicine III and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Volker Heinemann
- Department of Internal Medicine III and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kobold
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael von Bergwelt-Baildon
- Department of Internal Medicine III and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Boeck
- Department of Internal Medicine III and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
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6
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Gye A, Goodall S, De Abreu Lourenco R. A Systematic Review of Health Technology Assessments of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapies in Young Compared With Older Patients. VALUE IN HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHARMACOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2022; 25:47-58. [PMID: 35031099 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2021.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this review was to identify sources of variability in cost-effectiveness analyses of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapies, tisagenlecleucel and axicabtagene ciloleucel, evaluated by health technology assessment (HTA) agencies, focusing on young compared with older patients. METHODS HTA evaluations in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and adult diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) were included from Australia, Canada, England, Norway, and the United States. Key clinical evidence, economic approach, and outcomes (costs, quality-adjusted life-years [QALYs] and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios) were summarized. RESULTS Fourteen HTA evaluations were identified (5 ALL, 9 DLBCL [4 tisagenlecleucel, 5 axicabtagene]). Analyses were naive comparisons of prospective single-arm studies for the CAR-Ts with retrospective cohort studies for the comparators. Key clinical evidence and economic model approaches were generally consistent by CAR-T and indication, although outcomes varied. Notably, incremental QALYs varied substantially in ALL (3.67-10.6 QALYs gained), whereas variation in DLBCL was less (1.21-1.97 [tisagenlecleucel], 1.97-3.40 [axicabtagene]). Discounting of costs and outcomes varied, with the highest QALYs generated for tisagenlecleucel in ALL (10.95) associated with the lowest discount rate (1.5%) and vice versa (4.97 QALYs; 5% discount rate). The approach to extrapolation of overall survival data varied, even where the same empirical data were used. CONCLUSION Modeled, long-term treatment benefit in young patients may be associated with greater uncertainty compared with adults because of potential life-long benefits with cell and gene therapies. This reflects the methodological challenges identified by HTA agencies associated with single-arm, short-term studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Gye
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Australia, Macquarie Park, Australia; Centre for Health Economics Research and Evaluation, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Stephen Goodall
- Centre for Health Economics Research and Evaluation, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Richard De Abreu Lourenco
- Centre for Health Economics Research and Evaluation, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Alencar AJ, Hirayama AV, Clé DV, Salvino MA, Perini G, Arrais C, Baiocchi O, Palma LC, Colturato I, Vaz J, Chiattone R, de Lima M, Filho JS, Nabhan S, Rocha V, Guerino-Cunha RL, Chiattone CS. Associação Brasileira de Hematologia, Hemoterapia e Terapia Celular Consensus on genetically modified cells. III: anti-CD19 CAR-T cell therapy for patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Hematol Transfus Cell Ther 2021; 43 Suppl 2:S22-S29. [PMID: 34794792 PMCID: PMC8606699 DOI: 10.1016/j.htct.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment and evolution of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL) has undergone important changes in the last years with the emergence of targeted therapies, such as monoclonal antibodies, small molecules, antibody-drug conjugates, and bispecific antibodies. Nevertheless, a significant portion of patients remains refractory or relapsed (R/R) to the new therapeutic modalities, representing thus an unmet medical need. The use of CAR-T cells for the treatment of B-NHL patients has shown to be a promising therapy with impressive results in patients with R/R disease. The expectations are as high as the imminent approval of CAR-T cell therapy in Brazil, which it is expected to impact the prognosis of R/R B-NHL. The aim of this manuscript is to offer a consensus of specialists in the field of onco-hematology and cellular therapy, working in Brazil and United States, in order to discuss and offer recommendations in the present setting of the use of CAR-T cells for patients with B-NHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro J Alencar
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Universidade de Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Diego V Clé
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Celso Arrais
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Otávio Baiocchi
- Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Carvalho Palma
- Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto (HCFMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Jorge Vaz
- Centro de Câncer de Brasilia (CETTRO), Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Samir Nabhan
- Hospital de Clínicas - Universidade Federal do Paraná, (HC UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Vanderson Rocha
- Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade de São Paulo, (HC USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Hospital Vila Nova Star, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Renato L Guerino-Cunha
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos S Chiattone
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo (FCMSCSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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8
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Mansouri V, Yazdanpanah N, Rezaei N. The immunologic aspects of cytokine release syndrome and graft versus host disease following CAR T cell therapy. Int Rev Immunol 2021; 41:649-668. [PMID: 34607523 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2021.1984449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells are the pioneers of cancer immunotherapy, which to this date have several FDA-approved products. They have been substantially improved since their first introduction in 1993 and have shown promising results regardless of their inevitable side effects. Cytokine release syndrome (CRS), the most common toxicity after CAR T cell treatment, is affiliated to a systemic inflammation through surge of cytokines, mainly IL-6, IL-1, and INF-γ. Furthermore, difference between histocompatibility antigens activates the graft versus host disease (GvHD) effect of the allogenic CAR T cells against the host cells. Immunological reactions induced by CAR T cells in the form of CRS or GvHD is necessary for fostering good responses, while excess reactions can potentially threaten patient life. In this review, we first describe the history, applications, and structure of CAR T cells, followed by a comprehensive review of CRS regarding its definition, management, and immunological aspects. Finally, we discuss about the clinical aspects of CRS and GvHD after CAR T cell therapy and how to harness anti-tumoral effects, while mitigating the adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Mansouri
- Gene Therapy Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloufar Yazdanpanah
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Namoglu EC, Hughes ME, Nasta SD. Targeted immunotherapies to consider for B Cell non-hodgkin lymphoma. EXPERT REVIEW OF PRECISION MEDICINE AND DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/23808993.2021.1967142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Esin C. Namoglu
- Lymphoma Program, Hematology/Oncology Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Mitchell E. Hughes
- Lymphoma Program, Hematology/Oncology Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Sunita D. Nasta
- Lymphoma Program, Hematology/Oncology Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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10
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Ollila TA, Olszewski AJ. Chemotherapy-Free Management of Follicular and Marginal Zone Lymphoma. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:3935-3952. [PMID: 34017197 PMCID: PMC8131013 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s267258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many patients with follicular (FL) or marginal zone lymphoma (MZL) are not eligible to receive immunochemotherapy due to advanced age or comorbidities. Recent innovations in the treatment of these indolent lymphomas provide options for multiple lines of chemotherapy-free management. More research is needed to determine which older patients are best served by a chemotherapy-free approach in the context of geriatric vulnerabilities. In the first line, regardless of disease burden, rituximab monotherapy can provide high rates of disease control with minimal toxicity, while judicious use of brief maintenance extends the duration of response. Radioimmunotherapy using ibritumomab tiuxetan is an effective and safe post-rituximab consolidation for older patients who have <25% bone marrow involvement. The combination of rituximab and lenalidomide, although “chemotherapy-free”, does not improve tolerability over immunochemotherapy. However, studies support lower doses and shorter duration of lenalidomide exposure as a means to improve safety without materially compromising efficacy for older individuals. Extranodal MZL can often be effectively controlled with low-dose radiation therapy, and splenic MZL has excellent outcomes with rituximab monotherapy. For many patients with relapsed FL/MZL, simple retreatment with anti-CD20 antibodies will prove sufficient. Other currently available options for relapsed/refractory disease include ibritumomab tiuxetan, lenalidomide with rituximab, umbralisib as a potentially less toxic PI3K inhibitor, ibrutinib (for MZL), and tazemetostat (for FL, especially with EZH2 mutation). Emerging data with novel forms of immunotherapy (antibody-drug conjugates like polatuzumab vedotin or loncastuximab tesirine; T-cell-engaging bispecific antibodies like mosunetuzumab or epcoritamab; and chimeric antigen receptor CAR T-cells like axicabtagene ciloleucel) suggest that immune-directed approaches can produce very high and potentially durable responses in FL/MZL with limited toxicities, further obviating the need for chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Ollila
- Department of Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Adam J Olszewski
- Department of Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
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Lindo L, Wilkinson LH, Hay KA. Befriending the Hostile Tumor Microenvironment in CAR T-Cell Therapy. Front Immunol 2021; 11:618387. [PMID: 33643299 PMCID: PMC7902760 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.618387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cells genetically engineered to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) have shown remarkable results in patients with B-cell malignancies, including B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and mantle cell lymphoma, with some promising efficacy in patients with multiple myeloma. However, the efficacy of CAR T-cell therapy is still hampered by local immunosuppression and significant toxicities, notably cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and neurotoxicity. The tumor microenvironment (TME) has been identified to play a major role in preventing durable responses to immunotherapy in both solid and hematologic malignancies, with this role exaggerated in solid tumors. The TME comprises a diverse set of components, including a heterogeneous population of various cells and acellular elements that collectively contribute towards the interplay of pro-immune and immunosuppressive signaling. In particular, macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, regulatory T-cells, and cell-free factors such as cytokines are major contributors to local immunosuppression in the TME of patients treated with CAR T-cells. In order to create a more favorable niche for CAR T-cell function, armored CAR T-cells and other combinatorial approaches are being explored for potential improved outcomes compared to conventional CAR T-cell products. While these strategies may potentiate CAR T-cell function and efficacy, they may paradoxically increase the risk of adverse events due to increased pro-inflammatory signaling. Herein, we discuss the mechanisms by which the TME antagonizes CAR T-cells and how innovative immunotherapy strategies are being developed to address this roadblock. Furthermore, we offer perspective on how these novel approaches may affect the risk of adverse events, in order to identify ways to overcome these barriers and expand the clinical benefits of this treatment modality in patients with diverse cancers. Precise immunomodulation to allow for improved tumor control while simultaneously mitigating the toxicities seen with current generation CAR T-cells is integral for the future application of more effective CAR T-cells against other malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Lindo
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Kevin Anthony Hay
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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