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Bernabéu-Gimeno M, Pardo-Freire M, Chan BK, Turner PE, Gil-Brusola A, Pérez-Tarazona S, Carrasco-Hernández L, Quintana-Gallego E, Domingo-Calap P. Neutralizing antibodies after nebulized phage therapy in cystic fibrosis patients. MED 2024; 5:1096-1111.e6. [PMID: 38917792 DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2024.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic fibrosis (CF) patients are prone to recurrent multi-drug-resistant (MDR) bacterial lung infections. Under this scenario, phage therapy has been proposed as a promising tool. However, the limited number of reported cases hampers the understanding of clinical outcomes. Anti-phage immune responses have often been overlooked and only described following invasive routes of administration. METHODS Three monophage treatments against Staphylococcus aureus and/or Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infections were conducted in cystic fibrosis patients. In-house phage preparations were nebulized over 10 days with standard-of-care antibiotics. Clinical indicators, bacterial counts, phage and antibiotic susceptibility, phage detection, and immune responses were monitored. FINDINGS Bacterial load was reduced by 3-6 log in two of the treatments. No adverse events were described. Phages remained in sputum up to 33 days after completion of the treatment. In all cases, phage-neutralizing antibodies were detected in serum from 10 to 42 days post treatment, with this being the first report of anti-phage antibodies after nebulized therapy. CONCLUSIONS Nebulized phage therapy reduced bacterial load, improving quality of life even without bacterial eradication. The emergence of antibodies emphasizes the importance of long-term monitoring to better understand clinical outcomes. These findings encourage the use of personalized monophage therapies in contrast to ready-to-use cocktails, which might induce undesirable antibody generation. FUNDING This study was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities; Generalitat Valenciana; and a crowdfunding in collaboration with the Spanish Cystic Fibrosis Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Bernabéu-Gimeno
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology, University of Valencia-CSIC, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Marco Pardo-Freire
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology, University of Valencia-CSIC, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Benjamin K Chan
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Center for Phage Biology and Therapy, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Paul E Turner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Center for Phage Biology and Therapy, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Program in Microbiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Ana Gil-Brusola
- Microbiology Department, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, 46026 Valencia, Spain; Severe Infection Research Group, Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Santiago Pérez-Tarazona
- Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Laura Carrasco-Hernández
- Medical-Surgical Unit of Respiratory Diseases, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; CIBER Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Quintana-Gallego
- Medical-Surgical Unit of Respiratory Diseases, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; CIBER Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Domingo-Calap
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology, University of Valencia-CSIC, 46980 Paterna, Spain.
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2
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Mall MA, Burgel PR, Castellani C, Davies JC, Salathe M, Taylor-Cousar JL. Cystic fibrosis. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2024; 10:53. [PMID: 39117676 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-024-00538-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis is a rare genetic disease caused by mutations in CFTR, the gene encoding cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). The discovery of CFTR in 1989 has enabled the unravelling of disease mechanisms and, more recently, the development of CFTR-directed therapeutics that target the underlying molecular defect. The CFTR protein functions as an ion channel that is crucial for correct ion and fluid transport across epithelial cells lining the airways and other organs. Consequently, CFTR dysfunction causes a complex multi-organ disease but, to date, most of the morbidity and mortality in people with cystic fibrosis is due to muco-obstructive lung disease. Cystic fibrosis care has long been limited to treating symptoms using nutritional support, airway clearance techniques and antibiotics to suppress airway infection. The widespread implementation of newborn screening for cystic fibrosis and the introduction of a highly effective triple combination CFTR modulator therapy that has unprecedented clinical benefits in up to 90% of genetically eligible people with cystic fibrosis has fundamentally changed the therapeutic landscape and improved prognosis. However, people with cystic fibrosis who are not eligible based on their CFTR genotype or who live in countries where they do not have access to this breakthrough therapy remain with a high unmet medical need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus A Mall
- Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität, Berlin, Germany.
- German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Associated Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Pierre-Régis Burgel
- Université Paris Cité and Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Paris, France
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and National Reference Center for Cystic Fibrosis, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Carlo Castellani
- IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Cystic Fibrosis Center, Genoa, Italy
| | - Jane C Davies
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- St Thomas' NHS Trust, London, UK
- Royal Brompton Hospital, Part of Guy's & St Thomas' Trust, London, UK
| | - Matthias Salathe
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Jennifer L Taylor-Cousar
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
- Division of Paediatric Pulmonary Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
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3
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Cocorullo M, Stelitano G, Chiarelli LR. Phage Therapy: An Alternative Approach to Combating Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Infections in Cystic Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8321. [PMID: 39125890 PMCID: PMC11313351 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) are prone to developing life-threatening lung infections with a variety of pathogens that are difficult to eradicate, such as Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc), Hemophilus influenzae, Mycobacterium abscessus (Mab), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. These infections still remain an important issue, despite the therapy for CF having considerably improved in recent years. Moreover, prolonged exposure to antibiotics in combination favors the development and spread of multi-resistant bacteria; thus, the development of alternative strategies is crucial to counter antimicrobial resistance. In this context, phage therapy, i.e., the use of phages, viruses that specifically infect bacteria, has become a promising strategy. In this review, we aim to address the current status of phage therapy in the management of multidrug-resistant infections, from compassionate use cases to ongoing clinical trials, as well as the challenges this approach presents in the particular context of CF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laurent Robert Chiarelli
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Via A. Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.C.); (G.S.)
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4
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Khosravi A, Chen Q, Echterhof A, Koff JL, Bollyky PL. Phage Therapy for Respiratory Infections: Opportunities and Challenges. Lung 2024; 202:223-232. [PMID: 38772946 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-024-00700-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
We are entering the post-antibiotic era. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a critical problem in chronic lung infections resulting in progressive respiratory failure and increased mortality. In the absence of emerging novel antibiotics to counter AMR infections, bacteriophages (phages), viruses that infect bacteria, have become a promising option for chronic respiratory infections. However, while personalized phage therapy is associated with improved outcomes in individual cases, clinical trials demonstrating treatment efficacy are lacking, limiting the therapeutic potential of this approach for respiratory infections. In this review, we address the current state of phage therapy for managing chronic respiratory diseases. We then discuss how phage therapy may address major microbiologic obstacles which hinder disease resolution of chronic lung infections with current antibiotic-based treatment practices. Finally, we highlight the challenges that must be addressed for successful phage therapy clinical trials. Through this discussion, we hope to expand on the potential of phages as an adjuvant therapy in chronic lung infections, as well as the microbiologic challenges that need to be addressed for phage therapy to expand beyond personalized salvage therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arya Khosravi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, 279 Campus Drive, Beckman Center, Room B237, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Qingquan Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Arne Echterhof
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan L Koff
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Paul L Bollyky
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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5
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Dominic C, Pye HV, Mishra EK, Adriaenssens EM. Bacteriophages for bronchiectasis: treatment of the future? Curr Opin Pulm Med 2024; 30:235-242. [PMID: 38345396 DOI: 10.1097/mcp.0000000000001050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Bronchiectasis is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by dilated airways, persistent sputum production and recurrent infective exacerbations. The microbiology of bronchiectasis includes various potentially pathogenic microorganisms including Pseudomonas aeruginosa which is commonly cultured from patients' sputum. P. aeruginosa is difficult to eradicate and frequently exhibits antimicrobial resistance. Bacteriophage therapy offers a novel and alternative method to treating bronchiectasis and can be used in conjunction with antibiotics to improve patient outcome. RECENT FINDINGS Thirteen case reports/series to date have successfully used phages to treat infections in bronchiectasis patients, however these studies were constrained to few patients ( n = 32) and utilized personalized phage preparations and adjunct antibiotics. In these studies, phage therapy was delivered by inhalation, intravenously or orally and was well tolerated in most patients without any unfavourable effects. Favourable clinical or microbiological outcomes were seen following phage therapy in many patients. Longitudinal patient follow-up reported regrowth of bacteria and phage neutralization in some studies. There are five randomized clinical controlled trials ongoing aiming to use phage therapy to treat P. aeruginosa associated respiratory conditions, with limited results available to date. SUMMARY More research, particularly robust clinical trials, into how phages can clear respiratory infections, interact with resident microbiota, and how bacteria might develop resistance will be important to establish to ensure the success of this promising therapeutic alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Dominic
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals Foundation Trust
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Hannah V Pye
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park
| | - Eleanor K Mishra
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals Foundation Trust
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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6
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Loganathan A, Bozdogan B, Manohar P, Nachimuthu R. Phage-antibiotic combinations in various treatment modalities to manage MRSA infections. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1356179. [PMID: 38659581 PMCID: PMC11041375 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1356179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The emergence of antibiotic resistance is a significant challenge in the treatment of bacterial infections, particularly in patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). Phage-antibiotic combination therapy is now being utilized as a preferred therapeutic option for infections that are multi-drug resistant in nature. Methods: In this study, we examined the combined impact of the staph phage vB_Sau_S90 and four antibiotics on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). We conducted experiments on three different treatment sequences: a) administering phages before antibiotics, b) administering phages and antibiotics simultaneously, and c) administering antibiotics before phages. Results: When the media was supplemented with sub-inhibitory concentrations of 0.25 μg/mL and 1 μg/mL, the size of the plaque increased from 0.5 ± 0.1 mm (in the control group with only the phage) to 4 ± 0.2 mm, 1.6 ± 0.1 mm, and 1.6 ± 0.4 mm when fosfomycin, ciprofloxacin, and oxacillin were added, respectively. The checkerboard analysis revealed a synergistic effect between the phages and antibiotics investigated, as indicated by a FIC value of less than 0.5. The combination treatment of phages and antibiotics demonstrated universal efficacy across all treatments. Nevertheless, the optimal effectiveness was demonstrated when the antibiotics were delivered subsequent to the phages. Utilizing the Galleria mellonella model, in vivo experiments showed that the combination of phage-oxacillin effectively eliminated biofilm-infected larvae, resulting in a survival rate of up to 80% in the treated groups. Discussion: Our findings highlight the advantages of using a combination of phage and antibiotic over using phages alone in the treatment of MRSA infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Loganathan
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, India
| | - Bulent Bozdogan
- Medical Microbiology Department, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Türkiye
| | - Prasanth Manohar
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, India
| | - Ramesh Nachimuthu
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, India
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7
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Hong Q, Chang RYK, Assafiri O, Morales S, Chan HK. Optimizing in vitro phage-ciprofloxacin combination formulation for respiratory therapy of multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. Int J Pharm 2024; 652:123853. [PMID: 38280500 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Respiratory infection caused by multi-drug resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa is challenging to treat. In this study, we investigate the optimal dose of anti-pseudomonas phage PEV31 (103, 105, and 108 PFU/mL) combined with ciprofloxacin (ranging from 1/8× MIC to 8× MIC) to treat the MDR P. aeruginosa strain FADD1-PA001 using time-kill studies. We determined the impact of phage growth kinetics in the presence of ciprofloxacin through one-step growth analysis. Single treatments with either phage PEV31 or ciprofloxacin (except at 8× MIC) showed limited bactericidal efficiency, with bacterial regrowth observed at 48 h. The most effective treatments were PEV31 at multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.1 and 100 combined with ciprofloxacin at concentrations above 1× MIC, resulting in a >4 log10 reduction in bacterial counts. While the burst size of phage PEV31 was decreased with increasing ciprofloxacin concentration, robust antimicrobial effects were still maintained in the combination treatment. Aerosol samples collected from vibrating mesh nebulization of the combination formulation at phage MOI of 100 with 2× MIC effectively inhibited bacterial density. In summary, our combination treatments eradicated in vitro bacterial growth and sustained antimicrobial effects for 48 h. These results indicated the potential application of nebulization-based strategies for the combination treatment against MDR lung infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixuan Hong
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Rachel Yoon Kyung Chang
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Omar Assafiri
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | - Hak-Kim Chan
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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8
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Echterhof A, Dharmaraj T, McBride R, Berry J, Hopkins M, Selvakumar H, Miesel L, Chia JH, Lin KY, Shen CC, Lee YL, Yeh YC, Liao WT, Suh G, Blankenberg FG, Frymoyer AR, Bollyky PL. The contribution of neutrophils to bacteriophage clearance and pharmacokinetics in vivo. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.25.577154. [PMID: 38328123 PMCID: PMC10849746 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.25.577154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
With the increasing prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant bacterial infections, there is great interest in using lytic bacteriophages (phages) to treat such infections. However, the factors that govern bacteriophage pharmacokinetics in vivo remain poorly understood. Here, we have examined the contribution of neutrophils, the most abundant phagocytes in the body, to the pharmacokinetics of intravenously administered bacteriophage in uninfected mice. A single dose of LPS-5, an antipseudomonal bacteriophage recently used in human clinical trials, was administered intravenously to both wild-type BALB/c and neutropenic ICR mice. Phage concentrations were assessed in peripheral blood and spleen at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after administration by plaque assay and qPCR. We observed that the phage clearance is only minimally affected by neutropenia. Indeed, the half-life of phages in blood in BALB/c and ICR mice is 3.45 and 3.66 hours, respectively. These data suggest that neutrophil-mediated phagocytosis is not a major determinant of phage clearance. Conversely, we observed a substantial discrepancy in circulating phage levels over time when measured by qPCR versus plaque assay, suggesting that substantial functional inactivation of circulating phages occurs over time. These data indicate that circulating factors, but not neutrophils, inactivate intravenously administered phages.
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9
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Morozova VV, Kozlova YN, Tikunova NV. Successful Use of Phage and Antibiotics Therapy for the Eradication of Two Bacterial Pathogens from the Respiratory Tract of an Infant. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2734:237-243. [PMID: 38066373 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3523-0_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Phage therapy can be a useful approach in a number of clinical cases associated with multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial infections. In this study, we describe a successful consecutive phage and antibiotic application to cure a 3-month-old girl suffering from severe bronchitis after tracheostomy. Bronchitis was associated with two bacterial agents, MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa and a rare opportunistic pathogen Dolosigranulum pigrum. The phage cocktail "Pyobacteriophage" containing at least two different phages against isolated MDR P. aeruginosa strain was used via inhalation and nasal drops. Topical application of the phage cocktail removed most of P. aeruginosa cells and contributed to a change in the antimicrobial resistance profile of surviving P. aeruginosa cells. As a result, it became possible to choose and administer an appropriate antibiotic that was effective against both infectious agents. Complete recovery of the infant was recorded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera V Morozova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | - Yulia N Kozlova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Nina V Tikunova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
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10
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Aslam S. Phage Therapy in Lung Transplantation: Current Status and Future Possibilities. Clin Infect Dis 2023; 77:S416-S422. [PMID: 37932113 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic lung disease and lung transplantation have high rates of colonization and infection from multidrug-resistant (MDR) organisms. This article summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding phage therapy in the setting of lung transplantation. Phage therapy has been used in several lung transplant candidates and recipients on a compassionate use basis targeting mostly MDR gram-negative infections and atypical mycobacterial infections with demonstrated clinical safety. Phage biodistribution given intravenously or via nebulization has not been extensively studied, though preliminary data are presented. Phage interacts with both the innate and adaptive immune system; current literature demonstrates the development of serum neutralization in some cases of phage therapy, although the clinical impact seems variable. A summary of current clinical trials involving patients with chronic lung disease is presented, though none are specifically targeting lung transplant candidates or recipients. In addition to treatment of active infections, a variety of clinical scenarios may benefit from phage therapy, and well-designed clinical trials involving this vulnerable patient population are needed: pre- or peritransplantation use of phage in the setting of MDR organism colonization may lead to waitlisting of candidates currently declined by many centers, along with potential reduction of waitlist mortality rates and posttransplant infections; phage may be used for biofilm-related bronchial stent infections; and, finally, there is a possibility that phage use can affect allograft function and chronic rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Aslam
- Center for Innovative Phage Applications and Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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11
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Heida R, Frijlink HW, Hinrichs WLJ. Inhalation of vaccines and antiviral drugs to fight respiratory virus infections: reasons to prioritize the pulmonary route of administration. mBio 2023; 14:e0129523. [PMID: 37768057 PMCID: PMC10653782 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01295-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Many of the current pandemic threats are caused by viruses that infect the respiratory tract. Remarkably though, the majority of vaccines and antiviral drugs are administered via alternative routes. In this perspective, we argue that the pulmonary route of administration deserves more attention in the search for novel therapeutic strategies against respiratory virus infections. Firstly, vaccines administered at the viral portal of entry can induce a broader immune response, employing the mucosal arm of the immune system; secondly, direct administration of antiviral drugs at the target site leads to superior bioavailability, enabling lower dosing and reducing the chance of side effects. We further elaborate on why the pulmonary route may induce a superior effect compared to the intranasal route of administration and provide reasons why dry powder formulations for inhalation have significant advantages over standard liquid formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick Heida
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henderik W. Frijlink
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter L. J. Hinrichs
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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12
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Fei B, Li D, Liu X, You X, Guo M, Ren Y, Liu Y, Wang C, Zhu R, Li Y. Characterization and genomic analysis of a broad-spectrum lytic phage HZ2201 and its antibiofilm efficacy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Virus Res 2023; 335:199184. [PMID: 37532140 PMCID: PMC10407953 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a clinically common conditionally pathogenic bacterium, and the abuse of antibiotics has exacerbated its drug resistance in recent years. This has resulted in extensive reports about the usage of Pseudomonas aeruginosa phage as a novel antibacterial drug. In this study, we isolated a novel phage HZ2201 with a broad lytic spectrum. The lytic rate of this phage against Pseudomonas aeruginosa reached 78.38% (29/37), including 25 multi-drug- and carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that phage HZ2201 belongs to the class Caudoviricetes. Biological characterization showed that phage HZ2201 had an latent period of 40 min, a lytic period of 20 min, and a burst size of 440 PFU/cell, with improved tolerance to temperature and pH. Considering genomic analysis, the HZ2201 genome was a circular double-stranded DNA with a size of 45,431 bp and a guanine-cytosine (G + C) content of 52.16%, and contained 3 tRNAs. 27 of the 74 open reading frames (ORFs) annotated by the Rapid Annotation using Subsystem Technology (RAST) tool could be matched to the genomes of known functions, and no genes related to virulence and antibiotic resistance were found. The phylogenetic tree suggests that phage HZ2201 is highly related to the phage ZCPS1 and PaP3, and ORF57 and ORF17 are predicted to encode a holin and an endolysin, respectively. Cell lysis by HZ2201 proceeds through the holin-endolysin system, suggesting that it is a novel phage. Additionally, we demonstrated that phage HZ2201 has a high inhibitory capacity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. The results of our study suggest that phage HZ2201 is a novel potential antimicrobial agent for treating drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Fei
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Dengzhou Li
- Henan Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450002, China; The Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbes &Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, 450002, China; Henan Engineering Research Center for Identification of Pathogenic Microbes, Zhengzhou, 450002, China; Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Antibiotics-Resistant Bacterial Infection Prevention & Therapy with Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Xinwei Liu
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450002, China; Henan Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Xiaojuan You
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450002, China; Henan Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Mengyu Guo
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yanying Ren
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Ying Liu
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Chunxia Wang
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450002, China; Henan Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Rui Zhu
- Henan Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450002, China; The Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbes &Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, 450002, China; Henan Engineering Research Center for Identification of Pathogenic Microbes, Zhengzhou, 450002, China; Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Antibiotics-Resistant Bacterial Infection Prevention & Therapy with Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Yongwei Li
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
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Bradley JS, Hajama H, Akong K, Jordan M, Stout D, Rowe RS, Conrad DJ, Hingtgen S, Segall AM. Bacteriophage Therapy of Multidrug-resistant Achromobacter in an 11-Year-old Boy With Cystic Fibrosis Assessed by Metagenome Analysis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2023; 42:754-759. [PMID: 37343220 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000004000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease associated with lung disease characterized by chronic pulmonary infection, increasingly caused by multiple drug-resistant pathogens after repeated antibiotic exposure, limiting antibiotic treatment options. Bacteriophages can provide a pathogen-specific bactericidal treatment used with antibiotics to improve microbiologic and clinical outcomes in CF. METHODS Achromobacter species isolates from sputum of a chronically infected person with CF, were assessed for susceptibility to bacteriophages: 2 highly active, purified bacteriophages were administered intravenously every 8 hours, in conjunction with a 14-day piperacillin/tazobactam course for CF exacerbation. Sputum and blood were collected for metagenome analysis during treatment, with sputum analysis at 1-month follow-up. Assessments of clinical status, pulmonary status and laboratory evaluation for safety were conducted. RESULTS Bacteriophage administration was well-tolerated, with no associated clinical or laboratory adverse events. Metagenome analysis documented an 86% decrease in the relative proportion of Achromobacter DNA sequence reads in sputum and a 92% decrease in blood, compared with other bacterial DNA reads, comparing pretreatment and posttreatment samples. Bacteriophage DNA reads were detected in sputum after intravenous administration during treatment, and at 1-month follow-up. Reversal of antibiotic resistance to multiple antibiotics occurred in some isolates during treatment. Stabilization of lung function was documented at 1-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Bacteriophage/antibiotic treatment decreased the host pulmonary bacterial burden for Achromobacter assessed by metagenome analysis of sputum and blood, with ongoing bacteriophage replication documented in sputum at 1-month follow-up. Prospective controlled studies are needed to define the dose, route of administration and duration of bacteriophage therapy for both acute and chronic infection in CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Bradley
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, and Rady Children's Hospital
| | - Hamza Hajama
- Department of Biology and Viral Information Institute, San Diego State University
| | - Kathryn Akong
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of California San Diego, and Rady Children's Hospital
| | - Mary Jordan
- Rady Children's Hospital San Diego Clinical Research
| | - Dayna Stout
- Rady Children's Hospital San Diego Clinical Research
| | - Ryan S Rowe
- Department of Biology and Viral Information Institute, San Diego State University
| | - Douglas J Conrad
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Sara Hingtgen
- Rady Children's Hospital San Diego Clinical Research
| | - Anca M Segall
- Department of Biology and Viral Information Institute, San Diego State University
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Köhler T, Luscher A, Falconnet L, Resch G, McBride R, Mai QA, Simonin JL, Chanson M, Maco B, Galiotto R, Riat A, McCallin S, Chan B, van Delden C. Personalized aerosolised bacteriophage treatment of a chronic lung infection due to multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3629. [PMID: 37369702 PMCID: PMC10300124 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39370-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophage therapy has been suggested as an alternative or complementary strategy for the treatment of multidrug resistant (MDR) bacterial infections. Here, we report the favourable clinical evolution of a 41-year-old male patient with a Kartagener syndrome complicated by a life-threatening chronic MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, who is treated successfully with iterative aerosolized phage treatments specifically directed against the patient's isolate. We follow the longitudinal evolution of both phage and bacterial loads during and after phage administration in respiratory samples. Phage titres in consecutive sputum samples indicate in patient phage replication. Phenotypic analysis and whole genome sequencing of sequential bacterial isolates reveals a clonal, but phenotypically diverse population of hypermutator strains. The MDR phenotype in the collected isolates is multifactorial and mainly due to spontaneous chromosomal mutations. All isolates recovered after phage treatment remain phage susceptible. These results demonstrate that clinically significant improvement is achievable by personalised phage therapy even in the absence of complete eradication of P. aeruginosa lung colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilo Köhler
- Service of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Alexandre Luscher
- Service of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Léna Falconnet
- Service of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Grégory Resch
- Center for Research and Innovation in Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences (CRISP), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Juliette L Simonin
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marc Chanson
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bohumil Maco
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Raphaël Galiotto
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud Riat
- Diagnostic Bacteriology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Shawna McCallin
- Department of Neuro-Urology Balgrist Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Christian van Delden
- Service of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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15
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Samir S. Phages for treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infection. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 200:275-302. [PMID: 37739558 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2023.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Combating multi-drug resistant bacterial infections should be a universal urgency. The gram- positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria are generally harmless; healthy people frequently have them on their skin and nose. These bacteria, for the most part, produce no difficulties or only minor skin diseases. Antibiotics and cleansing of the affected region are usually the treatments of choice. S. aureus can become virulent causing serious infections that may lead to pustules to sepsis or death. Normally, it is thought that antibiotics may solve problems concerning bacterial infection; but unfortunately, Staphylococci have evolved mechanisms to resist drugs. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA); both in hospitals and in the community, infections are evolving into dangerous pathogens. Health care practitioners may need to use antibiotics with more adverse effects to treat antibiotic-resistant S. aureus infections. Amid existing efforts to resolve this problem, phage therapy proposes a hopeful alternate to face Staphylococcal infections. When the majority of antibiotics have failed to treat infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria, such as methicillin- and vancomycin-resistant S. aureus, phage therapy may be an option. Here, we appraise the potential efficacy, current knowledge on bacteriophages for S. aureus, experimental research and information on their clinical application, and limitations of phage therapy for S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safia Samir
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt.
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Fang J, Yu CH, Li XJ, Yao JM, Fang ZY, Yoon SH, Yu WY. Gut dysbiosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapeutic implications. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:997018. [PMID: 36425787 PMCID: PMC9679376 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.997018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasing recently and has become one of the most common clinical liver diseases. Since the pathogenesis of NAFLD has not been completely elucidated, few effective therapeutic drugs are available. As the "second genome" of human body, gut microbiota plays an important role in the digestion, absorption and metabolism of food and drugs. Gut microbiota can act as an important driver to advance the occurrence and development of NAFLD, and to accelerate its progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Growing evidence has demonstrated that gut microbiota and its metabolites directly affect intestinal morphology and immune response, resulting in the abnormal activation of inflammation and intestinal endotoxemia; gut dysbiosis also causes dysfunction of gut-liver axis via alteration of bile acid metabolism pathway. Because of its composition diversity and disease-specific expression characteristics, gut microbiota holds strong promise as novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for NAFLD. Intervening intestinal microbiota, such as antibiotic/probiotic treatment and fecal transplantation, has been a novel strategy for preventing and treating NAFLD. In this article, we have reviewed the emerging functions and association of gut bacterial components in different stages of NAFLD progression and discussed its potential implications in NAFLD diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fang
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Experimental Animal’s & Nonclinical Laboratory Studies, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chen-Huan Yu
- Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xue-Jian Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Experimental Animal’s & Nonclinical Laboratory Studies, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jin-Mei Yao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zheng-Yu Fang
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Experimental Animal’s & Nonclinical Laboratory Studies, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Soo-Hyun Yoon
- Institute of Medical Science, Wonkwang University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Wen-Ying Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Experimental Animal’s & Nonclinical Laboratory Studies, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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