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Sperling LE, Pires Reis K, Nicola F, Euzebio Teixeira C, Gulielmin Didó G, Garrido dos Santos M, Konrath E, Netto CA, Pranke P. Galantamine improves functional recovery and reduces lesion size in a rat model of spinal cord injury. Brain Res 2019; 1724:146424. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Theleritis CG, Siarkos KT, Politis AM. Unmet Needs in Pharmacological Treatment of Apathy in Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1108. [PMID: 31680942 PMCID: PMC6797825 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Apathy is one of the most prevalent neuropsychiatric symptoms encountered in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and may be an early sign in the development of dementia persisting over the disease course. It has been associated with poor disease outcome, impaired daily functioning, and significant caregiver distress. Early diagnosis and timely treatment of apathy in AD are of great importance. However, approved agents for apathy are still missing. Methods: Within this context, we conducted an extensive electronic search in the databases included in the National Library of Medicine, PsychInfo, and Google Scholar for studies that have investigated the effect of pharmacological treatments in apathy in AD. There were no limitations regarding study design and all care settings were considered for inclusion. Structured measures for level of evidence and study quality were employed to evaluate the results. Results: A total of 1,607 records were identified; 1,483 records remained after the removal of duplicates and were screened; 166 full-text articles were selected and assessed for eligibility and a remaining 90 unique studies and relevant reviews were included in the qualitative synthesis. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, gingko biloba, and methylphenidate were found to be successful in reducing apathy in patients with AD. Methodological heterogeneity in the studies and the small amount of studies where apathy was the primary outcome are limiting factors to assess for group effects. Conclusions: Pharmacological treatment of apathy in AD is an underexplored field. Standardized and systematic efforts are needed to establish a possible treatment benefit. Elucidating the pathophysiology of apathy and its components or subtypes will inform disease models and mechanistic drug studies that can quantify a benefit from specific agents for specific AD groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos G Theleritis
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, First Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Kostas T Siarkos
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, First Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonios M Politis
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, First Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Nakayama S, Suda A, Nakanishi A, Motoi Y, Hattori N. Galantamine Response Associates with Agitation and the Prefrontal Cortex in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 57:267-273. [PMID: 28222509 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) occur in up to 80% of AD patients and represent one of the largest factors contributing to caregiver burden. To analyze the effect of galantamine on BPSD and caregiver burden, we treated a total of 50 patients with mild AD for 12 weeks and evaluated them using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) and Japanese version of the Zarit Caregiver Burden Interview (ZBI). We also performed regional cerebral blood flow single photon emission computed tomography (rCBF SPECT) at baseline using three-dimensional sterotatic surface projections. Total NPI and ZBI scores did not significantly change after 12-week galantamine treatment. To identify the characteristics of patients who showed improvement after galantamine treatment, we divided patients into two groups, those with and those without sub-items on the NPI. Patients with aggression showed improvement in ZBI scores (p < 0.05). A comparison of rCBF SPECT between these two groups indicated that patients with aggression exhibited increased rCBF in the right prefrontal cortex compared with those without aggression. In a patient with aggression, 20-month treatment with galantamine inhibited increases in the rCBF area in the right prefrontal lobe. These results suggest that galantamine response may be related to aggression and dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Nakayama
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Graduate of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akimitsu Suda
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Graduate of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nakanishi
- Department of Radiology, Juntendo University Graduate of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumiko Motoi
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Graduate of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Diagnosis, Prevention and Treatment of Dementia, Juntendo University Graduate of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Graduate of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Diagnosis, Prevention and Treatment of Dementia, Juntendo University Graduate of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Tewari D, Stankiewicz AM, Mocan A, Sah AN, Tzvetkov NT, Huminiecki L, Horbańczuk JO, Atanasov AG. Ethnopharmacological Approaches for Dementia Therapy and Significance of Natural Products and Herbal Drugs. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:3. [PMID: 29483867 PMCID: PMC5816049 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dementia is a clinical syndrome wherein gradual decline of mental and cognitive capabilities of an afflicted person takes place. Dementia is associated with various risk factors and conditions such as insufficient cerebral blood supply, toxin exposure, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative damage, and often coexisting with some neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Huntington's disease (HD), and Parkinson's disease (PD). Although there are well-established (semi-)synthetic drugs currently used for the management of AD and AD-associated dementia, most of them have several adverse effects. Thus, traditional medicine provides various plant-derived lead molecules that may be useful for further medical research. Herein we review the worldwide use of ethnomedicinal plants in dementia treatment. We have explored a number of recognized databases by using keywords and phrases such as “dementia”, “Alzheimer's,” “traditional medicine,” “ethnopharmacology,” “ethnobotany,” “herbs,” “medicinal plants” or other relevant terms, and summarized 90 medicinal plants that are traditionally used to treat dementia. Moreover, we highlight five medicinal plants or plant genera of prime importance and discuss the physiological effects, as well as the mechanism of action of their major bioactive compounds. Furthermore, the link between mitochondrial dysfunction and dementia is also discussed. We conclude that several drugs of plant origin may serve as promising therapeutics for the treatment of dementia, however, pivotal evidence for their therapeutic efficacy in advanced clinical studies is still lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devesh Tewari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Technology, Kumaun University, Nainital, India
| | - Adrian M Stankiewicz
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Andrei Mocan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,ICHAT and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Archana N Sah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Technology, Kumaun University, Nainital, India
| | - Nikolay T Tzvetkov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular Biology Roumen Tsanev, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Lukasz Huminiecki
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Jarosław O Horbańczuk
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Atanas G Atanasov
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland.,Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Theleritis C, Siarkos K, Katirtzoglou E, Politis A. Pharmacological and Nonpharmacological Treatment for Apathy in Alzheimer Disease : A systematic review across modalities. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2017; 30:26-49. [PMID: 28248559 DOI: 10.1177/0891988716678684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Apathy is one of the most frequent neuropsychiatric symptoms encountered in Alzheimer disease (AD). Early diagnosis and timely treatment of apathy in AD seem to be of great importance, since apathy has been associated with poor disease outcome, reduced daily functioning, and caregiver distress. DESIGN Within this context, we conducted an extensive electronic search from the databases included in the National Library of Medicine as well as PsychInfo and Google Scholar for studies that have investigated the effect of pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments of apathy in AD. RESULTS Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, gingko biloba, methylphenidate, and a variety of nonpharmacological interventions were found to be successful in reducing apathy in patients with AD. Methodological heterogeneity of the studies and the small amount of studies where apathy was a primary outcome measure are limiting factors to evaluate for group effects. CONCLUSION Treatment of apathy in AD is a complicated and an underexplored field. Standardized and systematic efforts primarily focused on the study of apathy in AD may establish a benefit from individualized treatment for specific disease groups that would stem from a combination of both pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Theleritis
- 1 First Department of Psychiatry, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,2 Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kostas Siarkos
- 1 First Department of Psychiatry, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Everina Katirtzoglou
- 1 First Department of Psychiatry, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonios Politis
- 1 First Department of Psychiatry, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,3 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Huang YJ, Lin CH, Lane HY, Tsai GE. NMDA Neurotransmission Dysfunction in Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2013; 10:272-85. [PMID: 23450042 PMCID: PMC3468881 DOI: 10.2174/157015912803217288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dementia has become an all-important disease because the population is aging rapidly and the cost of health care associated with dementia is ever increasing. In addition to cognitive function impairment, associated behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) worsen patient’s quality of life and increase caregiver’s burden. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common type of dementia and both behavioral disturbance and cognitive impairment of Alzheimer’s disease are thought to be associated with the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) dysfunction as increasing evidence of dysfunctional glutamatergic neurotransmission had been reported in behavioral changes and cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease. We review the literature regarding dementia (especially Alzheimer’s disease), BPSD and relevant findings on glutamatergic and NMDA neurotransmission, including the effects of memantine, a NMDA receptor antagonist, and NMDA-enhancing agents, such as D-serine and D-cycloserine. Literatures suggest that behavioral disturbance and cognitive impairment of Alzheimer’s disease may be associated with excitatory neurotoxic effects which result in impairment of neuronal plasticity and degenerative processes. Memantine shows benefits in improving cognition, function, agitation/aggression and delusion in Alzheimer’s disease. On the other hand, some NMDA modulators which enhance NMDA function through the co-agonist binding site can also improve cognitive function and psychotic symptoms. We propose that modulating NMDA neurotransmission is effective in treating behavioral and psychological symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease. Prospective study using NMDA enhancers in patients with Alzheimer’s disease and associated behavioral disturbance is needed to verify this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jhen Huang
- Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan ; Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Abstract
Apathy in patients with dementia is common, underrecognized, and undertreated. We sought to improve understanding of the pharmacologic treatment of apathy in dementia by performing a systematic literature review of studies that used apathy outcome scales to document results of pharmacologic treatments for apathy. There is limited evidence of efficiency of pharmacotherapy for treatment of apathy in dementia. The best results were found for acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. There was some evidence of efficacy for memantine, but less evidence of efficacy for stimulants, calcium antagonists, and antipsychotics. There was no evidence to support the use of antidepressants or anticonvulsants. The research quality of studies was modest. Recommendations for standardizing research and for holistic evaluation and treatment are provided.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the frequency of overlapping of delirium with neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) among patients with dementia, and to investigate the prognostic value of delirium, multiple NPS without delirium, or neither during a 2-year follow-up. METHODS We assessed 425 consecutive patients in acute geriatric wards and in seven nursing homes in Helsinki. Those 255 suffering from dementia were examined for NPS of dementia described in the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (delusions, hallucinations, agitation/aggression, depression/low mood, anxiety, euphoria/elation, apathy, disinhibition, irritability/mood changes, and aberrant motor behavior) and for delirium criteria according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). Patients were categorized into three groups: delirium with or without multiple NPS (delirium group), multiple NPS without delirium (multiple NPS group), or having neither delirium nor multiple NPS (zero or only one NPS group). RESULTS A total of 66 patients suffered from delirium according to the DSM-IV, 127 had multiple NPS without delirium, and 62 had neither multiple NPS nor delirium. In the delirium group 61 individuals (92.4%) were deceased or residing in permanent institutional care at the end of the 2-year follow up period, compared to 100 individuals (78.7%) in the multiple NPS group and 48 (77.4%) in the zero or one NPS group (Pearson χ² = 6.64, df 2, p = 0.036). In logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, and comorbidities, delirium was an independent predictor of this composite outcome (OR: 4.3, 95% CI: 1.4-13.6). CONCLUSIONS Patient groups with symptoms of delirium and multiple NPS are highly overlapping. The presence of delirium indicates poor prognosis.
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Schoenmakers B, Buntinx F, De Lepeleire J. Can pharmacological treatment of behavioural disturbances in elderly patients with dementia lower the burden of their family caregiver? Fam Pract 2009; 26:279-86. [PMID: 19423698 DOI: 10.1093/fampra/cmp024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Family caregivers of a community-dwelling demented relative experience significant burden in their caregiving role. In particular, behavioural disturbances are expected to be responsible for high caregiver distress and burden. Above, in approximately 80% of the cases, institutionalization of the demented patients with dementia occurs as a result of a burdened caregiver. Because of the impressive disruptive character of behavioural disturbances, most caregivers appeal for pharmacological intervention at a given moment, expecting instant suppression of the aberrant behaviour. Beside the antipsychotic drugs, the cholinesterase inhibitors are commonly used in the treatment of agitation, aggression, delusions, etc. Although in meta-analyses on the efficacy of both categories of drugs, only little evidence of their efficacy has been found and an important placebo effect has been reported that >90% of the demented elderly was treated at least once. The aim of this study was to investigate if pharmacological treatment of behavioural disturbances of the demented can lower the burden and the time spent in the family caregiver irrespective of their effect on the demented himself. A systematic literature search was performed by means of Medline, Embase, Cochrane DSR, Dare, CCTR and ACP Journal Club. Based on this review, pharmacological treatment of demented elderly seems to lower caregiver burden (mean difference 0.27) and the time caregivers spent (mean difference 41.65 minutes). Considering that family caregivers confronted with the troublesome behaviour of their demented relative will apply for pharmacological intervention, future research should particularly focus on the outcome measures of the caregivers' well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitte Schoenmakers
- Department of Public Health, Academic Centre of General Practice, Catholic University of Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, blok J, box 7001, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
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Smith DA. Treatment of Alzheimer’s disease in the long-term-care setting. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2009; 66:899-907. [DOI: 10.2146/ajhp070622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David A. Smith
- David A. Smith, M.D., FAAFP, CMD, is Professor, Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station; and President, Geriatric Consultants of Central Texas, 901 North Fisk, #224, Brownwood, TX 76801
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Cummings JL, Mackell J, Kaufer D. Behavioral effects of current Alzheimer's disease treatments: a descriptive review. Alzheimers Dement 2008; 4:49-60. [PMID: 18631950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2007.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2007] [Accepted: 10/03/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Behavioral abnormalities and neuropsychiatric symptoms are common manifestations of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Many clinical trials of cholinesterase inhibitors (ChE-Is) and memantine have included behavioral measures as primary or secondary outcomes, and most have observed behavioral benefits in conjunction with treatment. The purpose of this review was to determine the frequency of positive behavioral outcomes in AD clinical trials and clinical reports, to determine the symptoms most responsive to antidementia agents, and to explore factors that correlate with negative outcomes in clinical trials of antidementia agents with regard to behavioral measures. METHODS We performed a computerized search of randomized clinical trials and open-label studies of ChE-Is and memantine for AD including a behavioral outcome measure. Studies involving 10 or more patients using therapeutic doses of the target agents and including a behavioral measure as a primary or secondary outcome were included in this review. RESULTS One hundred fifty-seven peer-reviewed articles and 68 publicly presented abstracts were identified in the literature search. Subsequent review established that 15 publications arising from 13 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled AD trials met the review inclusion criteria. Positive outcomes on behavioral measures were reported in 8 of 15 publications as a primary or secondary outcome. In most blinded AD clinical trials, behavioral measures were secondary outcomes. Mood symptoms and apathy have most commonly responded to ChE-Is, whereas memantine has been associated with a reduction in irritability and agitation. However, there is substantial variability among trials in terms of behavioral outcomes. Studies that assessed patients with more severe dementia, included patients with less severe behavioral disturbances at baseline, involved institutionalized patients, or were international in scope tended to have negative outcomes. In institutionalized patients there is commonly an improvement in the placebo group that confounds the observation of any drug-placebo difference. CONCLUSIONS Antidementia agents have been associated with beneficial behavioral outcomes in many randomized clinical trials and open-label studies. Most studies are not designed to test the psychotropic properties of antidementia drugs. Trials with negative behavioral outcomes are most likely to involve patients who are institutionalized and have few behavioral disturbances at baseline. Clinical trials designed to assess behavioral effects of antidementia agents should anticipate these factors.
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Pleil AM, Coyne KS, Reese PR, Jumadilova Z, Rovner ES, Kelleher CJ. The validation of patient-rated global assessments of treatment benefit, satisfaction, and willingness to continue--the BSW. VALUE IN HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHARMACOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2005; 8 Suppl 1:S25-34. [PMID: 16336486 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-4733.2005.00069.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the validity of three single-item, patient-rated, interviewer-administered, global assessments of treatment benefit, satisfaction with treatment and willingness to continue treatment, collectively referred to as the BSW. METHODS The BSW, micturition diaries, the Overactive Bladder Questionnaire (OAB-q) and the King's Health Questionnaire (KHQ) were included in part or in total in three OAB clinical trials. Discriminant validity for full and dichotomized responses was assessed with anovas models and correlations were used to evaluate construct validity. RESULTS The BSW demonstrated significant differences among the majority of the response levels on all measures of micturitions in all studies. The BSW also demonstrated discriminant validity with the OAB-q and the KHQ. BSW measures demonstrated significant differences among the change scores for all subscales of the OAB-q and the majority of the KHQ domains with both full and dichotomized responses. Patients who were dissatisfied with treatment and those unwilling to continue treatment also reported significantly worse OAB-q and KHQ scores compared with those who were satisfied with treatment or willing to continue treatment. BSW measures were moderately correlated with the micturition variables, moderate to strongly correlated with the OAB-q and weak to moderately with the KHQ, providing support for the construct validity of the BSW measures. CONCLUSIONS The BSW is a useful tool to capture patients' global impressions of three key elements of treatment outcome: a perceived benefit, satisfaction with treatment, and the willingness to continue treatment, and can facilitate patient-physician communication as well as be informative to researchers.
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