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Lucius A, Chhatwal S, Valtink M, Reinach PS, Li A, Pleyer U, Mergler S. L-Carnitine Suppresses Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid Type 1 Activation in Human Corneal Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11815. [PMID: 37511574 PMCID: PMC10380586 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Tear film hyperosmolarity induces dry eye syndrome (DES) through transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) activation. L-carnitine is a viable therapeutic agent since it protects against this hypertonicity-induced response. Here, we investigated whether L-carnitine inhibits TRPV1 activation by blocking heat- or capsaicin-induced increases in Ca2+ influx or hyperosmotic stress-induced cell volume shrinkage in a human corneal epithelial cell line (HCE-T). Single-cell fluorescence imaging of calcein/AM-loaded cells or fura-2/AM-labeled cells was used to evaluate cell volume changes and intracellular calcium levels, respectively. Planar patch-clamp technique was used to measure whole-cell currents. TRPV1 activation via either capsaicin (20 µmol/L), hyperosmolarity (≈450 mosmol/L) or an increase in ambient bath temperature to 43 °C induced intracellular calcium transients and augmented whole-cell currents, whereas hypertonicity induced cell volume shrinkage. In contrast, either capsazepine (10 µmol/L) or L-carnitine (1-3 mmol/L) reduced all these responses. Taken together, L-carnitine and capsazepine suppress hypertonicity-induced TRPV1 activation by blocking cell volume shrinkage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Lucius
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sirjan Chhatwal
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Monika Valtink
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, TU Dresden, 01216 Dresden, Germany
- Equality and Diversity Unit, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Peter S Reinach
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Aruna Li
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Pleyer
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Mergler
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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A randomized multicenter evaluation of the efficacy of 0.15% hyaluronic acid versus 0.05% cyclosporine A in dry eye syndrome. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18737. [PMID: 36333364 PMCID: PMC9636392 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21330-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) and cyclosporine A (CsA) eyedrops are commonly prescribed in dry eye syndrome (DES). The effectiveness of each preparation in DES is well-known, yet the superiority of one over another has been studied little. We assessed the efficacy and tolerability of 0.15% HA compared to combinations of 0.05% CsA plus 0.5% carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), and 0.15% HA plus 0.05% CsA in patients with moderate to severe DES. Total 438 patients with moderate to severe DES were recruited and randomized for one of the three treatments for 12 weeks. Effectiveness was assessed at baseline, 4- and 12-weeks. The primary endpoint was change in corneal staining score. The secondary endpoints were tear break-up time (TBUT), strip meniscometry (SM) score, ocular surface disease index (OSDI) score, and tolerability questionnaire. The change in corneal staining score for 0.15% HA from the baseline was non-inferior to that of 0.05% CsA. Corneal staining score, TBUT, SM score, and OSDI score improved in all groups without statistically significant intergroup differences. Better tolerability and lower prevalence of adverse drug reactions were seen in 0.15% HA. Our findings suggest that 0.15% HA may be equivalently effective and safer than 0.05% CsA in treating moderate to severe DES.
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Diagnostic ability of maximum blink interval together with Japanese version of Ocular Surface Disease Index score for dry eye disease. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18106. [PMID: 33093551 PMCID: PMC7582156 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75193-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Various symptoms of the dry eye disease (DED) interfere with the quality of life and reduce work productivity. Therefore, screening, prevention, and treatment of DED are important. We aimed to investigate the potential diagnostic ability of the maximum blink interval (MBI) (the length of time participants could keep their eyes open) with disease-specific questionnaire for DED. This cross-sectional study included 365 patients (252 with DED and 113 without DED) recruited between September 2017 and December 2019. Discriminant validity was assessed by comparing the non-DED and DED groups based on the MBI with a Japanese version of the Ocular Surface Disease Index (J-OSDI) and tear film breakup time (TFBUT) with J-OSDI classifications. The MBI with J-OSDI showed good discriminant validity by known-group comparisons. The positive and predictive values of MBI with J-OSDI were 96.0% (190/198 individuals) and 37.1% (62/167 individuals), respectively. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of MBI with J-OSDI was 0.938 (95% confidence interval 0.904–0.971), the sensitivity was 75.4% (190/252 individuals), and the specificity was 92.9% (105/113 individuals), which are similar to the diagnostic ability of TFBUT with J-OSDI (AUC 0.954). In conclusion, MBI with J-OSDI may be a simple, non-invasive screening test for DED.
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A Review of Dry Eye Questionnaires: Measuring Patient-Reported Outcomes and Health-Related Quality of Life. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10080559. [PMID: 32764273 PMCID: PMC7459853 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10080559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) is among the most common eye diseases and is becoming increasingly prevalent. Its symptoms cause a long-term decline in patients’ health-related quality of life (HRQL). Inconsistencies often occur between the clinical findings and the subjective symptoms of DED. Therefore, a holistic, balanced, and quantitative evaluation of the subjective symptoms and HRQL using patient-reported outcome questionnaires, in addition to clinical findings, is crucial for accurate DED assessment in patients. This paper reviewed the characteristics of current dry eye questionnaires, including their objectives, number of questions, inclusion of HRQL-related items, and whether they were properly evaluated for psychometric properties. Twenty-four questionnaires were identified; among them, the following six questionnaires that included items assessing HRQL and were properly evaluated for psychometric properties are recommended: the Ocular Surface Disease Index, Impact of Dry Eye in Everyday Life, Dry Eye-Related Quality-of-life Score, University of North Carolina Dry Eye Management Scale, Chinese version of Dry Eye-Related Quality of Life, and 25-Item National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire. Dry eye questionnaires have different objectives and are available in different languages. Therefore, medical practitioners should confirm the characteristics of applicable questionnaires before selecting the most appropriate ones.
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Rhee MK, Mah FS. Clinical utility of cyclosporine (CsA) ophthalmic emulsion 0.05% for symptomatic relief in people with chronic dry eye: a review of the literature. Clin Ophthalmol 2017; 11:1157-1166. [PMID: 28790800 PMCID: PMC5488761 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s113437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
To review the literature on the efficacy of cyclosporine (CsA) ophthalmic emulsion 0.05% on symptomatic relief in chronic dry eye disease. There is consistent evidence of objective improvements in chronic dry eye disease (Schirmer score, corneal and interpalpebral dye staining, and tear breakup time) with CsA, but variable results with symptomatic improvement, possibly due to patient tolerance of CsA, similar comforting effect with artificial tears and CsA vehicle, and the inherent subjective nature of symptom monitoring and analysis. This review explores the literature on CsA with special attention to symptomatic relief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle K Rhee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Nassiri N, Rodriguez Torres Y, Meyer Z, Beyer MA, Vellaichamy G, Dhaliwal AS, Chungfat N, Hwang FS. Current and emerging therapy of dry eye disease. Part A: pharmacological modalities. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/17469899.2017.1327350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nariman Nassiri
- Kresge Eye Institute - Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Yasaira Rodriguez Torres
- Kresge Eye Institute - Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Zachary Meyer
- Kresge Eye Institute - Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Michael A. Beyer
- Kresge Eye Institute - Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Gautham Vellaichamy
- Kresge Eye Institute - Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Amar S. Dhaliwal
- Kresge Eye Institute - Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Neil Chungfat
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Frank S. Hwang
- Kresge Eye Institute - Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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Cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsions for the treatment of dry eye: a review of the clinical evidence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 5:267-285. [PMID: 25960865 DOI: 10.4155/cli.14.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Dry eye has gained recognition as a public health problem given its high prevalence, morbidity and cost implications. Although dry eye is common and affects patients' quality of life, only one medication, cyclosporine 0.05% emulsion, has been approved by the US FDA for its treatment. In this review, we summarize the basic science and clinical data regarding the use of cyclosporine in the treatment of dry eye. Randomized controlled trials showed that cyclosporine emulsion outperformed vehicles in the majority of trials, consistently decreasing corneal staining and increasing Schirmer scores. Symptom improvement was more variable, however, with ocular dryness shown to be the most consistently improved symptom over vehicle.
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Baudouin C, Aragona P, Messmer EM, Tomlinson A, Calonge M, Boboridis KG, Akova YA, Geerling G, Labetoulle M, Rolando M. Role of hyperosmolarity in the pathogenesis and management of dry eye disease: proceedings of the OCEAN group meeting. Ocul Surf 2013; 11:246-58. [PMID: 24112228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED), a multifactorial disease of the tears and ocular surface, is common and has a significant impact on quality of life. Reduced aqueous tear flow and/or increased evaporation of the aqueous tear phase leads to tear hyperosmolarity, a key step in the vicious circle of DED pathology. Tear hyperosmolarity gives rise to morphological changes such as apoptosis of cells of the conjunctiva and cornea, and triggers inflammatory cascades that contribute to further cell death, including loss of mucin-producing goblet cells. This exacerbates tear film instability and drives the cycle of events that perpetuate the condition. Traditional approaches to counteracting tear hyperosmolarity in DED include use of hypotonic tear substitutes, which have relatively short persistence in the eye. More recent attempts to counteract tear hyperosmolarity in DED have included osmoprotectants, small organic molecules that are used in many cell types throughout the natural world to restore cell volume and stabilize protein function, allowing adaptation to hyperosmolarity. There is now an expanding pool of clinical data on the efficacy of DED therapies that include osmoprotectants such as erythritol, taurine, trehalose and L-carnitine. Osmoprotectants in DED may directly protect cells against hyperosmolarity and thereby promote exit from the vicious circle of DED physiopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Baudouin
- Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts and Vision Institute, Paris, France.
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Distribution of aqueous-deficient and evaporative dry eye in a clinic-based patient cohort: a retrospective study. Cornea 2012; 31:472-8. [PMID: 22378109 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0b013e318225415a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate in a general clinic-based cohort of patients with dry eye disease (DED) the distribution of patients with aqueous-deficient or evaporative subtype of DED. METHODS Schirmer tests and meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) (Foulks-Bron scoring) were evaluated in both eyes of 299 normal subjects and DED patients (218 women and 81 men) across 10 sites in the European Union and the United States. Using the more severe measurement of the 2 eyes, subjects were considered to have pure aqueous-deficient dry eye (ADDE) with Schirmer values of <7 mm and MGD grades of ≤5. Patients were classified as purely evaporative dry eye with MGD grades of >5 and Schirmer values of ≥7 mm. Subjects were placed into the mixed (hybrid) category if they exhibited both a low Schirmer value of <7 and evidence of MGD with a grade >5. RESULTS Of the 224 subjects classified with DED using an objective, composite, disease severity scale, 159 were classified into 1 of 3 categories: 79 were classified with only MGD, whereas only 23 were classified as purely aqueous deficient, and 57 showed evidence of both MGD and aqueous deficiency. Overall, 86% of these qualified DED patients demonstrated signs of MGD. The remaining 65 patients showed evidence of DED through other clinical signs, without overt evidence of MGD or ADDE, possibly because of the inherent variability of these signs. CONCLUSIONS The proportion of subjects exhibiting signs of evaporative dry eye resulting from MGD far outweighs that of subjects with pure ADDE in a general clinic-based patient cohort.
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Kim TH, Kang JW, Kim KH, Kang KW, Shin MS, Jung SY, Kim AR, Jung HJ, Choi JB, Hong KE, Lee SD, Choi SM. Acupuncture for the treatment of dry eye: a multicenter randomised controlled trial with active comparison intervention (artificial teardrops). PLoS One 2012; 7:e36638. [PMID: 22615787 PMCID: PMC3355143 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effects of acupuncture compared to a control group using artificial tears. METHODS SETTING & DESIGN multicenter randomised controlled trial (three local research hospitals of South Korea). STUDY POPULATION 150 patients with moderate to severe dry eye. INTERVENTION Participants were randomly allocated into four weeks of acupuncture treatment (bilateral BL2, GB14, TE 23, Ex1, ST1, GB20, LI4, LI11 and single GV23) or to the artificial tears group (sodium carboxymethylcellulose). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) The ocular surface disease index (OSDI), tear film break-up time (TFBUT), Schirmer Ι test, visual analogue scale (VAS) for self-assessment of ocular discomfort, general assessment (by both acupuncture practitioners and participants) and quality of life (QOL) through the Measure Yourself Medical Outcome Profile-2 (MYMOP-2). RESULTS There was no statistically significant difference between two groups for the improvement of dry eye symptoms as measured by OSDI (MD -16.11, 95% CI [-20.91, -11.32] with acupuncture and -15.37, 95% CI [-19.57, -11.16] with artificial tears; P = 0.419), VAS (acupuncture: -23.84 [-29.59, -18.09]; artificial tears: -22.2 [-27.24, -17.16], P = 0.530) or quality of life (acupuncture: -1.32 [-1.65, -0.99]; artificial tears: -0.96 [-1.32, -0.6], P = 0.42) immediately after treatment. However, compared with artificial tears group, the OSDI (acupuncture: -16.15 [-21.38, -10.92]; artificial tears: -10.76 [-15.25, -6.27], P = 0.030) and VAS (acupuncture: -23.88 [-30.9, -16.86]; artificial tears: -14.71 [-20.86, -8.55], P = 0.018) were significantly improved in the acupuncture group at 8 weeks after the end of acupuncture treatment. TFBUT measurements increased significantly in the acupuncture group after treatment. CONCLUSIONS Acupuncture may have benefits on the mid-term outcomes related to dry eye syndrome compared with artificial tears. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01105221.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hun Kim
- Acupuncture, Moxibustion & Meridian Research Centre, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Cardiovascular and Neurologic Diseases, College of Oriental Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Won Kang
- Acupuncture, Moxibustion & Meridian Research Centre, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kun Hyung Kim
- Acupuncture, Moxibustion & Meridian Research Centre, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
- Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Won Kang
- Acupuncture, Moxibustion & Meridian Research Centre, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Mi-Suk Shin
- Acupuncture, Moxibustion & Meridian Research Centre, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - So-Young Jung
- Acupuncture, Moxibustion & Meridian Research Centre, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Ae-Ran Kim
- Acupuncture, Moxibustion & Meridian Research Centre, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hee-Jung Jung
- Acupuncture, Moxibustion & Meridian Research Centre, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jin-Bong Choi
- Department of Oriental Rehabilitation Medicine, Dongshin University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Kwon Eui Hong
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Daejeon University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Seung-Deok Lee
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Dongguk University, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Sun-Mi Choi
- Acupuncture, Moxibustion & Meridian Research Centre, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
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Guillemin I, Begley C, Chalmers R, Baudouin C, Arnould B. Appraisal of patient-reported outcome instruments available for randomized clinical trials in dry eye: revisiting the standards. Ocul Surf 2012; 10:84-99. [PMID: 22482469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Revised: 01/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Clinical signs in dry eye (DE) often underestimate the severity of the condition, correlating poorly with symptoms and the impact on patients' health-related quality of life (HRQL). Patient-reported outcome (PRO) questionnaires are therefore essential to accurately evaluate the health status of DE patients and the severity of their condition. A comprehensive evaluation of HRQL in addition to clinical signs and visual function is necessary to fully characterize the impact of DE on patients' health. Growing interest in PRO measures and their implementation in clinical trials has resulted in more formal guidance on the design and properties of these instruments. To be scientifically sound and accepted by regulatory authorities, an instrument's development process and its appropriateness for use in the target population, its psychometric properties and responsiveness must be described. To address the recent health authority guidance, this review discusses the design, development methodology, and performance of currently available PRO instruments for DE.
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Kim TH, Kang JW, Kim KH, Kang KW, Shin MS, Jung SY, Kim AR, Jung HJ, Lee SD, Choi JB, Choi SM. Acupuncture for dry eye: a multicentre randomised controlled trial with active comparison intervention (artificial tear drop) using a mixed method approach protocol. Trials 2010; 11:107. [PMID: 21078194 PMCID: PMC2998498 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-11-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies of acupuncture show favourable results for both subjective and objective outcomes of dry eye. However, firm conclusions could not be drawn from these studies because the quality of the trials was too low to establish concrete evidence. Therefore, this study was designed both to avoid the flaws of the existing trials and to assess the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness and qualitative characteristics of acupuncture treatment for dry eye. METHODS/DESIGN One hundred fifty participants with dry eye will be recruited into three independent hospitals from different areas: Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, DongGuk University Ilsan Oriental Hospital and Dongshin University Gwangju Oriental Hospital. The number of participants required was calculated from the data of a previous, relevant study. These patients will be randomly allocated into acupuncture treatment or artificial tear groups. Either 17 acupuncture points (bilateral BL2, GB14, TE 23, Ex1, ST1, GB20, LI4, LI11 and single GV23) will be used 3 times a week or disposable artificial tear drops (Refresh Plus®, ALLERGAN) will be provided for use at least once a day for 4 weeks. The ocular surface disease index (OSDI), tear film break-up time (TFBUT), Schirmer I test, visual analogue scale (VAS) for self-assessment of ocular discomfort, general assessment (by both acupuncture practitioners and participants) and quality of life (QOL) through the Measure Yourself Medical Outcome Profile-2 (MYMOP-2) will be assessed for approximately 3-months for each study participant. In addition, qualitative study and cost-effectiveness of acupuncture treatment will be conducted. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier: NCT01105221).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hun Kim
- Acupuncture, Moxibustion and Meridian Research Centre, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jung Won Kang
- Acupuncture, Moxibustion and Meridian Research Centre, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Kun Hyung Kim
- Acupuncture, Moxibustion and Meridian Research Centre, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Won Kang
- Acupuncture, Moxibustion and Meridian Research Centre, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Mi-Suk Shin
- Acupuncture, Moxibustion and Meridian Research Centre, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - So-Young Jung
- Acupuncture, Moxibustion and Meridian Research Centre, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Ae-Ran Kim
- Acupuncture, Moxibustion and Meridian Research Centre, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hee-Jung Jung
- Acupuncture, Moxibustion and Meridian Research Centre, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Seung-Deok Lee
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Dongguk University, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Jin-Bong Choi
- Department of Oriental Rehabilitation Medicine, Dongshin University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Sun-Mi Choi
- Acupuncture, Moxibustion and Meridian Research Centre, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
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Abstract
Purpose: This review article examines the prevalence, etiology, and current therapies of dry eye disease, with special focus on postmenopausal women. Method: A systematic literature search utilizing MEDLINE was conducted to identify peer-reviewed articles related to dry eye published prior to September 2008. The terms “dry eye” and “women” were searched in combination with one or more of the following words or phrases: prevalence, postmenopausal, etiology, risk factors, therapy, medications, surgery, tear film, and quality of life. Articles were selected based on their direct applicability to the subject matter. A manual search was also conducted based on citations in the published literature. Results: Epidemiologic studies identified prevalence rates ranging from 7% in the United States to 33% in Taiwan and Japan. Risk factors include advanced age, female sex, smoking, extreme heat or cold weather conditions, low relative humidity, use of video display terminals, refractive surgery, contact lens wear, and certain medications. Conclusion: The last decade has brought about a better understanding of the etiology of dry eye disease. New therapies that can alleviate the signs and symptoms of dry eye disease and, consequently, improve the quality of life of dry eye patients are available in the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny L Gayton
- Eyesight Associates, 216 Corder Road, Warner Robins, GA, USA.
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Christensen MT. Corneal staining reductions observed after treatment with Systane Lubricant Eye Drops. Adv Ther 2008; 25:1191-9. [PMID: 18972076 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-008-0112-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Because of the added emphasis on ocular surface damage included in the Dry Eye Workshop's revised definition of dry eye, an evaluation of corneal staining reductions was conducted for propylene glycol/polyethylene glycol 400-based artificial tear drops (Systane Lubricant Eye Drops; Alcon Laboratories, Fort Worth, TX, USA). METHODS An analysis was conducted on the percent change from baseline in mean corneal staining scores as reported in two previously published, randomized, double-masked, 6-week clinical studies of Systane. A descriptive comparison was also made between the outcome of the composite analysis and data obtained for Optivetrade mark Lubricant Eye Drops (Allergan, Inc., Irvine, CA, USA). Finally, results were reviewed for an open-label study that investigated corneal staining over a 5-week period after patients discontinued Systane therapy. RESULTS The composite analysis included 107 Systane-treated patients. The results showed that Systane consistently reduced corneal staining at each visit; the percent change from baseline to day 42 (exit) was 47.1% (P<0.0001). After discontinuing Systane, immediate and significant increases in corneal staining were reported by 20 patients, with an overall increase from baseline to day 35 (exit) of 195.0% (P<0.0001). CONCLUSION Evaluations of sum corneal ocular staining scores provide clinically meaningful evidence of dry eye severity, and are an important indicator of dry eye disease progression. The results of the composite analysis of two peer-reviewed studies indicate that Systane significantly reduced corneal staining (P<0.0001), indicating a reduction in the severity of dry eye. Finally, discontinuation of Systane results in a rapid increase in corneal staining that further confirms Systane's ability to maintain ocular surface health.
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