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Schuster RK, Sivakumar S. Development and Competition of Three Parasitoid Wasps, Brachymeria podagrica, Dirhinus himalayanus, and Nasonia vitripennis, in Their Host, Sarcophaga dux, in Single and Mixed Infections. Pathogens 2024; 13:572. [PMID: 39057799 PMCID: PMC11280042 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13070572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Laboratory trials were carried out to investigate the development of three entomophagous parasitoid wasps in preimaginal stages of Sarcophaga dux in monoinfections and mixed infections. Laboratory-raised postfeeding S. dux third-stage larvae were exposed to Brachymeria podagrica. After pupation, 50 of these fly puparia were brought in contact with pupal parasitoid Dirhinus himalayanus and 50 with Nasonia vitripennis, and the remaining 50 puparia were left as Brachymeria monoinfection. In three further trials, each set of 50 freshly pupated host puparia from the same source was exposed to N. vitripennis and D. himalayanus, as monoinfections and mixed infections, respectively. The uninfected control group consisted of 50 S. dux larvae that were kept separately under the same conditions. The percentages of successfully developed B. podagrica and D. himalayanus in monoinfections were 56 and 86%, respectively, and progeny of N. vitripennis hatched from 88% of the exposed host puparia. In mixed infections, N. vitripennis dominated over B. podagrica and D. himalayanus with rates of successfully infected hosts of 50 and 94%, respectively. The number of Nasonia progeny in these groups ranged from 4 to 49 and 5 to 43, respectively. Dirhinus himalayanus did not develop in the simultaneous infection with N. vitripennis. Not a single S. dux eclosed in the six experimental groups, while in the uninfected control group, 46 (92%) adult flies eclosed 11 to 14 days after the start of pupation. Since the three parasitoids emerge from flesh fly pupae, these insects can become important in criminal forensic investigations when corpses are in an advanced stage of decay. More data on their preimaginal development at different temperatures are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf K. Schuster
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai P.O. Box 597, United Arab Emirates;
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Moophayak K, Taeprayoon P, Pichtel J, Premmanee S, Phooseekaew C, Thinnok C, Avakul P, Meeinkuirt W. Necrophagous flies as bioindicators in Cd and Zn co-contaminated areas of Tak Province, Thailand. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 269:115800. [PMID: 38061082 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Necrophagous flies may be effective bioindicators of chemical substances within polluted locations, as they are sensitive to environmental changes, have large populations, and thrive in a single location over their lifespan. Diversity and abundance of necrophagous flies were determined at livestock farms contaminated with potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in Tak Province and Nakhon Sawan Province, Thailand. Substantial soil zinc (Zn) concentrations (> 1100 mg kg-1) were detected at a cattle farm at Khaothong, Nakhon Sawan Province, and soil cadmium (Cd) values were significantly elevated (> 3 mg kg-1) at a cattle farm in Pha De, Tak Province. Anthropogenic inputs including Zn mining, domestic wastewater, and certain materials used in local agriculture were point sources of PTEs at the livestock farms in the Pha De and Khaothong subdistricts. Lower temperatures and humidity during the rainy season may have resulted in increased numbers of necrophagous flies, which was 1.5 times greater compared to the dry season. However, the dry season exhibited a higher PTE buildup in fly tissue. The order of important value index (IVI) values of the necrophagous flies were: Chrysomya megacephala (56.80), Musca domestica (27.21), C. rufifacies (25.40) and Sarcophaga spp. (17.54), respectively. These necrophagous flies may play a significant role in PTE-contaminated ecosystems based on their high IVI values, suggesting that they could be used as bioindicators of PTEs. Principal component analysis (PCA) results for necrophagous flies associated with each sampling site during the dry season were consistent with flies having substantial IVI values. Musca domestica and C. megacephala of both sexes displayed substantial correlations with Cr, Al, and Mn, while females of Sarcophaga spp. displayed strong associations with Cd. At the cattle farm in Khaothong, males of M. domestica showed a significant relationship with Zn, Cu, Pb, and Ni. When considering PTE accumulation capacity in flies commonly found at field sites, C. megacephala and M. domestica are the most suitable bioindicators of PTEs. This study confirms that necrophagous flies serve as reliable bioindicators of PTE pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kittikhun Moophayak
- Medical and Agricultural Fly Research Unit, Mahidol University, Nakhonsawan Campus, Nakhonsawan 60130, Thailand
| | - Puntaree Taeprayoon
- Agricultural and Environmental Utilization Research Unit, Nakhonsawan Campus, Mahidol University, Nakhonsawan 60130, Thailand
| | - John Pichtel
- Ball State University, Environment, Geology, and Natural Resources, Muncie, IN 47306, USA
| | - Siwaporn Premmanee
- Water and Soil Environmental Research Unit, Nakhonsawan Campus, Mahidol University, Nakhonsawan 60130, Thailand
| | - Chonthicha Phooseekaew
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Kantharawichai, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand
| | - Chonthicha Thinnok
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Kantharawichai, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand
| | - Piyathap Avakul
- Academic and Curriculum Division, Mahidol University, Nakhonsawan Campus, Nakhonsawan, Thailand 60130
| | - Weeradej Meeinkuirt
- Water and Soil Environmental Research Unit, Nakhonsawan Campus, Mahidol University, Nakhonsawan 60130, Thailand.
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Schuster RK, Wibbelt G, Sivakumar S. On the life cycle of Brachymeria podagrica (Fabricius, 1787) (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) - a parasitoid of sacrophagid, calliphorid, and muscid flies. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:1317-1325. [PMID: 37004576 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07831-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
The lifecycle of Brachymeria podagrica, a parasitic wasp with a worldwide distribution, was studied under laboratory conditions using the flesh fly, Sarcophaga dux, as a host. Two hundred parasite-free 3rd instars of S. dux were exposed for 24 h to 20 female B. podagrica. In daily intervals, maggots and later pupae were examined for developmental stages of the parasitoid. The whole pre-imaginal development at a temperature of 26 °C lasted 21 to 26 days. Three morphologically different instars, followed by a prepupal and a pupal stage, were described using light and scanning electron microscopy. In a second experiment with 100 3rd stage Sarcophaga larvae and 10 parasitoids, a total of 70 wasps emerged 20 to 25 days after exposure. Two fly larvae did not pupate and dried out, while 28 pupae contained a dry or caseous content, dead wasp imagos, or their larval stages. No fly imagines emerged from exposed groups, while all 100 unexposed larvae pupated and adults eclosed between day 12 and day 14 after the start of the experiment, while the imagoes of the parasitoids appeared 8 to 12 days later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf K Schuster
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Gudrun Wibbelt
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
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Krčmar S. Diversity of flesh flies (Sarcophagidae, Sarcophaginae) of pond habitats in rural areas in the Croatian part of Baranja. Zookeys 2023; 1159:17-36. [PMID: 37213532 PMCID: PMC10193270 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1159.100878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The diversity of grey flesh flies (Sarcophagidae: Sarcophaginae) from the Croatian part of Baranja was studied during 2019 to 2021, resulting in 37 species, of which the following are new for the area: Raviniapernix (Harris, 1780); Sarcophaga (Het.) depressifrons Zetterstedt, 1845; S. (Het.) filia Rondani, 1860; S. (Het.) haemorrhoides Böttcher, 1913; S. (Het.) pumila Meigen, 1826; S. (Het.) vagans Meigen, 1826; S. (Lis.) dux Thomson, 1869; S. (Lis.) tuberosa Pandellé, 1896; S. (Meh.) sexpunctata (Fabricius, 1805); S. (Pan.) protuberans Pandellé, 1896; S. (Sar.) carnaria (Linnaeus, 1758); S. (Sar.) variegata (Scopoli, 1763), and S. (Pse.) spinosa Villeneuve, 1912. New locality records are provided for 25 species. Sarcophaga (Sar.) croatica Baranov, 1941 was the most abundant with 37%, followed by S. (Sar.) lehmanni Müller, 1922 (21%), and S. (Pas.) albiceps Meigen, 1826 (5%), making up 63% of all collected specimens. Most species (35) were collected in locality of Zmajevac, while the fewest (3) were collected in Bilje locality. During this study, S. (Pse.) spinosa was recorded in Croatia for the first time. Combined with previous records, 42 species of flesh flies have been recorded from Croatian Baranja, which comprise 27% of the flesh flies known to occur in Croatia. The total number of species of the family Sarcophagidae currently known in Croatia has increased to 156.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stjepan Krčmar
- Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 8/A, HR-31000 Osijek, CroatiaJosip Juraj Strossmayer University of OsijekOsijekCroatia
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Abd Al Galil FM, Al-Keridis LA, Al-Mekhlafi FA, Al-Amri AM, Al-Khalifa MS. First Record of Brachymeria podagrica (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) in Bisha City, Asir Region, Saudi Arabia. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:1556-1561. [PMID: 35703102 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chalcid Brachymeria podagrica (Fabricius), formerly known as Brachymeria fonscolombei (Dufour), is a parasitoid wasp that infests dipteran larvae of fly, Sarcophaga dux (Thomson), (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) recovered from the dead body of sheep in Bisha City, Asir region-Saudi Arabia. S. dux larvae were infested by B. podagrica. The first instar larvae and pupae of B. podagrica were found inside the larvae and pupae of S. dux. The adults of the parasitic wasp emerged from the pupae of the host. Adults and larvae of the parasitoid wasp were observed under a dissecting microscope. Identification was made by following the identification keys. It was confirmed that it was B. podagrica, which is herewith reported for the first time in Saudi Arabia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahd Mohammed Abd Al Galil
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Bisha, P.O. Box 551, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Thamar University, Yemen
| | - Lamya Ahmed Al-Keridis
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahd A Al-Mekhlafi
- Bioproducts Research Chair, Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Agricultural Production, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Thamar University, Yemen
| | - Abdulaziz Mohammed Al-Amri
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Bisha, P.O. Box 551, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed S Al-Khalifa
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Zhang X, Bai Y, Ngando FJ, Qu H, Shang Y, Ren L, Guo Y. Predicting the Weathering Time by the Empty Puparium of Sarcophaga peregrina (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) with the ANN Models. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13090808. [PMID: 36135509 PMCID: PMC9502838 DOI: 10.3390/insects13090808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Empty puparium are frequently collected at crime scenes and may provide valuable evidence in cases with a long postmortem interval (PMI). Here, we collected the puparium of Sarcophaga peregrina (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) for 120 days at three temperatures (10 °C, 25 °C, and 40 °C) with the aim to estimate the weathering time of empty puparium. The CHC profiles were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The partial least squares (PLS), support vector regression (SVR), and artificial neural network (ANN) models were used to estimate the weathering time. This identified 49 CHCs with a carbon chain length between 10 and 33 in empty puparium. The three models demonstrate that the variation tendency of hydrocarbon could be used to estimate the weathering time, while the ANN models show the best predictive ability among these three models. This work indicated that puparial hydrocarbon weathering has certain regularity with weathering time and can gain insight into estimating PMI in forensic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyan Zhang
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Yang Bai
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Fernand Jocelin Ngando
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Hongke Qu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Yanjie Shang
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Lipin Ren
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Yadong Guo
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
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Zhang X, Shang Y, Ren L, Qu H, Zhu G, Guo Y. A Study of Cuticular Hydrocarbons of All Life Stages in Sarcophaga peregrina (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:108-119. [PMID: 34668022 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Sarcophaga peregrina (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830), a synanthropic flesh fly species found in different parts of the world, is of medical and forensic importance. Traditional methods of inferring developmental age rely on the life stage of insects and morphological changes. However, once the larvae reach the pupal and adult stage, morphological changes would become barely visible, so that the classic method would be invalid. Here, we studied the cuticular hydrocarbon profile of S. peregrina of the whole life cycle from larval stage to adult stage by GC-MS. Sixty-three compounds with carbon chain length ranging from 8 to 36 were detected, which could be categorized into four classes: n-alkanes, branched alkanes, alkenes, and unknowns. As developmental increased, branched alkanes dominant, and the content of high-molecular-weight hydrocarbons is variable, especially for 2-methyl C19, DiMethyl C21, docosane (C22), and tricosane (C23). This study shows that the composition of CHC could be used to determine the developmental age of S. peregrina and aid in postmortem interval estimations in forensic science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyan Zhang
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yanjie Shang
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lipin Ren
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hongke Qu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Guanghui Zhu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yadong Guo
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Mathison BA, Sapp SGH. An annotated checklist of the eukaryotic parasites of humans, exclusive of fungi and algae. Zookeys 2021; 1069:1-313. [PMID: 34819766 PMCID: PMC8595220 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1069.67403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The classification of "parasites" in the medical field is a challenging notion, a group which historically has included all eukaryotes exclusive of fungi that invade and derive resources from the human host. Since antiquity, humans have been identifying and documenting parasitic infections, and this collective catalog of parasitic agents has expanded considerably with technology. As our understanding of species boundaries and the use of molecular tools has evolved, so has our concept of the taxonomy of human parasites. Consequently, new species have been recognized while others have been relegated to synonyms. On the other hand, the decline of expertise in classical parasitology and limited curricula have led to a loss of awareness of many rarely encountered species. Here, we provide a comprehensive checklist of all reported eukaryotic organisms (excluding fungi and allied taxa) parasitizing humans resulting in 274 genus-group taxa and 848 species-group taxa. For each species, or genus where indicated, a concise summary of geographic distribution, natural hosts, route of transmission and site within human host, and vectored pathogens are presented. Ubiquitous, human-adapted species as well as very rare, incidental zoonotic organisms are discussed in this annotated checklist. We also provide a list of 79 excluded genera and species that have been previously reported as human parasites but are not believed to be true human parasites or represent misidentifications or taxonomic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaine A. Mathison
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, UT, USAInstitute for Clinical and Experimental PathologySalt Lake CityUnited States of America
| | - Sarah G. H. Sapp
- Parasitic Diseases Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USACenters for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaUnited States of America
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Fuentes-López A, Pedreño Sala A, Romera E, Galián J. DNA-based and taxonomic identification of forensically important Sarcophagidae (Diptera) in southeastern Spain. Sci Justice 2021; 61:150-159. [PMID: 33736847 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Studying dipterans at the scene of a death can provide essential information for interpreting the evidence and help to reconstruct the events happened to a corpse in the past. Molecular tools have been employed for identification at specific levels in the cases of cryptic species or poorly conserved specimens. Identification of specimens is essential in forensic entomology since each species has a specific growth rate, which determines the calculation of the minimum post mortem interval (minPMI). In addition, phylogeographic reconstruction within a species can help to differentiate the haplotypes from a geographic area, thereby helping to clarify the possible relocation of a corpse. The morphological identification of Sarcophagidae species is often difficult, especially for the females. This is an important Diptera family since some of its species are among the first to reach a corpse, especially in warm areas. In this study, we compared the sarcophagids found in human corpses in forensic cases in Alicante (southeast of Spain) with specimens collected from baited traps in the same area and surrounding provinces. In total, 189 specimens were collected, comprising 72 from forensic cases and 117 from baited traps. Molecular identification was conducted by sequencing the cox1 mitochondrial gene and analyzing the sequences using ABGD, GMYC, and BIN species delimitation methods. The median joining algorithm in the PopART program was used to construct phylogeographic networks. Eight species in the family Sarcophagidae were identified. The most widely collected species were Sarcophaga argyrostoma and Sarcophaga tibialis. The haplotype networks obtained for these species did not indicate a clear geographic distribution of haplotypes. The S. argyrostoma samples from Alcoy were clearly isolated. The results demonstrated that this method is useful for identifying Sarcophagidae samples in forensic investigations and it can be employed for minPMI estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Fuentes-López
- Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física, Campus Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Región de Murcia, Spain.
| | - Aarón Pedreño Sala
- Brigada Provincial de Policía Científica, Comisaría Provincial de Policía Nacional de Alicante, Alicante 03007, Comunitat Valenciana, Spain.
| | - Elena Romera
- Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física, Campus Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Región de Murcia, Spain.
| | - José Galián
- Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física, Campus Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Región de Murcia, Spain.
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Zhang X, Li Y, Shang Y, Ren L, Chen W, Wang S, Guo Y. Development of Sarcophaga dux (diptera: Sarcophagidae) at constant temperatures and differential gene expression for age estimation of the pupae. J Therm Biol 2020; 93:102735. [PMID: 33077146 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Sarcophaga dux (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) is a necrophagous flesh fly species with potential forensic value for estimating minimum postmortem interval (PMImin). The basic developmental data and precise age estimates of the pupae are significant for PMImin estimation in forensic investigations. In the present study, we investigated the development data of that species at seven constant temperatures varying from 16 °C to 34 °C, including body length changes of the larve, developmental duration and accumulated degree hours of the preadults. Several reference genes for relative quantification of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were firstly selected and evaluated in the pupae of different ages under different temperatures. The DEGs of the insects during the pupal period at different constant temperatures (34, 25 and 16 °C) were further analyzed for more precise age estimation. The results showed that the developmental durations of the preadults at 16, 19, 22, 25, 28, 31 and 34 °C were 1478.6 ± 18.3 h, 726.1 ± 15.8 h, 538.5 ± 0.9 h, 394.1 ± 9.5 h, 375.6 ± 10.8 h, 284.1 ± 7.3 h, and 252.5 ± 6.1 h, respectively. The developmental threshold temperature the flies was 12.27 ± 0.35 °C, and the thermal summation constant was 5341.71 ± 249.29° hours. The most reliable reference genes during the pupal period at different temperatures were found: GST1 and 18S rRNA for the 34 °C group, GST1 and RPL49 for 25 °C, and 18S rRNA and 28S rRNA for 16 °C. The four differential expression genes (Hsp60, A-alpha, ARP, and RPL8) have the potential to be used for more precise age estimation of pupal S. dux. This work provides important basic developmental data and a more precise age estimation method for pupal S. dux, and improves the value of this species for PMImin estimation in forensic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyan Zhang
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Yanjie Shang
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Lipin Ren
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Shiwen Wang
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Yadong Guo
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
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Dipteran Carboxymethyl Chitosan as an Inexhaustible Derivative with a Potential Antiproliferative Activity in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:4396305. [PMID: 33062011 PMCID: PMC7539079 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4396305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Traditional folk therapies indicate that insects have diverse medicinal potentials. However, the therapeutic application of insect chitosan and its derivatives has not been explored. To investigate the application of chitosan and its derivatives, the carboxymethyl derivative of chitosan (CM-Ch) was extracted from two dipteran larvae species, Chrysomya albiceps and Sarcophaga aegyptiaca. The degree of deacetylation (DD) and CM-Ch functional groups were validated using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR), respectively. The molecular weight was estimated using MALDI-TOF MS analysis. The effect of CM-Ch on the morphology and proliferation of human liver HepG2 cancer cells was assessed. IC50 of CM-Ch induced significant growth-inhibitory effects in HepG2 cells. CM-Ch treatment altered the morphology of HepG2 in a dose-dependent manner and induced apoptosis in a caspase-dependent manner. CM-Ch treatment showed no signs of toxicity, and no alterations in liver and kidney biochemical markers were observed in albino rats. A CM-Ch derivative from commercial crustacean chitosan was used to assess the efficacy of the insect-derived CM-Ch. The data presented here introduce insect CM-Ch as a promising, inexhaustible, safe derivative of chitosan with antitumor potential in liver cancer. This is the first report highlighting the anticancer activity of insect CM-Ch in hepatocellular carcinoma cells.
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Samerjai C, Sukontason KL, Sontigun N, Sukontason K, Klong-klaew T, Chareonviriyaphap T, Kurahashi H, Klimpel S, Kochmann J, Saeung A, Somboon P, Wannasan A. Mitochondrial DNA-Based Identification of Forensically Important Flesh Flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) in Thailand. INSECTS 2019; 11:E2. [PMID: 31861293 PMCID: PMC7022518 DOI: 10.3390/insects11010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Flesh flies (Sarcophagidae) are necrophagous insects initially colonizing on a corpse. The species-specific developmental data of the flies collected from a death scene can be used to estimate the minimum postmortem interval (PMImin). Thus, the first crucial step is to correctly identify the fly species. Because of the high similarity among species of flesh flies, DNA-based identification is considered more favorable than morphology-based identification. In this study, we demonstrated the effectiveness of combined sequences (2216 to 2218 bp) of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and II genes (COI and COII) for identification of the following 14 forensically important flesh fly species in Thailand: Boettcherisca nathani Lopes, Fengia ostindicae (Senior-White), Harpagophalla kempi (Senior-White), Liopygia ruficornis (Fabricius), Lioproctia pattoni (Senior-White), Lioproctia saprianovae (Pape & Bänziger), Parasarcophaga albiceps (Meigen), Parasarcophaga brevicornis (Ho), Parasarcophaga dux (Thomson), Parasarcophaga misera (Walker), Sarcorohdendorfia antilope (Böttcher), Sarcorohdendorfia inextricata (Walker), Sarcorohdendorfia seniorwhitei (Ho) and Seniorwhitea princeps (Wiedemann). Nucleotide variations of Thai flesh flies were evenly distributed throughout the COI-COII genes. Mean intra- and interspecific variations ranged from 0.00 to 0.96% and 5.22% to 12.31%, respectively. Using Best Match (BM) and Best Close Match (BCM) criteria, identification success for the combined genes was 100%, while the All Species Barcodes (ASB) criterion showed 76.74% success. Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian Inference (BI) phylogenetic analyses yielded similar tree topologies of monophyletic clades between species with very strong support values. The achieved sequences covering 14 forensically important flesh fly species including newly submitted sequences for B. nathani, F. ostindicae and S. seniorwhitei, can serve as a reliable reference database for further forensic entomological research in Thailand and in other areas where those species occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chutharat Samerjai
- Center in Insect Vector Study, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (C.S.); (K.L.S.); (N.S.); (K.S.); (A.S.); (P.S.)
- Graduate School, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhonsithammarat 80161, Thailand;
| | - Kabkaew L. Sukontason
- Center in Insect Vector Study, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (C.S.); (K.L.S.); (N.S.); (K.S.); (A.S.); (P.S.)
| | - Narin Sontigun
- Center in Insect Vector Study, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (C.S.); (K.L.S.); (N.S.); (K.S.); (A.S.); (P.S.)
| | - Kom Sukontason
- Center in Insect Vector Study, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (C.S.); (K.L.S.); (N.S.); (K.S.); (A.S.); (P.S.)
| | - Tunwadee Klong-klaew
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhonsithammarat 80161, Thailand;
| | | | - Hiromu Kurahashi
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan;
| | - Sven Klimpel
- Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str.13; Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SbiK-F), 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (S.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Judith Kochmann
- Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str.13; Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SbiK-F), 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (S.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Atiporn Saeung
- Center in Insect Vector Study, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (C.S.); (K.L.S.); (N.S.); (K.S.); (A.S.); (P.S.)
| | - Pradya Somboon
- Center in Insect Vector Study, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (C.S.); (K.L.S.); (N.S.); (K.S.); (A.S.); (P.S.)
| | - Anchalee Wannasan
- Center in Insect Vector Study, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (C.S.); (K.L.S.); (N.S.); (K.S.); (A.S.); (P.S.)
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13
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Case Report of Human Intestinal Myiasis Caused by Lucilia illustris. ARCHIVES OF CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2016. [DOI: 10.5812/archcid.36306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Sarcophaga (Liosarcophaga) tibialis Macquart 1851 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae): micromorphology of preimaginal stages of a fly of medical and veterinary interest. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:4031-50. [PMID: 26227140 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4631-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Sarcophagids are a large family of Diptera, with a worldwide distribution. They are related to decomposing organic matter and are very interesting for health science and in forensic cases since many species produce myiasis and occur in human corpses. This family is considered difficult to study, particularly with regard to their immature stages, to which little attention has been paid. Genus Sarcophaga Meigen, 1826 is composed of species of very similar morphology, making very difficult to distinguish. Knowledge of the immature stages of this genus is important because such stages occupy the greater part of the life cycle, so that establishing a basis for their identification will increase their usefulness in systematic and applied sciences. This contribution presents a detailed study of the morphological features, both external and internal, of the preimaginal stages of Sarcophaga (Liosarcophaga) tibialis Macquart, 1851, providing a taxonomical context for the correct identification of Liosarcophaga species of forensic interest in the Iberian Peninsula. Both light and scanning electron microscopy were applied. Complete descriptions of every stage are provided and illustrated, and their usefulness for species comparison, taking into account our uneven knowledge of morphologically immature stages of this subgenus, is indicated. Features of the cephalopharyngeal skeleton, such as the shape of the mouth hook and the intermediate and basal sclerites, and external morphology, such as the pattern of spinose band and anterior and posterior spiracles, proved useful for separating species. Finally, tentative identification keys based on light microscopy observation to distinguish S. (L.) tibialis from other species of forensic interest belonging to Liosarcophaga subgenus are proposed for every immature stage.
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15
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Yan J, Liao H, Zhu Z, Xie K, Guo Y, Cai J. The complete mitochondria genome of Parasarcophaga similis (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal 2014; 27:1642-3. [PMID: 25211091 DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2014.958708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The complete mitochondrial genome of Parasarcophaga similis collected from China was determined using PCR reactions. The mitogenome was 15,158 bp in length with a total A + T content of 76.4%, consisting of 22 transfer RNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes and a control region. The gene contents of the mitogenome were identical to those observed in other insects. The overall base compositions of A, G, C and T were 39.54%, 9.43%, 14.20% and 36.83%, respectively. This paper aimed to improve and perfect dipteran mitochondrial genomes and provided the first complete mitochondrial genome of Parasarcophaga similis for entomologists as a potential tool for application of phylogenetic analysis and forensic entomology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yan
- a Department of Forensic Science , School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University , Changsha , Hunan , China
| | - Huidan Liao
- a Department of Forensic Science , School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University , Changsha , Hunan , China
| | - Zhenyu Zhu
- a Department of Forensic Science , School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University , Changsha , Hunan , China
| | - Kai Xie
- a Department of Forensic Science , School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University , Changsha , Hunan , China
| | - Yadong Guo
- a Department of Forensic Science , School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University , Changsha , Hunan , China
| | - Jifeng Cai
- a Department of Forensic Science , School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University , Changsha , Hunan , China
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