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Gil Archila E, Rojas-Bautista F, Garcia N, Carvajal Vasquez JA. A promising blueberry from Colombia: antioxidant activity, nutritional and phytochemical composition of Cavendishia nitida (Kunth) A.C.Sm. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09448. [PMID: 35647343 PMCID: PMC9130545 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Many Neotropical representatives of Ericaceae have fruits with antioxidant activity and high nutritional value. However, in Colombia, these fruits are little consumed and are considered underutilized. One such example is the berries of Cavendishia nitida (Kunth) A.C.Sm. In this study, the nutritional value, the total phenolic, flavonoid and anthocyanin contents, and antioxidant activity of C. nitida fruit were performed. From the leaves, an ethanolic extract was made, which was then fractioned to measure its antioxidant activity and analyze its chemical composition. The results indicate that the fruit of C. nitida can be classified as potentially edible, due to its minerals and vitamins contents. Five anthocyanins were detected in the berries; while in the leaves extract six terpenes and one flavonol were identified. The ethyl acetate fraction of the leaves extract exhibited strong antioxidant activity with the DPPH• and ABTS•+ radicals tested. We also found a strong correlation between the total phenolic and flavonoid contents and the values of percentage of inhibition of DPPH• and ABTS•+ in all the samples tested. The results of this study suggest that the berries of C. nitida are promising as edible fruits, and beneficial for human and animal health. However, even though the communities of the region use this berry as food, the toxicity of fruits must be evaluated to confirm that their consumption is safe for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Gil Archila
- Grupo de Investigación en Fitoquímica, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, P. O. Box 111321, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Felipe Rojas-Bautista
- Grupo de Investigación en Fitoquímica, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, P. O. Box 111321, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Nestor Garcia
- Unidad de Ecología y Sistemática, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, P. O. Box 111321, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Jorge Andres Carvajal Vasquez
- Unidad de Ecología y Sistemática, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, P. O. Box 111321, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
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Lanuza F, Zamora-Ros R, Petermann-Rocha F, Martínez-Sanguinetti MA, Troncoso-Pantoja C, Labraña AM, Leiva-Ordoñez AM, Nazar G, Ramírez-Alarcón K, Ulloa N, Lasserre-Laso N, Parra-Soto S, Martorell M, Villagrán M, Garcia-Diaz DF, Andrés-Lacueva C, Celis-Morales C. Advances in Polyphenol Research from Chile: A Literature Review. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.2009508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Lanuza
- Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomics Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Food Technology Reference Net (XaRTA), Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Epidemiología Cardiovascular y Nutricional (EPICYN), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - R Zamora-Ros
- Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomics Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Food Technology Reference Net (XaRTA), Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Petermann-Rocha
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - C Troncoso-Pantoja
- Centro de Investigación en Educación y Desarrollo (CIEDE-UCSC), Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - AM Labraña
- Departamento de Nutrición y Dietética, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - AM Leiva-Ordoñez
- Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - G Nazar
- Departamento de Psicología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, y Centro de Vida Saludable. Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - K Ramírez-Alarcón
- Departamento de Nutrición y Dietética, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - N Ulloa
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Facultad de Farmacia, y Centro de Vida Saludable, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - N Lasserre-Laso
- Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás, Los Ángeles, Chile
| | - S Parra-Soto
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - M Martorell
- Departamento de Nutrición y Dietética, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - M Villagrán
- Department of Basic Science, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - DF Garcia-Diaz
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia, 1027 Santiago, Chile
| | - C Andrés-Lacueva
- Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomics Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Food Technology Reference Net (XaRTA), Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Celis-Morales
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Centro de Investigación en Fisiología del Ejercicio (CIFE), Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratorio de Rendimiento Humano, Grupo de Estudio en Educación, Actividad Física y Salud (GEEAFyS), Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
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Fernández-Galleguillos C, Quesada-Romero L, Puerta A, Padrón JM, Souza E, Romero-Parra J, Simirgiotis MJ. UHPLC-MS Chemical Fingerprinting and Antioxidant, Antiproliferative, and Enzyme Inhibition Potential of Gaultheria pumila Berries. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11080523. [PMID: 34436464 PMCID: PMC8401902 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11080523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gaultheria pumila (Ericaceae) (known as Chaura or Mutilla) is a Chilean native small shrub that produces berry fruits consumed by local Mapuche people. In this study, the chemical fingerprinting and antioxidant, enzyme inhibition, and antiproliferative activities of the berries were investigated for the first time. Thirty-six metabolites were identified in the fruits by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detection, hyphenated with Orbitrap mass spectrometry analysis (UHPLC-DAD-Orbitrap-MS). Metabolites, included anthocyanins, phenolic acids, flavonoids, iridoids, diterpenes, and fatty acids. Moderate inhibitory activities against acetylcholinesterase (7.7 ± 0.3 µg/mL), butyrylcholinesterase (34.5 ± 0.5 µg/mL), and tyrosinase (3.3 ± 0.2 µg/mL) enzymes were found. Moreover, selected major compounds were subjected to docking assays in light of their experimental inhibition. Results indicated that hydrogen bonding, π–π interaction, and a salt bridge interaction contributed significantly. Gaultheria pumila berries showed a total phenolic content of 189.2 ± 0.2 mg of gallic acid equivalents/g, total flavonoid content of 51.8 ± 0.1 mg quercetin equivalents/g, and total anthocyanin content of 47.3 ± 0.2 mg of cianydin-3-glucoside equivalents/g. Antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH (92.8 ± 0.1 µg/mL), FRAP (134.1 ± 0.1 μmol Trolox equivalents/g), and ORAC (4251.6 ± 16.9 μmol Trolox equivalents/g) assays. Conversely, Gaultheria pumila showed a scarce antiproliferative potential against several solid human cancer cells. Our findings suggest that Gaultheria pumila berries have several bioactive metabolites with inhibitory effects against acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, and tyrosinase, and have the potential for use in food supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Fernández-Galleguillos
- Instituto de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia 5090000, Chile;
| | - Luisa Quesada-Romero
- Facultad de Ciencias Para el Cuidado de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Correspondence: (L.Q.-R.); (M.J.S.); Tel.: +56-632632811 (L.Q.-R.)
| | - Adrián Puerta
- BioLab, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González (IUBO-AG), Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Spain; (A.P.); (J.M.P.)
| | - José M. Padrón
- BioLab, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González (IUBO-AG), Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Spain; (A.P.); (J.M.P.)
| | - Ernane Souza
- The Lloyd L. Gregory School of Pharmacy, Palm Beach Atlantic University, West Palm Beach, FL 33401, USA;
| | - Javier Romero-Parra
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Olivos 1007, Casilla 233, Santiago 6640022, Chile;
| | - Mario J. Simirgiotis
- Instituto de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia 5090000, Chile;
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Correspondence: (L.Q.-R.); (M.J.S.); Tel.: +56-632632811 (L.Q.-R.)
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Michel P, Granica S, Rosińska K, Rojek J, Poraj Ł, Olszewska MA. Biological and chemical insight into Gaultheria procumbens fruits: a rich source of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant salicylate glycosides and procyanidins for food and functional application. Food Funct 2020; 11:7532-7544. [PMID: 32812975 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01750g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The fruits of Gaultheria procumbens are traditionally used for culinary and healing purposes as anti-inflammatory agents. In the present work, the active components of the fruits were identified (UHPLC-PDA-ESI-MS3, preparative HPLC isolation, and NMR structural studies), and their biological capacity was evaluated in vitro in cell-based and non-cellular models. The fruits were revealed to be the richest known dietary source of salicylates (38.5 mg per g fruit dw). They are also rich in procyanidins (28.5 mg per g fruit dw). Among five tested solvents, acetone was the most efficient in concentrating the phenolic matrix (39 identified compounds; 191.3 mg g-1, 121.7 mg g-1, and 50.9 mg g-1 dry extract for total phenolics, salicylates, and procyanidins, respectively). In comparison to positive controls (dexamethasone, indomethacin, and quercetin), the extract (AE) and pure salicylates exhibited strong inhibitory activity towards pro-inflammatory enzymes (cyclooxygenase-2 and hyaluronidase). The analytes were found to be non-cytotoxic (flow cytometry) towards human neutrophils ex vivo. Moreover, they significantly, in a dose-dependent manner, downregulated the release of ROS, TNF-α, IL-1β, and elastase-2 and slightly inhibited the secretion of IL-8 and metalloproteinase-9 in the cells. The observed effects might support the usage of G. procumbens fruits as functional components of an anti-inflammatory diet and indicate the potential of AE for use in adjuvant treatment of inflammatory disorders cross-linked with oxidative stress and associated with the excessive production of TNF-α, IL-1β, and elastase-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Michel
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1 St., 90-151 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Sebastian Granica
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Warsaw Medical University, 1 Banacha St., Warsaw 02-097, Poland
| | - Karolina Rosińska
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1 St., 90-151 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Jarosław Rojek
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1 St., 90-151 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Poraj
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1 St., 90-151 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Monika Anna Olszewska
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1 St., 90-151 Lodz, Poland.
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Mieres-Castro D, Schmeda-Hirschmann G, Theoduloz C, Rojas A, Piderit D, Jiménez-Aspee F. Isolation and characterization of secondary metabolites from Gaultheria tenuifolia berries. J Food Sci 2020; 85:2792-2802. [PMID: 32812218 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Gaultheria berries (Ericaceae) are consumed as food or used in folk medicine throughout the world. In the present study, Gaultheria tenuifolia berries were studied to describe their polyphenol and iridoid composition, aroma volatiles, and cytoprotective effects. In total, 14 metabolites were isolated using a combination of countercurrent chromatography and Sephadex LH-20, namely, cyanidin-3-O-β-galactoside, cyanidin-3-O-β-arabinoside, 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 5-O-caffeoylshikimic acid, quercetin, quercetin-3-O-β-glucuronide, quercetin-3-O-β-rutinoside, quercetin-3-O-β-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-β-arabinoside, quercetin-3-O-β-rhamnoside, 6α-hydroxydihydromonotropein-10-trans-cinnamate, monotropein-10-trans-cinnamate, and an (epi)-catechin dimer and trimer. Other flavan-3-ols, proanthocyanidins, and iridoids were tentatively identified by spectroscopic and spectrometric means in the fruit extracts. The tentative volatile organic compound characterization pointed to methyl salicylate as responsible for the aroma of this species. The extracts showed significant cytoprotective effects in an oxidative stress model in human gastric epithelial cells. This is the first report on the isolation, characterization, and potential biological activity of secondary metabolites from G. tenuifolia berries and insights on its possible application as a functional food. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Berries are desirable fruit species because of their phytochemical composition and pleasant taste. Gaultheria berries are special due to their high content of iridoids and the presence of salicylic acid derivatives. Aroma of native berries is relevant for the development of new products reflecting the local identity and use of fruits. The present work involves cooperation of academia and industry on the constituents of the native products. The results provided in this article could be useful for the introduction of this species in the food and nutraceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mieres-Castro
- Laboratorio de Química de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Química de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Talca, Campus Lircay, Talca, 3460000, Chile
| | - Guillermo Schmeda-Hirschmann
- Laboratorio de Química de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Química de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Talca, Campus Lircay, Talca, 3460000, Chile
| | - Cristina Theoduloz
- Laboratorio de Cultivo Celular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Talca, Campus Lircay, Talca, 3460000, Chile
| | - Ana Rojas
- Carlos Cramer Productos Aromáticos, S.A.C.I., Lucerna 4925, Cerrillos, Santiago, 9230049, Chile
| | - Daniela Piderit
- Carlos Cramer Productos Aromáticos, S.A.C.I., Lucerna 4925, Cerrillos, Santiago, 9230049, Chile
| | - Felipe Jiménez-Aspee
- Laboratorio de Química de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Química de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Talca, Campus Lircay, Talca, 3460000, Chile.,Department of Food Biofunctionality, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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Schmeda-Hirschmann G, Jiménez-Aspee F, Theoduloz C, Ladio A. Patagonian berries as native food and medicine. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 241:111979. [PMID: 31153864 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.111979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Patagonia is the southernmost part of the South American continent including Chile and Argentina. Berries and wild fruits have been gathered by the native Patagonians as food and medicine for over 14,000 years. The economic potential of the native berries as health promoting and relevant sources of bioactive substances has become apparent with several studies in the last decades. AIM OF STUDY This work aims to provide an insight into the ethnohistorical records of wild edible fruits from Patagonia starting with the archeobotanical studies to the contemporary use of the resources. The chemical and bioactivity studies on the native fruits are presented and discussed. METHODOLOGY A search of electronic databases including Scopus, Scielo, Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect and SciFinder, as well as hand-search was carried out to perform an integrative review on the native Patagonian berries. RESULTS The use of native berries as food and medicine by the ancient hunter-gatherer societies can be traced back to the early occupation of Patagonia. The same species used in prehistoric times are still used as food by the contemporary population in this area. Chemical and bioactivity studies have reported remarkable activities in several of the native berries, including calafate (Berberis spp.), native strawberry (Fragaria chiloensis), currants (Ribes spp.), Patagonian raspberries (Rubus spp.) and maqui (Aristotelia chilensis) fruits. The increasing demand for maqui and calafate led to the selection of varieties for commercial production. The fruit constituents show strong antioxidant and inhibitory effect towards enzymes associated with metabolic syndrome, including α-amylase, α-glucosidase and lipase. Some berry constituents exert anti-inflammatory effects in vitro. The phytochemicals identified include a wide array of phenolics of different structural skeletons. Changes in composition and bioactivity after simulated gastric and intestinal digestion, as well as colonic fermentation, have been reported in some Patagonian species. CONCLUSIONS Patagonian berries are a relevant source of bioactive compounds with several health promoting properties. The long tradition of use and the interest of the population for their consumption has led to the development of some of this fruits as new potential crops. The ethnobotanical evidence shows a shared knowledge among the different indigenous communities on plant uses according to the local resources, and an integration of the ancient knowledge into the contemporary society. Other species are being investigated to get a more complete picture of the food and medicinal plants from Patagonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Schmeda-Hirschmann
- Laboratorio de Química de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Química de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Talca, 3460000, Talca, Chile; Fraunhofer Chile Research Foundation, Centre for Systems Biotechnology (FCR-CSB), Av. del Cóndor 844, Huechuraba, Santiago de Chile, Chile.
| | - Felipe Jiménez-Aspee
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Cristina Theoduloz
- Laboratorio de Cultivo Celular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Talca, 3460000, Talca, Chile
| | - Ana Ladio
- Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA (CONICET), Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
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Mieres-Castro D, Schmeda-Hirschmann G, Theoduloz C, Gómez-Alonso S, Pérez-Navarro J, Márquez K, Jiménez-Aspee F. Antioxidant activity and the isolation of polyphenols and new iridoids from Chilean Gaultheria phillyreifolia and G. poeppigii berries. Food Chem 2019; 291:167-179. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Garcia-Gonzales R, Pico-Mendoza J, Quiroz K, Carrasco B, Cáceres P, Chong-Perez B, Pino H, Seiltgens M, Greck E, Caligari PDS. Development and characterization of microsatellite markers in Gaultheria pumila Lf. (Ericaceae). Biol Res 2018; 51:42. [PMID: 30384861 PMCID: PMC6211410 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-018-0193-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed for Gaultheria pumila (Ericaceae) to evaluate genetic diversity and population structure within its native range in Chile. This is a very important Ericaceae endemic to Chile with a large commercial potential. Its resistance to different abiotic conditions makes it a valuable target for genetic improvement. RESULTS Ten polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci were isolated from Gaultheria pumila using new-generation 454 FLX Titanium pyrosequencing technology. The mean number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 4. Observed and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.00 to 1.0 and 0.00 to 0.64, respectively. CONCLUSIONS From 10 SSR markers developed for G. pumila, 9 markers are promising candidates for analyzing genetic variation within or between natural populations of G. pumila and other species from the same genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolando Garcia-Gonzales
- Sociedad de Investigación y Servicios, BioTECNOS Ltda, 49 ½ Oriente, 2385, Parque del Sol, Talca, Chile.
| | - José Pico-Mendoza
- Facultad de Ingeniería Agronómica, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo, Manabí, Ecuador. .,Centro de Biotecnología de los Recursos Naturales, Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Católica del Maule, Campus San Miguel, Av. San Miguel 3605, Casilla 617, Talca, Chile. .,Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile.
| | - Karla Quiroz
- Centro de Biotecnología de los Recursos Naturales, Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Católica del Maule, Campus San Miguel, Av. San Miguel 3605, Casilla 617, Talca, Chile.
| | - Basilio Carrasco
- Facultad de Agronomía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Pablo Cáceres
- Centro de Biotecnología de los Recursos Naturales, Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Católica del Maule, Campus San Miguel, Av. San Miguel 3605, Casilla 617, Talca, Chile
| | - Borys Chong-Perez
- Sociedad de Investigación y Servicios, BioTECNOS Ltda, 49 ½ Oriente, 2385, Parque del Sol, Talca, Chile
| | - Hugo Pino
- Centro de Biotecnología de los Recursos Naturales, Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Católica del Maule, Campus San Miguel, Av. San Miguel 3605, Casilla 617, Talca, Chile
| | - Marjorie Seiltgens
- Sociedad de Investigación y Servicios, BioTECNOS Ltda, 49 ½ Oriente, 2385, Parque del Sol, Talca, Chile.,Centro de Biotecnología de los Recursos Naturales, Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Católica del Maule, Campus San Miguel, Av. San Miguel 3605, Casilla 617, Talca, Chile
| | - Eglis Greck
- Centro de Biotecnología de los Recursos Naturales, Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Católica del Maule, Campus San Miguel, Av. San Miguel 3605, Casilla 617, Talca, Chile
| | - Peter D S Caligari
- Verdant BioScience Pte. Ltda, 18, Duxton Hill, Singapore, 089601, Singapore
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