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Yang S, Zhang D, Ji Z, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Chen X, He Y, Lu X, Li R, Guo Y, Shen Q, Ji L, Wang X, Li Y, Zhang W. Viral Metagenomics Reveals Diverse Viruses in Tissue Samples of Diseased Pigs. Viruses 2022; 14:v14092048. [PMID: 36146854 PMCID: PMC9500892 DOI: 10.3390/v14092048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The swine industry plays an essential role in agricultural production in China. Diseases, especially viral diseases, affect the development of the pig industry and threaten human health. However, at present, the tissue virome of diseased pigs has rarely been studied. Using the unbiased viral metagenomic approach, we investigated the tissue virome in sick pigs (respiratory symptoms, reproductive disorders, high fever, diarrhea, weight loss, acute death and neurological symptoms) collected from farms of Anhui, Jiangsu and Sichuan Province, China. The eukaryotic viruses identified belonged to the families Anelloviridae, Arteriviridae, Astroviridae, Flaviviridae, Circoviridae and Parvoviridae; prokaryotic virus families including Siphoviridae, Myoviridae and Podoviridae occupied a large proportion in some samples. This study provides valuable information for understanding the tissue virome in sick pigs and for the monitoring, preventing, and treating of viral diseases in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixing Yang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Dianqi Zhang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Zexuan Ji
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yuyang Zhang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xu Chen
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yumin He
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xiang Lu
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Rong Li
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yufei Guo
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Quan Shen
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Likai Ji
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yu Li
- College of Animal Sciences and Techologies, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- Correspondence:
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Mukherjee P, Karam A, Chakraborty A, Baruah S, Pegu R, Das S, Milton A, Puro K, Sanjukta R, Ghatak S, Shakuntala I, Laha R, Sen A. Identification of a novel cluster of PCV2 isolates from Meghalaya, India indicates possible recombination along with changes in capsid protein. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 71:7-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Yao J, Qin Y, Zeng Y, Ouyang K, Chen Y, Huang W, Wei Z. Genetic analysis of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) strains between 2002 and 2016 reveals PCV2 mutant predominating in porcine population in Guangxi, China. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:118. [PMID: 31023307 PMCID: PMC6482503 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1859-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine circovirus 2-associated disease (PCVAD) is acknowledged as one of the most economically important diseases for the swine industry worldwide. The aim of this study was to characterize and determine the genetic diversity of PCV2 in the porcine population of Guangxi, China. Methods The full length genome and open reading frame 2 (ORF2) of 95 PCV2 strains collected from the tissues and sera of pigs that had either died as a result of PCVAD or did not exhibit disease symptoms were analyzed. Results The results of multiple sequence alignments showed that there is considerable diversity among the PCV2 ORF2 sequences. Phylogenetic analyses based on the complete genome showed that current PCV2 strains in this study could be divided into PCV2a (1/95), PCV2b (39/95), PCV2d (43/95), PCV2e (10/95) and PCV2h (2/95). Among the 5 sub-genotypes, PCV2b was dominant in the porcine population from 2002 to 2008. The newly identified sub-genotype, PCV2d, was seen from 2003 and has increased every year. PCV2b and PCV2d formed two predominant genetic groups circulating in southern China between 2009 and 2013 and the sub-genotype PCV2d has become the dominant virus in China since 2014. Conclusions This study reveals the complex genetic diversity of PCV2 and improves our understanding regarding the epidemiological trends of PCV2 sub-genotypes in China. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-019-1859-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yao
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanran Qin
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zeng
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, People's Republic of China
| | - Kang Ouyang
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Chen
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijian Huang
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zuzhang Wei
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, People's Republic of China.
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Liu X, Wei H, Liao S, Ye J, Zhu L, Xu Z. MicroRNA transcriptome analysis of porcine vital organ responses to immunosuppressive porcine cytomegalovirus infection. Virol J 2018; 15:16. [PMID: 29347945 PMCID: PMC5774105 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-0922-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV) is an immunosuppressive virus that mainly inhibits T-lymphocyte and macrophage immune functions; it has significantly damaged the farming industry. Although recent studies have shown that miRNAs play important roles in immune responses, the regulatory mechanisms of miRNAs during immunosuppressive virus infection remain unclear. Methods In this study, porcine small-RNA transcriptomes of PCMV-infected and uninfected vital organs were first characterised by high-throughput sequencing. miRDeep2 software was used to predict novel pig-encoded miRNAs. To verify the accuracy of the high-throughput sequencing results, stem-loop qRT-PCR was performed on 12 significantly DE miRNAs. The physical and functional interactions between the immune-related target genes of the DE miRNAs in PCMV-infected organs were analysed using the STRING database. Results In total, 306 annotated and 295 novel miRNAs were identified from PCMV-infected and uninfected porcine organs, respectively, through alignment with known Sus scrofa pre-miRNAs. Overall, 92, 107, 95, 77 and 111 miRNAs were significantly differentially expressed in lung, liver, spleen, kidney and thymus after PCMV infection, respectively. According to Gene Ontology enrichment analysis, target genes of the differentially expressed miRNAs associated with immune system processes, regulation of biological processes and metabolic processes were enriched in every sample. Integrated expression analysis of the differentially expressed miRNAs and their target mRNAs in PCMV-infected thymus showed that the significant differential expression of specific miRNAs under the pressure of PCMV infection in central immune organs interfered with the expression of genes involved in important immune-related signalling pathways, thus promoting the viral infection. Conclusions This is the first comprehensive analysis of the responses of host small-RNA transcriptomes to PCMV infection in vital porcine organs. It provides new insights into the regulatory mechanisms of miRNAs during infection by immunosuppressive viruses. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12985-018-0922-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- Southwest University, College of Animal Science and technology, Chongqing, 400715, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province and Animal Biotechnology Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, 211#Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610000, China
| | - Haoche Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Shan Liao
- Southwest University, College of Animal Science and technology, Chongqing, 400715, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province and Animal Biotechnology Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, 211#Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610000, China
| | - Jianheng Ye
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510180, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province and Animal Biotechnology Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, 211#Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610000, China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province and Animal Biotechnology Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, 211#Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610000, China.
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5
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Yang S, Yin S, Shang Y, Liu B, Yuan L, Zafar Khan MU, Liu X, Cai J. Phylogenetic and genetic variation analyses of porcine circovirus type 2 isolated from China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65:e383-e392. [PMID: 29150903 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is a causative agent of PCV2-associated disease, which is a growing problem in the swine industry worldwide. High nucleotide substitution occurs in the capsid (Cap) gene of PCV2, which allows the continuous evolution and the emergence of novel PCV2 strains. In this study, we sequenced 24 Chinese PCV2 strains collected from healthy and diseased pigs between 2013 and 2015. Analyses of the genome, Cap and phylogeny classified the 24 Chinese PCV2 strains as PCV-2a (four of 24), PCV-2b (five of 24) and PCV-2d (15 of 24). All strains shared 89.5%-100% and 87.2%-100% identities with the nucleotide and amino acid (aa) sequences of Cap, respectively. Selection pressure analysis showed that five sites at the epitope regions in Cap were under positive selection. Further analysis by Jameson-Wolf antigenic index indicated that aa substitutions occurring at the epitope regions contributed to the antigenic alterations of the different PCV2 strains. High genetic variation and genotype shift to PCV2d occurred in recent years, and different genotypes coexisted in Chinese pig herds. The data provide evidence for the increased genetic diversity and insights into the molecular epidemiology of PCV2.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yanzhou, China
| | - S Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yanzhou, China
| | - Y Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yanzhou, China
| | - B Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yanzhou, China
| | - L Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yanzhou, China
| | - M U Zafar Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yanzhou, China
| | - X Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yanzhou, China
| | - J Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yanzhou, China
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Kouokam Fotso GB, Bernard C, Bigault L, de Boisséson C, Mankertz A, Jestin A, Grasland B. The expression level of gC1qR is down regulated at the early time of infection with porcine circovirus of type 2 (PCV-2) and gC1qR interacts differently with the Cap proteins of porcine circoviruses. Virus Res 2016; 220:21-32. [PMID: 27063333 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Porcine circoviruses (PCV) are small, non-enveloped single-stranded DNA-viruses. Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) is the causal agent of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) whereas porcine circovirus of type 1 (PCV-1) is non- pathogenic. gC1qR is a membrane-located receptor of the complement protein subunit C1q and interacts with PCV capsid proteins. The mechanisms associated with the triggering of PMWS are not well known and gC1qR may have a role in the life cycle and eventually in the pathogenicity of PCV. The objectives of this study were to determine the level of expression of gC1qR during early PCV-2 infection, to determine the region of PCV-2 capsid protein (Cap) required for the interaction with gC1qR and to evaluate the interaction of gC1qR with Cap proteins of different PCV strains. The results indicate that gC1qR transcripts are downregulated in the tonsils and the tracheo-bronchial lymph nodes of piglets infected by PCV-2 at the early time of the infection. The N-terminal amino acids (a.a. 1-59) of PCV-2b Cap, an arginine rich region, are involved in the interaction with gC1qR. Porcine gC1qR interacts with Cap proteins of two pathogenic viral strains, PCV-2a and PCV-2b, while interaction has been observed with only one Cap protein of two investigated strains of PCV-1. The amino acids 30 and 49 of PCV-1Cap, solely, were not responsible of the difference of interaction observed. We have also shown that gC1qR interacts strongly with PCV-2Caps and PCV-1 GER Cap. This result suggests that the different interaction of gC1qR with PCV Cap proteins may have an impact on the pathogenicity of the PCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Baudry Kouokam Fotso
- Anses, Laboratory of Ploufragan/Plouzané, Unit of viral genetic and biosafety, Ploufragan, France
| | - Cécilia Bernard
- Anses, Laboratory of Ploufragan/Plouzané, Unit of viral genetic and biosafety, Ploufragan, France
| | - Lionel Bigault
- Anses, Laboratory of Ploufragan/Plouzané, Unit of viral genetic and biosafety, Ploufragan, France
| | - Claire de Boisséson
- Anses, Laboratory of Ploufragan/Plouzané, Unit of viral genetic and biosafety, Ploufragan, France
| | - Annette Mankertz
- Robert Koch institute, Division of viral infection, Berlin, Germany
| | - André Jestin
- Anses, Laboratory of Ploufragan/Plouzané, Unit of viral genetic and biosafety, Ploufragan, France
| | - Béatrice Grasland
- Anses, Laboratory of Ploufragan/Plouzané, Unit of viral genetic and biosafety, Ploufragan, France.
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Huynh TML, Nguyen BH, Nguyen VG, Dang HA, Mai TN, Tran THG, Ngo MH, Le VT, Vu TN, Ta TKC, Vo VH, Kim HK, Park BK. Phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses of porcine circovirus type 2 among pig farms in Vietnam. Transbound Emerg Dis 2013; 61:e25-34. [PMID: 23414511 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study demonstrated the prevalence of Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) among pig farms in Vietnam. Analyses of the genome, capsid protein and phylogeny classified all 30 Vietnamese PCV2 strains as the PCV2b genotype, belonging to the clusters of 1A, 1B, 1C and recombinant forms. Each viral genome was 1767 nucleotides long and shared 96.0-100% nucleotide sequence identity. The amino acid substitutions in the capsid protein of the Vietnamese PCV2 strains were in immunodominant regions, and the majority of strains (24/30) contained a lysine extension at the C-terminus. Bayesian phylogeographic analysis revealed epidemic links of the PCV2 recombinant cluster within and among countries, which supports a circulating recombinant form of PCV2. Further analysis by the Jameson-Wolf antigenic index indicated antigenic alterations at important sites in the capsid protein (sites 131-133) among the recombinant cluster and the other clusters of PCV2b.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M L Huynh
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hanoi University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Identification of an emerging recombinant cluster in porcine circovirus type 2. Virus Res 2012; 165:95-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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9
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Sinha A, Lin K, Hemann M, Shen H, Beach NM, Ledesma C, Meng XJ, Wang C, Halbur PG, Opriessnig T. ORF1 but not ORF2 dependent differences are important for in vitro replication of PCV2 in porcine alveolar macrophages singularly or coinfected with PRRSV. Vet Microbiol 2012; 158:95-103. [PMID: 22406345 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate cytokine expression and in vitro replication of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs) emphasizing PCV2 open-reading frame (ORF) origin (PCV2a or PCV2b) and PRRSV strain. Chimeric PCV2 viruses composed of different combinations of ORF1 and ORF2 of PCV2a or PCV2b (chimera PCV2a-2b and chimera PCV2b-2a) were constructed and five different PRRSV isolates were utilized: Type 1 (SD 01-08) or type 2 (NC16845b, VR-2332, MN-184, JA-142). PAMs were infected singularly or with combinations of PCV2b, PCV2a, chimera PCV2a-2b, and chimera PCV2b-2a, and one of the five PRRSV isolates. Real-time PCR was used to test PAMs (PCV2 mRNA) and supernatants (PRRSV RNA, PCV2 DNA, PCV2 mRNA) harvested at 24, 48, 72 and 96h post inoculation (hpi). Levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-10 were determined by quantitative ELISAs. PCV2 replication in PAMs was limited to groups inoculated with PCV2 strains containing ORF1 of PCV2a (PCV2a, chimera PCV2a-2b). Furthermore, in supernatants, PCV2 mRNA was only detected in groups coinfected with PRRSV regardless of strain at 48hpi supporting an enhancing effect of PRRSV on PCV2 infection. Changes in cytokine levels were minimal and associated with PRRSV strain for TNF-α. In summary, in vitro differences in PCV2 replication in PAMs inoculated with different PCV2-PRRSV combinations were independent of PCV2 ORF2 origin with minimal effects of concurrent PRRSV infection perhaps indicating that PCV2-specific changes in ORF1 may be more important than those in ORF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avanti Sinha
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1250, USA
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Population dynamics and ORF3 gene evolution of porcine circovirus type 2 circulating in Korea. Arch Virol 2012; 157:799-810. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1234-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Naked PCV-2 cloned genomic DNA is infectious by mucosal (intratracheal or oro-nasal) inoculation. Virus Res 2012; 165:90-4. [PMID: 22265995 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Revised: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) is involved in several diseases named porcine circovirus-associated diseases and is transmitted by oro-faecal route. In this study we inoculated porcine-circovirus free piglets by mucosal routes (intratracheal or oro-nasal routes) with a plasmid carrying two copies of PCV-2 genomic DNA and compared the results to the intramuscular route. We observed that this PCV-2 naked DNA serves as template for viral replication and infectious PCV-2 particles are detected in the whole body after parenteral (intramuscular) or mucosal (intratracheal or oro-nasal) delivery. These results suggest that PCV-2 genome could play a role in in vivo transmission.
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