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Daniels VA, Luo J, Paller CJ, Kanayama M. Therapeutic Approaches to Targeting Androgen Receptor Splice Variants. Cells 2024; 13:104. [PMID: 38201308 PMCID: PMC10778271 DOI: 10.3390/cells13010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic options for advanced prostate cancer have vastly expanded over the last decade and will continue to expand in the future. Drugs targeting the androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathway, i.e., androgen receptor targeting agents (ARTAs), remain the mainstream treatments that are increasingly transforming the disease into one that can be controlled for an extended period of time. Prostate cancer is inherently addicted to AR. Under the treatment pressure of ARTA, molecular alterations occur, leading to the clonal expansion of resistant cells in a disease state broadly categorized as castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). One castration resistance mechanism involves AR splice variants (AR-Vs) lacking the ligand-binding domain. Some AR-Vs have been identified as constitutively active, capable of activating AR signaling pathways without androgenic ligands. Among these variants, AR-V7 is the most extensively studied and may be measured non-invasively using validated circulating tumor cell (CTC) tests. In the context of the evolving prostate cancer treatment landscape, novel agents are developed and evaluated for their efficacy in targeting AR-V7. In patients with metastatic CRPC (mCRPC), the availability of the AR-V7 tests will make it possible to determine whether the treatments are effective for CTC AR-V7-positive disease, even though the treatments may not be specifically designed to target AR-V7. In this review, we will first outline the current prostate cancer treatment landscape, followed by an in-depth review of relatively newer prostate cancer therapeutics, focusing on AR-targeting agents under clinical development. These drugs are categorized from the standpoint of their activities against AR-V7 through direct or indirect mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violet A. Daniels
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (V.A.D.); (J.L.)
| | - Jun Luo
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (V.A.D.); (J.L.)
- Departments of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Channing J. Paller
- Departments of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Mayuko Kanayama
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (V.A.D.); (J.L.)
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2
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Structures of Mammeasins P and Q, Coumarin-Related Polysubstituted Benzofurans, from the Thai Medicinal Plant Mammea siamensis (Miq.) T. Anders.: Anti-Proliferative Activity of Coumarin Constituents against Human Prostate Carcinoma Cell Line LNCaP. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/ph16020231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A methanol extract of the flowers of Mammea siamensis (Miq.) T. Anders. (Calophyllaceae) showed anti-proliferative activity against human prostate carcinoma LNCaP cells (IC50 = 2.0 µg/mL). Two new coumarin-related polysubstituted benzofurans, mammeasins P (1) and Q (2), and a known polysubstituted coumarin mammea B/AC cyclo F (39) were isolated from the extract along with 44 previously reported polysubstituted coumarin constituents (3–38 and 40–47). The structures of two new compounds (1 and 2) were determined based on their spectroscopic properties derived from the physicochemical evidence including NMR and MS analyses and taking the plausible generative pathway into account. Among the coumarin constituents, mammeasins A (3, IC50 = 1.2 µM) and B (4, 0.63 µM), sugangin B (18, 1.5 µM), kayeassamins E (24, 3.0 µM) and G (26, 3.5 µM), and mammeas E/BA (40, 0.88 µM), E/BB (41, 0.52 µM), and E/BC (42, 0.12 µM) showed relatively potent anti-proliferative activity.
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3
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Listro R, Rossino G, Piaggi F, Sonekan FF, Rossi D, Linciano P, Collina S. Urea-based anticancer agents. Exploring 100-years of research with an eye to the future. Front Chem 2022; 10:995351. [PMID: 36186578 PMCID: PMC9520293 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.995351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Suramin was the first urea-based drug to be approved in clinic, and in the following century a number of milestone drugs based on this scaffold were developed. Indeed, urea soon became a privileged scaffold in medicinal chemistry for its capability to establish a peculiar network of drug−target interactions, for its physicochemical properties that are useful for tuning the druggability of the new chemical entities, and for its structural and synthetic versatility that opened the door to numerous drug design possibilities. In this review, we highlight the relevance of the urea moiety in the medicinal chemistry scenario of anticancer drugs with a special focus on the kinase inhibitors for which this scaffold represented and still represents a pivotal pharmacophoric feature. A general outlook on the approved drugs, recent patents, and current research in this field is herein provided, and the role of the urea moiety in the drug discovery process is discussed form a medicinal chemistry standpoint. We believe that the present review can benefit both academia and pharmaceutical companies’ medicinal chemists to prompt research towards new urea derivatives as anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Listro
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giacomo Rossino
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Federica Piaggi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Falilat Folasade Sonekan
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panoz Institute, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniela Rossi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Simona Collina
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- *Correspondence: Simona Collina,
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Chen L, Sun Y, Tang M, Wu D, Xiang Z, Huang CP, You B, Xie D, Ye Q, Yu D, Chang C. High-dose-androgen-induced autophagic cell death to suppress the Enzalutamide-resistant prostate cancer growth via altering the circRNA-BCL2/miRNA-198/AMBRA1 signaling. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:128. [PMID: 35318303 PMCID: PMC8941094 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-00898-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is a gold standard treatment for advanced PCa. However, most patients eventually develop the castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) that progresses rapidly despite ongoing systemic androgen deprivation. While early studies indicated that high physiological doses of androgens might suppress rather than promote PCa cell growth in some selective CRPC patients, the exact mechanism of this opposite effect remains unclear. Here we found that Enzalutamide-resistant (EnzR) CRPC cells can be suppressed by the high-dose-androgen (dihydrotestosterone, DHT). Mechanism dissection suggested that a high-dose-DHT can suppress the circular RNA-BCL2 (circRNA-BCL2) expression via transcriptional regulation of its host gene BCL2. The suppressed circRNA-BCL2 can then alter the expression of miRNA-198 to modulate the AMBRA1 expression via direct binding to the 3′UTR of AMBRA1 mRNA. The consequences of high-dose-DHT suppressed circRNA-BCL2/miRNA-198/AMBRA1 signaling likely result in induction of the autophagic cell death to suppress the EnzR CRPC cell growth. Preclinical studies using in vivo xenograft mouse models also demonstrated that AMBRA1-shRNA to suppress the autophagic cell death can weaken the effect of high-dose-DHT on EnzR CRPC tumors. Together, these in vitro and in vivo data provide new insights for understanding the mechanisms underlying high-dose-DHT suppression of the EnzR CRPC cell growth, supporting a potential therapy using high-dose-androgens to suppress CRPC progression in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230000, China.,George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology and The Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Yin Sun
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology and The Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Min Tang
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology and The Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.,Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Denglong Wu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji Universiry, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zhendong Xiang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji Universiry, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Chi-Ping Huang
- Sex Hormone Research Center, Department of Urology, China Medical University/Hospital, Taichung, 404, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Bosen You
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology and The Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Dongdong Xie
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230000, China
| | - Qinglin Ye
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230000, China
| | - Dexin Yu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230000, China.
| | - Chawnshang Chang
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology and The Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA. .,Sex Hormone Research Center, Department of Urology, China Medical University/Hospital, Taichung, 404, Taiwan, ROC.
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5
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Fu YK, Wang BJ, Tseng JC, Huang SH, Lin CY, Kuo YY, Hour TC, Chuu CP. Combination treatment of docetaxel with caffeic acid phenethyl ester suppresses the survival and the proliferation of docetaxel-resistant prostate cancer cells via induction of apoptosis and metabolism interference. J Biomed Sci 2022; 29:16. [PMID: 35197069 PMCID: PMC8864857 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-022-00797-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Docetaxel has been approved by USFDA as a first-line treatment for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) patients. Patients receiving androgen deprivation therapy along with docetaxel result in superior survival, lower serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) level, and better quality of life. However, a significant proportion of these patients ultimately develop resistance to docetaxel within months. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), one of the main bioactive components extracted from the propolis, has been reported to be effective for repressing the tumor growth, the migration and invasion of prostate cancer (PCa) cells, as well as the downstream signaling and stability of androgen receptor (AR). We hence determined if combination treatment of docetaxel with CAPE can suppress the proliferation and the survival of docetaxel-resistant PCa cells. METHODS We established docetaxel-resistant PC/DX25 and DU/DX50 CRPC cell lines from PC-3 and DU-145 human PCa cells, respectively. Proliferation assay, MTT assay, flow cytometry with Annexin V staining, Comet Assay, and nude mice xenograft model were applied to determine the effects of combination treatment on cell proliferation and survival of the docetaxel-resistant PCa cells. Micro-Western Array (MWA) and qRT-PCR were used to investigate the molecular mechanism lying underneath. RESULTS Combination treatment effectively suppressed the proliferation, survival and tumor growth of docetaxel-resistant PCa cells both in vitro and in nude mice. Comet assay and flow cytometry indicated that combination treatment induced apoptosis in docetaxel-resistant PCa cells. MWA and Western blotting assay revealed that combination treatment suppressed protein expression of Bcl-2, AKT2, c-Myc, apoptosis and caspase activation inhibitor (AVEN), pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) but increased protein expression of Bax, caspase 3, cytochrome c, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and acylglycerol kinase (AGK). Overexpression of Bcl-2 in the docetaxel-resistant PCa cells enhanced cell proliferation of docetaxel-resistant PCa cells under combination treatment. Analysis with qRT-PCR suggested that combination treatment decreased cholesterol biosynthesis genes DHCR24 (24-dehydrocholesterol reductase) and LSS (lanosterol synthase) but increased genes involved in glycolysis and TCA cycle. CONCLUSIONS Combination treatment of docetaxel with CAPE effectively suppressed the proliferation and survival of docetaxel-resistant PCa cells via inhibition of Bcl-2 and c-Myc as well as induction of metabolism interference. Combination treatment can be beneficial for patients with docetaxel-resistant PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ke Fu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, 35053, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Bi-Juan Wang
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, 35053, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Chih Tseng
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, 35053, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Han Huang
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, 35053, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yu Lin
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, 35053, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Yu Kuo
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, 35053, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Tzyh-Chyuan Hour
- Department of Biochemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Pin Chuu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, 35053, Miaoli County, Taiwan. .,Graduate Program for Aging and Graduate Institute of Basic Research Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan. .,Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.
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Mirzakhani K, Kallenbach J, Rasa SMM, Ribaudo F, Ungelenk M, Ehsani M, Gong W, Gassler N, Leeder M, Grimm MO, Neri F, Baniahmad A. The androgen receptor-lncRNASAT1-AKT-p15 axis mediates androgen-induced cellular senescence in prostate cancer cells. Oncogene 2022; 41:943-959. [PMID: 34667276 PMCID: PMC8837536 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-02060-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The bipolar androgen therapy (BAT) to treat prostate cancer (PCa) includes cycles of supraphysiological androgen levels (SAL) under androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT). We showed previously that SAL induces cellular senescence in androgen-sensitive PCa cells and in ex vivo-treated patient PCa tumor samples. Here, we analyzed the underlying molecular pathway and reveal that SAL induces cellular senescence in both, castration-sensitive (CSPC) LNCaP and castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) C4-2 cells through the cell cycle inhibitor p15INK4b and increased phosphorylation of AKT. Treatment with the AKT inhibitor (AKTi) potently inhibited SAL-induced expression of p15INK4b and cellular senescence in both cell lines. Proximity-ligation assays (PLA) combined with high-resolution laser-scanning microscopy indicate that SAL promotes interaction of endogenous androgen receptor (AR) with AKT in the cytoplasm as well as in the nucleus detectable after three days. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) comparing the SAL-induced transcriptomes of LNCaP with C4-2 cells as well as with AKTi-treated cell transcriptomes revealed landscapes for cell senescence. Interestingly, one of the identified genes is the lncRNASAT1. SAL treatment of native patient tumor samples ex vivo upregulates lncRNASAT1. In PCa tumor tissues, lncRNASAT1 is downregulated compared with nontumor tissues of the same patients. Knockdown indicates that the lncRNASAT1 is crucial for SAL-induced cancer-cell senescence as an upstream factor for pAKT and for p15INK4b. Further, knockdown of lncRNASAT1 enhances cell proliferation by SAL, suggesting that lncRNASAT1 serves as a tumor suppressor at SAL. Interestingly, immunoprecipitation of AR detected lncRNASAT1 as an AR-interacting partner that regulates AR target-gene expression. Similarly, RNA-ChIP experiments revealed the interaction of AR with lncRNASAT1 on chromatin. Thus, we identified a novel AR-lncRNASAT1-AKT-p15INK4b signaling axis to mediate SAL-induced cellular senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimia Mirzakhani
- grid.275559.90000 0000 8517 6224Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Julia Kallenbach
- grid.275559.90000 0000 8517 6224Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Federico Ribaudo
- grid.275559.90000 0000 8517 6224Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Ungelenk
- grid.275559.90000 0000 8517 6224Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Marzieh Ehsani
- grid.275559.90000 0000 8517 6224Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Wenrong Gong
- grid.412979.00000 0004 1759 225XMedical College, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, China ,Present Address: SCW Medicath LTD, Baolong industrial Town, Shenzhen, China
| | - Nikolaus Gassler
- grid.275559.90000 0000 8517 6224Section of Pathology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Mirjam Leeder
- grid.275559.90000 0000 8517 6224Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Marc-Oliver Grimm
- grid.275559.90000 0000 8517 6224Department of Adult and Pediatric Urology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Francesco Neri
- grid.418245.e0000 0000 9999 5706Leibniz Institute on Aging, Jena, Germany
| | - Aria Baniahmad
- grid.275559.90000 0000 8517 6224Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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Nordeen SK, Su LJ, Osborne GA, Hayman PM, Orlicky DJ, Wessells VM, van Bokhoven A, Flaig TW. Titration of Androgen Signaling: How Basic Studies Have Informed Clinical Trials Using High-Dose Testosterone Therapy in Castrate-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:884. [PMID: 34575033 PMCID: PMC8465783 DOI: 10.3390/life11090884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the Nobel Prize-winning work of Huggins, androgen ablation has been a mainstay for treatment of recurrent prostate cancer. While initially effective for most patients, prostate cancers inevitably develop the ability to survive, grow, and metastasize further, despite ongoing androgen suppression. Here, we briefly review key preclinical studies over decades and include illustrative examples from our own laboratories that suggest prostate cancer cells titrate androgen signaling to optimize growth. Such laboratory-based studies argue that adaptations that allow growth in a low-androgen environment render prostate cancer sensitive to restoration of androgens, especially at supraphysiologic doses. Based on preclinical data as well as clinical observations, trials employing high-dose testosterone (HDT) therapy have now been conducted. These trials suggest a clinical benefit in cancer response and quality of life in a subset of castration-resistant prostate cancer patients. Laboratory studies also suggest that HDT may yet be optimized further to improve efficacy or durability of response. However, laboratory observations suggest that the cancer will inevitably adapt to HDT, and, as with prior androgen deprivation, disease progression follows. Nonetheless, the adaptations made to render tumors resistant to hormonal manipulations may reveal vulnerabilities that can be exploited to prolong survival and provide other clinical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven K. Nordeen
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (S.K.N.); (D.J.O.); (A.v.B.)
| | - Lih-Jen Su
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (L.-J.S.); (G.A.O.); (P.M.H.); (V.M.W.)
| | - Gregory A. Osborne
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (L.-J.S.); (G.A.O.); (P.M.H.); (V.M.W.)
| | - Perry M. Hayman
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (L.-J.S.); (G.A.O.); (P.M.H.); (V.M.W.)
| | - David J. Orlicky
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (S.K.N.); (D.J.O.); (A.v.B.)
| | - Veronica M. Wessells
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (L.-J.S.); (G.A.O.); (P.M.H.); (V.M.W.)
| | - Adrie van Bokhoven
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (S.K.N.); (D.J.O.); (A.v.B.)
| | - Thomas W. Flaig
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (L.-J.S.); (G.A.O.); (P.M.H.); (V.M.W.)
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Kanayama M, Lu C, Luo J, Antonarakis ES. AR Splicing Variants and Resistance to AR Targeting Agents. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2563. [PMID: 34071114 PMCID: PMC8197115 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, advances in prostate cancer research have led to discovery and development of novel biomarkers and effective treatments. As treatment options diversify, it is critical to further develop and use optimal biomarkers for the purpose of maximizing treatment benefit and minimizing unwanted adverse effects. Because most treatments for prostate cancer target androgen receptor (AR) signaling, aberrations affecting this drug target are likely to emerge following the development of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), and it is conceivable that such aberrations may play a role in drug resistance. Among the many AR aberrations, we and others have been studying androgen receptor splice variants (AR-Vs), especially AR-V7, and have conducted preclinical and clinical studies to develop and validate the clinical utility of AR-V7 as a prognostic and potential predictive biomarker. In this review, we first describe mechanisms of AR-V generation, regulation and their functions from a molecular perspective. We then discuss AR-Vs from a clinical perspective, focusing on the significance of AR-Vs detected in different types of human specimens and AR-Vs as potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Kanayama
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (M.K.); (C.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Changxue Lu
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (M.K.); (C.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Jun Luo
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (M.K.); (C.L.); (J.L.)
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Emmanuel S. Antonarakis
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (M.K.); (C.L.); (J.L.)
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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9
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Paull EO, Aytes A, Jones SJ, Subramaniam PS, Giorgi FM, Douglass EF, Tagore S, Chu B, Vasciaveo A, Zheng S, Verhaak R, Abate-Shen C, Alvarez MJ, Califano A. A modular master regulator landscape controls cancer transcriptional identity. Cell 2021; 184:334-351.e20. [PMID: 33434495 PMCID: PMC8103356 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite considerable efforts, the mechanisms linking genomic alterations to the transcriptional identity of cancer cells remain elusive. Integrative genomic analysis, using a network-based approach, identified 407 master regulator (MR) proteins responsible for canalizing the genetics of individual samples from 20 cohorts in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) into 112 transcriptionally distinct tumor subtypes. MR proteins could be further organized into 24 pan-cancer, master regulator block modules (MRBs), each regulating key cancer hallmarks and predictive of patient outcome in multiple cohorts. Of all somatic alterations detected in each individual sample, >50% were predicted to induce aberrant MR activity, yielding insight into mechanisms linking tumor genetics and transcriptional identity and establishing non-oncogene dependencies. Genetic and pharmacological validation assays confirmed the predicted effect of upstream mutations and MR activity on downstream cellular identity and phenotype. Thus, co-analysis of mutational and gene expression profiles identified elusive subtypes and provided testable hypothesis for mechanisms mediating the effect of genetic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan O Paull
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Alvaro Aytes
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Molecular Mechanisms and Experimental Therapeutics in Oncology (ONCOBell), Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona 08908, Spain; Program Against Cancer Therapeutics Resistance (ProCURE), Catalan Institute of Oncology, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona 08908, Spain
| | - Sunny J Jones
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Prem S Subramaniam
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Federico M Giorgi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Eugene F Douglass
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Somnath Tagore
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Brennan Chu
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Alessandro Vasciaveo
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Siyuan Zheng
- Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Roel Verhaak
- Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Cory Abate-Shen
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Urology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Mariano J Alvarez
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; DarwinHealth, Inc. New York, NY 10018, USA.
| | - Andrea Califano
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; DarwinHealth, Inc. New York, NY 10018, USA; Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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10
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Hawsawi YM, Zailaie SA, Oyouni AAA, Alzahrani OR, Alamer OM, Aljohani SAS. Prostate cancer and therapeutic challenges. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 27:20. [PMID: 33303035 PMCID: PMC7730758 DOI: 10.1186/s40709-020-00128-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is the most prevalent type of cancer in men worldwide. In Saudi Arabia, the rate of PC is increasing annually. The sex steroid hormones androgens and their receptors have critical roles in PC development and progression. Additionally, apoptosis-related proteins such as heat-shock proteins are vital molecules in PC development. Steroid hormone-deprivation therapies remain the essential treatment for patients with metastatic PCs; however, acquired resistance to hormone deprivation and the transition to PC androgen independence is a major health obstacle. In this review, we aim to detail the roles of androgens, androgen receptors and sex steroid hormones in inducing apoptosis in PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef MohammedRabaa Hawsawi
- Saudi Human Genome Program-Jeddah Satellite Laboratory, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, MBC-J04, P.O. Box 40047, Jeddah, 21499, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. .,College of Medicine, Al-Faisal University, P.O. Box 50927, Riyadh, 11533, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Samar Abdullah Zailaie
- Saudi Human Genome Program-Jeddah Satellite Laboratory, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, MBC-J04, P.O. Box 40047, Jeddah, 21499, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Othman Rashed Alzahrani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama Mohamed Alamer
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Ali S Aljohani
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Rayan Colleges, Almadinah Almunawarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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11
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Lin CY, Chuu CP. New classification may assist the development of targeted therapies for treatment-refractory castration-resistant prostate cancer. Transl Androl Urol 2020; 9:837-839. [PMID: 32420195 PMCID: PMC7215030 DOI: 10.21037/tau.2020.03.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yu Lin
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli.,PhD Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei
| | - Chih-Pin Chuu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli.,PhD Program for Aging and Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung
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12
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Huang SH, Kao YH, Muller CJF, Joubert E, Chuu CP. Aspalathin-rich green Aspalathus linearis extract suppresses migration and invasion of human castration-resistant prostate cancer cells via inhibition of YAP signaling. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 69:153210. [PMID: 32217447 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than 80% of advanced prostate cancer (PCa) cases have bone metastasis, with a 5-year survival rate of 25%. Previously, we reported that GRT, a standardized, pharmaceutical-grade aspalathin-rich extract (12.78 g aspalathin/100 g extract), prepared from green rooibos produced from the leaves and fine stems of Aspalathus linearis, inhibits the proliferation of PCa cells, meriting this investigation to determine if GRT can suppress the migration and invasion of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) cells. PURPOSE In the present study, we investigated whether GRT extract can interfere with the migration and invasion of human CRPC cells. METHODS Transwell assays were used to explore the effects of GRT on the migration and invasion of CRPC cells. Micro-Western Array (MWA) and Western blot analysis were carried out to unravel the underlying molecular mechanism(s). RESULTS Treatment with 25-100 μg/ml GRT suppressed the migration and invasion of LNCaP C4-2B and 22Rv1 CRPC cells. MWA and Western blot analysis indicated that GRT treatment suppressed the protein level of yes-associated protein (YAP), macrophage stimulating 1 protein (MST1), phospho-MST1/phospho-MST2 T183/T180, and paxillin, but increased the abundance of E-cadherin. Over-expression of YAP rescued the suppressive effects of GRT on migration and invasion of CRPC cells. Treatment with the major flavonoid of GRT - the C-glucosyl dihydrochalcone, aspalathin - at a concentration of 75-100 μg/ml also reduced the migration and invasion of CRPC cells, and the inhibition was partially rescued by YAP over-expression. CONCLUSIONS GRT treatment suppresses the migration and invasion of CRPC cells via inhibition of YAP signaling and paxillin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Han Huang
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan; Department of Life Science, National Central University, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hsi Kao
- Department of Life Science, National Central University, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan
| | - Christo J F Muller
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth Joubert
- Plant Bioactives Group, Post-Harvest and Agro-Processing Technologies, Agricultural Research Council (ARC), Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa
| | - Chih-Pin Chuu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan; PhD Program for Aging and Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung City 40402, Taiwan; Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan.
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13
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Luo S, Shao L, Chen Z, Hu D, Jiang L, Tang W. NPRL2 promotes docetaxel chemoresistance in castration resistant prostate cancer cells by regulating autophagy through the mTOR pathway. Exp Cell Res 2020; 390:111981. [PMID: 32234375 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.111981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Docetaxel-based chemotherapy is recommended for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). However, chemoresistance is inevitable and eventually progresses after several rounds of chemotherapy. Therefore, exploration of new therapeutic targets and molecular mechanisms that contribute to chemoresistance remains necessary. Our previous study accidentally demonstrated that expression of nitrogen permease regulator-like 2 (NPRL2), which is defined as a tumor suppressor, is upregulated in prostate cancer (PCa) and linked to poor prognosis, particularly in CRPC. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of NPRL2 in the chemoresistant CRPC cells. We found that NPRL2 was significantly overexpressed in docetaxel-resistant CRPC cells, while autophagy was enhanced and mTOR signaling was inhibited. Inhibiting NPRL2 increased the sensitivity to docetaxel in docetaxel-resistant CRPC cells, enhanced apoptosis and inhibited autophagy, and the opposite trends were observed when the mTOR inhibitor torin 1 was added to NPRL2-silenced cells. We further found that NPRL2 silenced docetaxel-resistant CRPC cells were sensitive to docetaxel in vivo. Briefly, our research reveals that overexpression of NPRL2 promotes chemoresistance by regulating autophagy via mTOR signaling and inhibits apoptosis in CRPC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjun Luo
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Lan Shao
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Zhixiong Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China.
| | - Daixing Hu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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14
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Huang SH, Tseng JC, Lin CY, Kuo YY, Wang BJ, Kao YH, Muller CJF, Joubert E, Chuu CP. Rooibos suppresses proliferation of castration-resistant prostate cancer cells via inhibition of Akt signaling. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 64:153068. [PMID: 31419729 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.153068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Androgen ablation therapy is the primary treatment for metastatic prostate cancer (PCa). However, the majority of PCa patients receiving the androgen deprivation therapy develop recurrent castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) within two years. Chemotherapies show little effect on prolonging survival of CRPC patients and new treatments are needed. Previous studies reported that the extracts from rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) exhibit chemopreventive properties in some cancer models, including skin, liver and oesophagus cancers in animals. We therefore investigate if extracts from rooibos can suppress the proliferation of CRPC cells. PURPOSE We investigated whether an aspalathin-rich green rooibos extract (GRT™; 12.78 g aspalathin/100 g extract) demonstrates anti-cancer activity against CRPC cells. METHODS High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to profile the major flavonoids in GRT. Hoechst-dye proliferation assay, 3,4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) viability assay and flow cytometry assay were used to explore the effects of GRT on the proliferation and cell cycle progression of CRPC cells. Comet assay was used to survey whether GRT induces apoptosis in CRPC cells. LNCaP 104-R1 xenograft nude mice model was used to determine the inhibitory effect of GRT on CRPC tumors in vivo. Micro-Western Array (MWA) and Western blot analysis were carried out to unravel the underlying molecular mechanism. RESULTS GRT contained aspalathin as the most abundant flavonoid. GRT suppressed the proliferation and survival of LNCaP 104-R1, LNCaP FGC and PC-3 PCa cells. Flow cytometry analysis showed that GRT decreased the population of PCa cells in S phase but increased the cell population in G2/M phase. Comet assay confirmed that GRT induced apoptosis in LNCaP 104-R1 cells. Gavage of 400 mg/kg GRT suppressed LNCaP 104-R1 xenografts in castrated nude mice. MWA and Western blot analysis indicated that GRT treatment suppressed Akt1, phospho-Akt Ser473, Cdc2, Bcl-2, TRAF4 and Aven, but increased activated Caspase 3, cytochrome c, and p27Kip1. Overexpression of Akt rescued the suppressive effects of GRT on CRPC cells. Co-treatment of GRT with Bcl-2 inhibitor ABT-737, PI3K inhibitor LY294002 and Akt inhibitor GSK 690693 exhibited additive inhibitory effect on proliferation of CRPC cells. CONCLUSIONS GRT suppresses the proliferation of CRPC cells via inhibition of Akt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Han Huang
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan; Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Chih Tseng
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yu Lin
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Yu Kuo
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan; Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City 30013, Taiwan
| | - Bi-Juan Wang
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hsi Kao
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan
| | - Christo J F Muller
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth Joubert
- Plant Bioactives Group, Post-Harvest and Agro-Processing Technologies, Agricultural Research Council (ARC), Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa
| | - Chih-Pin Chuu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan; PhD Program for Aging and Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung City 40402, Taiwan; Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan.
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15
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Abstract
Introduction: The use of testosterone therapy (TTh) in men with prostate cancer (PCa) is relatively new, and controversial, due to the longstanding maxim that TTh is contraindicated in men with PCa. Scientific advances have prompted a reevaluation of the potential role for TTh in men with PCa, particularly as TTh has been shown to provide important symptomatic and general health benefits to men with testosterone deficiency (TD), including many men with PCa who may expect to live 30-50 years after diagnosis. Areas covered: This review outlines the historical underpinnings of the historical belief that TTh 'fuels' PCa and the experimental and clinical studies that have radically altered this view, including description of the saturation model. The authors review studies of TTh in men with PCa following radical prostatectomy and radiation therapy, in men on active surveillance, and in men with advanced or metastatic PCa. Expert opinion: TTh provides important symptomatic and overall health benefits for men with PCa who have TD. Although more safety studies are needed, TTh is a reasonable therapeutic option for men with low-risk PCa after surgery or radiation. Data in men on active surveillance are limited, but initial reports are reassuring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Morgentaler
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Men's Health Boston , Boston , MA , USA
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16
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CD44 Promotes Migration and Invasion of Docetaxel-Resistant Prostate Cancer Cells Likely via Induction of Hippo-Yap Signaling. Cells 2019; 8:cells8040295. [PMID: 30935014 PMCID: PMC6523775 DOI: 10.3390/cells8040295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients receiving docetaxel developed a drug resistance within a few months. We generated docetaxel-resistant PC/DX25 and DU/DX50 CRPC cells from PC-3 and DU-145 PCa cells, respectively. We investigated the mechanism behind why PC/DX25 and DU/DX50 cells exhibited higher migration and invasion ability. Transwell assays were used to measure the migration and invasion of PCa cell. Fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis was used to determine the population of cancer stem cell (CSC)-like cell. Micro-Western Array (MWA) was used to study the changes of the protein profile. FACS analysis revealed that PC/DX25 cells and DU/DX50 cells contain higher CD44+ population. MWA and Western blotting assay revealed that protein expression of CD44, YAP, CYR61, CTGF, phospho-ERK1/2 T202/Y204, ERK and vimentin was elevated in PC/DX25 cells. Knockdown of CD44 or YAP suppressed migration and invasion of PC/DX25 and DU/DX50 cells. Knockdown of CD44 decreased expression of YAP, CTGF and CYR61 but increased phosphorylation of S127 on YAP. CD44 knockdown also suppressed protein level of AKT, phospho-AKT T308, phospho-ERK1/2 T202/Y204 and vimentin. CD44 promotes migration and invasion of docetaxel-resistant PCa cells probably via induction of Hippo-Yap signaling pathway and CD44/YAP pathway may be a therapeutic target for docetaxel-resistant PCa.
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17
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Screening, synthesis, crystal structure, and molecular basis of 6-amino-4-phenyl-1,4-dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole-5-carbonitriles as novel AKR1C3 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:5934-5943. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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18
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Fucic A, Aghajanyan A, Culig Z, Le Novere N. Systems Oncology: Bridging Pancreatic and Castrate Resistant Prostate Cancer. Pathol Oncol Res 2018; 25:1269-1277. [PMID: 30220022 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-018-0467-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Large investments by pharmaceutical companies in the development of new antineoplastic drugs have not been resulting in adequate advances of new therapies. Despite the introduction of new methods, technologies, translational medicine and bioinformatics, the usage of collected knowledge is unsatisfactory. In this paper, using examples of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PaC) and castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), we proposed a concept showing that, in order to improve applicability of current knowledge in oncology, the re-clustering of clinical and scientific data is crucial. Such an approach, based on systems oncology, would include bridging of data on biomarkers and pathways between different cancer types. Proposed concept would introduce a new matrix, which enables combining of already approved therapies between cancer types. Paper provides a (a) detailed analysis of similarities in mechanisms of etiology and progression between PaC and CRPC, (b) diabetes as common hallmark of both cancer types and (c) knowledge gaps and directions of future investigations. Proposed horizontal and vertical matrix in cancer profiling has potency to improve current antineoplastic therapy efficacy. Systems biology map using Systems Biology Graphical Notation Language is used for summarizing complex interactions and similarities of mechanisms in biology of PaC and CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fucic
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c 2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - A Aghajanyan
- Institute of Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Z Culig
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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19
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Isaacsson Velho P, Carducci MA. Investigational therapies targeting the androgen signaling axis and the androgen receptor and in prostate cancer – recent developments and future directions. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2018; 27:811-822. [DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2018.1513490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael A. Carducci
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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20
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Lam HM, Corey E. Supraphysiological Testosterone Therapy as Treatment for Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Front Oncol 2018; 8:167. [PMID: 29872642 PMCID: PMC5972313 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Corey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
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21
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Hall M, Todd B, Allen ED, Nguyen N, Kwon YJ, Nguyen V, Hearne JL, Martin-Caraballo M. Androgen receptor signaling regulates T-type Ca 2+ channel expression and neuroendocrine differentiation in prostate cancer cells. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:732-747. [PMID: 29736318 PMCID: PMC5934563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapies designed to reduce androgen production or receptor activation are effective in limiting prostate tumor growth. However, prolonged treatment with anti-androgen therapies results in the progression of prostate cancers into an androgen refractory state. Neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) has been associated with the progression of prostate cancers to an androgen resistant phenotype. In this work we investigated the effect of disrupting androgen receptor signaling in promoting NED of prostate carcinoma cells and whether it is accompanied by an increase in T-type Ca2+ channel expression. The effect of disrupting androgen signaling was assessed in LNCaP and 22Rv1 prostate cancer cells following treatment with the androgen receptor blocker, bicalutamide, or hormone-depleted media. Treatment of LNCaP cells with bicalutamide or hormone-depleted media for 4-10 d evoked considerable morphological and biochemical changes consistent with NED including the development of long neurite-like processes and the expression of the neuronal marker, tubulin IIIβ. PCR analysis of bicalutamide-stimulated cells revealed no significant changes in Cav3.2 mRNA. However, stimulation of LNCaP cells with bicalutamide or hormone-depleted media for 10 d evoked a significant increase in Cav3.2 protein expression and the appearance of functional T-type Ca2+ channels. Inhibition of T-type Ca2+ channel function with various pharmacological blockers disrupted the morphological differentiation of LNCaP cells. Bicalutamide-evoked expression of functional T-type Ca2+ channels in LNCaP cells promoted chemoresistance to docetaxel. These findings indicate that disruption of androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer cells evokes increased expression of functional T-type Ca2+ channels, which may result in significant morphological and biochemical changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Hall
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Agricultural and Natural Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern ShorePrincess Anne, MD 21853, USA
| | - Bryan Todd
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Agricultural and Natural Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern ShorePrincess Anne, MD 21853, USA
| | - Edwin D Allen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Eastern ShorePrincess Anne, MD 21853, USA
| | - Nga Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Eastern ShorePrincess Anne, MD 21853, USA
| | - Yoon-Jung Kwon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Eastern ShorePrincess Anne, MD 21853, USA
| | - Vu Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Eastern ShorePrincess Anne, MD 21853, USA
| | - Jennifer L Hearne
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Agricultural and Natural Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern ShorePrincess Anne, MD 21853, USA
| | - Miguel Martin-Caraballo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Eastern ShorePrincess Anne, MD 21853, USA
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22
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Maximov PY, Abderrahman B, Curpan RF, Hawsawi YM, Fan P, Jordan VC. A unifying biology of sex steroid-induced apoptosis in prostate and breast cancers. Endocr Relat Cancer 2018; 25:R83-R113. [PMID: 29162647 PMCID: PMC5771961 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Prostate and breast cancer are the two cancers with the highest incidence in men and women, respectively. Here, we focus on the known biology of acquired resistance to antihormone therapy of prostate and breast cancer and compare laboratory and clinical similarities in the evolution of the disease. Laboratory studies and clinical observations in prostate and breast cancer demonstrate that cell selection pathways occur during acquired resistance to antihormonal therapy. Following sex steroid deprivation, both prostate and breast cancer models show an initial increased acquired sensitivity to the growth potential of sex steroids. Subsequently, prostate and breast cancer cells either become dependent upon the antihormone treatment or grow spontaneously in the absence of hormones. Paradoxically, the physiologic sex steroids now kill a proportion of selected, but vulnerable, resistant tumor cells. The sex steroid receptor complex triggers apoptosis. We draw parallels between acquired resistance in prostate and breast cancer to sex steroid deprivation. Clinical observations and patient trials confirm the veracity of the laboratory studies. We consider therapeutic strategies to increase response rates in clinical trials of metastatic disease that can subsequently be applied as a preemptive salvage adjuvant therapy. The goal of future advances is to enhance response rates and deploy a safe strategy earlier in the treatment plan to save lives. The introduction of a simple evidence-based enhanced adjuvant therapy as a global healthcare strategy has the potential to control recurrence, reduce hospitalization, reduce healthcare costs and maintain a healthier population that contributes to society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Y Maximov
- Department of Breast Medical OncologyMD Anderson Cancer Centre, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Balkees Abderrahman
- Department of Breast Medical OncologyMD Anderson Cancer Centre, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Yousef M Hawsawi
- Department of GeneticsKing Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ping Fan
- Department of Breast Medical OncologyMD Anderson Cancer Centre, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - V Craig Jordan
- Department of Breast Medical OncologyMD Anderson Cancer Centre, Houston, Texas, USA
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23
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Involvement of Bax and Bcl-2 in Induction of Apoptosis by Essential Oils of Three Lebanese Salvia Species in Human Prostate Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19010292. [PMID: 29351194 PMCID: PMC5796237 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most common forms of cancer in men, and research to find more effective and less toxic drugs has become necessary. In the frame of our ongoing program on traditionally used Salvia species from the Mediterranean Area, here we report the biological activities of Salvia aurea, S. judaica and S. viscosa essential oils against human prostate cancer cells (DU-145). The cell viability was measured by 3(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) test and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release was used to quantify necrosis cell death. Genomic DNA, caspase-3 activity, expression of cleaved caspase-9, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2 associated X (Bax) proteins were analyzed in order to study the apoptotic process. The role of reactive oxygen species in cell death was also investigated. We found that the three essential oils, containing caryophyllene oxide as a main constituent, are capable of reducing the growth of human prostate cancer cells, activating an apoptotic process and increasing reactive oxygen species generation. These results suggest it could be profitable to further investigate the effects of these essential oils for their possible use as anticancer agents in prostate cancer, alone or in combination with chemotherapy agents.
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Lam HM, Nguyen HM, Corey E. Generation of Prostate Cancer Patient-Derived Xenografts to Investigate Mechanisms of Novel Treatments and Treatment Resistance. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1786:1-27. [PMID: 29786784 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7845-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Treatment advances lead to survival benefits of patients with advanced prostate cancer. These treatments are highly efficacious in a subset of patients; however, similarly to other cancers, after initial responses the tumors develop resistance (acquired resistance) and the patients succumb to the disease. Furthermore, there is a subset of patients who do not respond to the treatment at all (de novo resistance). Preclinical testing using patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) has led to successful drug development, and PDXs will continue to provide valuable resources to generate clinically relevant data with translational potential. PDXs demonstrate tumor heterogeneity observed in patients, preserve tumor-microenvironment architecture, and provide clinically relevant treatment responses. In view of the evolving biology of the advanced prostate cancer associated with new treatments, PDXs representing these new tumor phenotypes are urgently needed for the study of treatment responses and resistance. In this chapter, we describe methodologies used to establish prostate cancer PDXs and use of these PDXs to study de novo and acquired resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Ming Lam
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Holly M Nguyen
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Eva Corey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Mohammad OS, Nyquist MD, Schweizer MT, Balk SP, Corey E, Plymate S, Nelson PS, Mostaghel EA. Supraphysiologic Testosterone Therapy in the Treatment of Prostate Cancer: Models, Mechanisms and Questions. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:E166. [PMID: 29210989 PMCID: PMC5742814 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9120166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since Huggins defined the androgen-sensitive nature of prostate cancer (PCa), suppression of systemic testosterone (T) has remained the most effective initial therapy for advanced disease although progression inevitably occurs. From the inception of clinical efforts to suppress androgen receptor (AR) signaling by reducing AR ligands, it was also recognized that administration of T in men with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) could result in substantial clinical responses. Data from preclinical models have reproducibly shown biphasic responses to T administration, with proliferation at low androgen concentrations and growth inhibition at supraphysiological T concentrations. Many questions regarding the biphasic response of PCa to androgen treatment remain, primarily regarding the mechanisms driving these responses and how best to exploit the biphasic phenomenon clinically. Here we review the preclinical and clinical data on high dose androgen growth repression and discuss cellular pathways and mechanisms likely to be involved in mediating this response. Although meaningful clinical responses have now been observed in men with PCa treated with high dose T, not all men respond, leading to questions regarding which tumor characteristics promote response or resistance, and highlighting the need for studies designed to determine the molecular mechanism(s) driving these responses and identify predictive biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama S Mohammad
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
- Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt.
| | | | - Michael T Schweizer
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
- School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Stephen P Balk
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Eva Corey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Stephen Plymate
- School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Peter S Nelson
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Elahe A Mostaghel
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
- School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Pedraza-Arévalo S, Hormaechea-Agulla D, Gómez-Gómez E, Requena MJ, Selth LA, Gahete MD, Castaño JP, Luque RM. Somatostatin receptor subtype 1 as a potential diagnostic marker and therapeutic target in prostate cancer. Prostate 2017; 77:1499-1511. [PMID: 28905400 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) is a highly prevalent neoplasia that is strongly influenced by the endocrine system. Somatostatin (SST) and its five receptors (sst1-5 encoded by SSTR1-5 genes) comprise a pleiotropic system present in most endocrine-related cancers, some of which are successfully treated with SST analogs. Interestingly, it has been reported that SSTR1 is overexpressed in PCa, but its regulation, functional role, and clinical implications are still poorly known. METHODS PCa specimens (n = 52) from biopsies and control prostates from cystoprostatectomies (n = 12), as well as in silico databases were used to evaluate SSTR1 and miRNAs expression. In vitro studies in 22Rv1 PCa cells were implemented to explore the regulation of SSTR1/sst1 by different miRNAs, and to evaluate the consequences of SSTR1/sst1 overexpression, silencing and/or activation [with the specific BIM-23926 sst1 agonist (IPSEN)] on cell-proliferation, migration, signaling-pathways, and androgen-signaling. RESULTS We found that SSTR1 is overexpressed in multiple cohorts of PCa samples, as compared with normal prostate tissues, wherein it correlates with androgen receptor (AR) expression, and appears to be associated with aggressiveness (metastasis). Furthermore, our data revealed that SSTR1/sst1 expression might be regulated by specific miRNAs in PCa, including miR-24, which is downregulated in PCa samples and correlates inversely with SSTR1 expression. In vitro studies indicated that treatment with the BIM-23926 sst1 agonist, as well as SSTR1 overexpression, decreased, whereas SSTR1 silencing increased, cell-proliferation in 22Rv1 cells, likely through the regulation of PI3K/AKT-CCND3 signaling-pathway. Importantly, sst1 action was also able to modulate androgen/AR activity, and reduced PSA secretion from PCa cell lines. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our results indicate that SSTR1 is overexpressed in PCa, where it can exert a relevant pathophysiological role by decreasing cell-proliferation and PSA secretion. Therefore, sst1, possibly in combination with miR-24, could be used as a novel tool to explore therapeutic targets in PCa.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Biomarkers, Tumor/biosynthesis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/diagnosis
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/therapy
- Receptors, Somatostatin/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Somatostatin/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Pedraza-Arévalo
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Daniel Hormaechea-Agulla
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Enrique Gómez-Gómez
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- Urology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - María J Requena
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- Urology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Luke A Selth
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories and Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Manuel D Gahete
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Justo P Castaño
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Raul M Luque
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
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Prognostic relevance of androgen receptor expression in renal cell carcinomas. Oncotarget 2017; 8:78545-78555. [PMID: 29108248 PMCID: PMC5667981 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite rapid discoveries in molecular biology of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and advances in systemic targeted therapies, development of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies is urgently needed. The androgen receptor (AR) has been shown to hold prognostic and predicitve value in several malignancies. Here, we studied a possible association between AR expression and prognosis in patients with RCCs. Results Low AR expression levels were associated with occurrence of distant metastasis and higher tumor stage in papillary and clear-cell RCCs. Importantly, multivariate Cox regression analyses revealed that AR is an independent prognostic factor for cancer-specific survival. Materials and Methods The expression of AR was measured by immunohistochemistry and assessed by digital image analysis using a tissue microarray containing tumor tissue of a large and well-documented series of RCC patients with long-term follow-up information. Chi-squared tests, Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression models were used to investigate the possible relationship between AR expression and clinico-pathological characteristics and patient survival. Conclusions Patients affected by AR-positive tumors exhibit a favorable prognosis by multiple Cox regression, while loss of AR expression is related to aggressive disease. Therefore, assessing AR expression offers valuable prognostic information that could improve treatment selection for metastatic disease. Moreover, our findings highlight a potential therapeutic use of AR pharmaceuticals in patients with RCCs.
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Schweizer MT, Antonarakis ES, Denmeade SR. Bipolar Androgen Therapy: A Paradoxical Approach for the Treatment of Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer. Eur Urol 2017; 72:323-325. [PMID: 28365160 PMCID: PMC5872811 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2017.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Bipolar androgen therapy (BAT) is a paradoxical treatment for castrate-resistant prostate cancer whereby testosterone levels are rapidly alternated between supraphysiologic and near-castrate concentrations. Initial studies demonstrated that BAT is safe and produces clinical responses. A trial comparing enzalutamide against BAT is ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Schweizer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Emmanuel S Antonarakis
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Samuel R Denmeade
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Libardi do Amaral C. Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Docetaxel-Resistant Prostate Cancer. EUROPEAN MEDICAL JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.33590/emj/10310149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPCa) is an advanced stage of prostate cancer in which a tumour progresses even under androgen deprivation. Treatment alternatives for CRPCa remain very limited and mostly rely on docetaxel-based chemotherapy. Despite being shown to increase patients’ overall survival, docetaxel’s clinical efficacy is impaired by development of chemoresistance. Most patients do not respond to docetaxel treatment and even those initially responsive ultimately develop resistance. Recently, chemoresistance was found to be closely related to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process in which epithelial cells transition into a mesenchymal phenotype. In fact, EMT markers are overexpressed in prostate cancer and are correlated to a higher Gleason score. For this reason, new therapeutic strategies are being studied to inhibit this process in several cancers. However, the clinical usefulness of targeting EMT as a way to overcome docetaxel resistance in CRPCa is still questionable and suffers from some significant limitations. This review briefly summarises the most common mechanisms of EMT-induced chemoresistance and evaluates its use as a new approach to overcome docetaxel resistance in CRPCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Libardi do Amaral
- Laboratory of Disorders of Metabolism, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
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30
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An androgen response element driven reporter assay for the detection of androgen receptor activity in prostate cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177861. [PMID: 28570625 PMCID: PMC5453475 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) transcription factor plays a key role in the development and progression of prostate cancer, as is evident from the efficacy of androgen-deprivation therapy, AR is also the most frequently mutated gene, in castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). AR has therefore become an even more attractive therapeutic target in aggressive and disseminated prostate cancer. To investigate mechanisms of AR and AR target gene activation in different subpopulations of prostate cancer cells, a toolkit of AR expressor and androgen response element (ARE) reporter vectors were developed. Three ARE reporter vectors were constructed with different ARE consensus sequences in promoters linked to either fluorescence or luciferase reporter genes in lentiviral vector backbones. Cell lines transduced with the different vectors expressed the reporters in an androgen-dependent way according to fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry and multi-well fluorescent and luminescence assays. Interestingly, the background reporter activity in androgen-depleted medium was significantly higher in LNCaP cells compared to the prostate transit amplifying epithelial cell lines, EP156T-AR and 957E/hTERT-AR with exogenous AR. The androgen-induced signal to background was much higher in the latter benign prostate cells than in LNCaP cells. Androgen-independent nuclear localization of AR was seen in LNCaP cells and reduced ARE-signaling was seen following treatment with abiraterone, an androgen synthesis inhibitor. The ARE reporter activity was significantly stronger when stimulated by androgens than by β-estradiol, progesterone and dexamethasone in all tested cell types. Finally, no androgen-induced ARE reporter activity was observed in tumorigenic mesenchymal progeny cells of EP156T cells following epithelial to mesenchymal transition. This underscores the observation that expression of the classical luminal differentiation transcriptome is restricted in mesenchymal type cells with or without AR expression, and presence of androgen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yu Lin
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Pin Chuu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan;; Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung City 40402, Taiwan; Graduate Program for Aging, China Medical University, Taichung City 40402, Taiwan
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Abstract
The use of exogenous testosterone to treat hypogonadism in the men with a history of prostate cancer (CaP) remains controversial due to fears of cancer recurrence or progression. Due to the detrimental impact of hypogonadism on patient quality of life, recent work has examined the safety of testosterone therapy (TTh) in men with a history of CaP. In this review, we evaluate the literature with regards to the safety of TTh in men with a history of CaP. TTh results in improvements in quality of life with little evidence of biochemical recurrence or progression in men with a history of CaP, or de novo cancer in unaffected men. An insufficient amount of evidence is currently available to truly demonstrate the safe use of TTh in men with low risk CaP. In men with high-risk cancer, more limited data suggest that TTh may be safe, but these findings remain inconclusive. Despite the historic avoidance of TTh in men with a history of CaP, the existing body of evidence largely supports the safe and effective use of testosterone in these men, although additional study is needed before unequivocal safety can be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Pastuszak
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA;; Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Mohit Khera
- Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Binder MJ, McCoombe S, Williams ED, McCulloch DR, Ward AC. The extracellular matrix in cancer progression: Role of hyalectan proteoglycans and ADAMTS enzymes. Cancer Lett 2016; 385:55-64. [PMID: 27838414 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Remodelling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) has emerged as a key factor in cancer progression. Proteoglycans, including versican and other hyalectans, represent major structural elements of the ECM where they interact with other important molecules, including the glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan and the CD44 cell surface receptor. The hyalectan proteoglycans are regulated through cleavage by the proteolytic actions of A Disintegrin-like And Metalloproteinase domain with Thrombospondin-1 motif (ADAMTS) family members. Alteration in the balance between hyalectan proteoglycans and ADAMTS enzymes has been proposed to be a crucial factor in cancer progression either in a positive or negative manner depending on the context. Further complexity arises due to the formation of bioactive cleavage products, such as versikine, which may also play a role, and non-enzymatic functions for ADAMTS proteins. This research is providing fresh insights into cancer biology and opportunities for the development of new diagnostic and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marley J Binder
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Scott McCoombe
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Elizabeth D Williams
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Daniel R McCulloch
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia; Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Alister C Ward
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia; Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia.
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Nguyen TM, Pastuszak AW. Testosterone Therapy Among Prostate Cancer Survivors. Sex Med Rev 2016; 4:376-88. [PMID: 27474995 PMCID: PMC5026903 DOI: 10.1016/j.sxmr.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The use of testosterone in men with a history of prostate cancer remains controversial in light of established findings linking androgens to prostate cancer growth. However, hypogonadism significantly affects quality of life and has negative sequelae, and the risks and benefits of testosterone therapy might be worthwhile to consider in all men, even those with a history of high-risk prostate cancer. AIM To discuss the effects of testosterone on the prostate and the use of testosterone therapy in hypogonadal men with a history of prostate cancer. METHODS Review of the literature examining the effects of testosterone on the prostate and the efficacy and safety of exogenous testosterone in men with a history of prostate cancer. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Summary of effects of exogenous and endogenous testosterone on prostate tissue in vitro and in vivo, with a focus on effects in men with a history of prostate cancer. RESULTS Testosterone therapy ameliorates the symptoms of hypogonadism, decreases the risk for its negative sequelae, and can significantly improve quality of life. Recent studies do not support an increased risk for de novo prostate cancer, progression of the disease, or biochemical recurrence in hypogonadal men with a history of non-high-risk prostate cancer treated with testosterone therapy. Evidence supporting the use of testosterone in the setting of high-risk prostate cancer is less clear. CONCLUSION Despite the historical reluctance toward the use of testosterone therapy in men with a history of prostate cancer, modern evidence suggests that testosterone replacement is a safe and effective treatment option for hypogonadal men with non-high-risk prostate cancer. Additional work to definitively demonstrate the efficacy and safety of testosterone therapy in men with prostate cancer is needed, and persistent vigilance and surveillance of treated men remains necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander W Pastuszak
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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Tonry CL, Leacy E, Raso C, Finn SP, Armstrong J, Pennington SR. The Role of Proteomics in Biomarker Development for Improved Patient Diagnosis and Clinical Decision Making in Prostate Cancer. Diagnostics (Basel) 2016; 6:E27. [PMID: 27438858 PMCID: PMC5039561 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics6030027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate Cancer (PCa) is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in men worldwide. Although increased expression of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is an effective indicator for the recurrence of PCa, its intended use as a screening marker for PCa is of considerable controversy. Recent research efforts in the field of PCa biomarkers have focused on the identification of tissue and fluid-based biomarkers that would be better able to stratify those individuals diagnosed with PCa who (i) might best receive no treatment (active surveillance of the disease); (ii) would benefit from existing treatments; or (iii) those who are likely to succumb to disease recurrence and/or have aggressive disease. The growing demand for better prostate cancer biomarkers has coincided with the development of improved discovery and evaluation technologies for multiplexed measurement of proteins in bio-fluids and tissues. This review aims to (i) provide an overview of these technologies as well as describe some of the candidate PCa protein biomarkers that have been discovered using them; (ii) address some of the general limitations in the clinical evaluation and validation of protein biomarkers; and (iii) make recommendations for strategies that could be adopted to improve the successful development of protein biomarkers to deliver improvements in personalized PCa patient decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L Tonry
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Emma Leacy
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Cinzia Raso
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Stephen P Finn
- School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | | | - Stephen R Pennington
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Caffeic acid phenethyl ester induced cell cycle arrest and growth inhibition in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells via regulation of Skp2, p53, p21Cip1 and p27Kip1. Oncotarget 2016; 6:6684-707. [PMID: 25788262 PMCID: PMC4466643 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) patients receiving the androgen ablation therapy ultimately develop recurrent castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) within 1–3 years. Treatment with caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) suppressed cell survival and proliferation via induction of G1 or G2/M cell cycle arrest in LNCaP 104-R1, DU-145, 22Rv1, and C4–2 CRPC cells. CAPE treatment also inhibited soft agar colony formation and retarded nude mice xenograft growth of LNCaP 104-R1 cells. We identified that CAPE treatment significantly reduced protein abundance of Skp2, Cdk2, Cdk4, Cdk7, Rb, phospho-Rb S807/811, cyclin A, cyclin D1, cyclin H, E2F1, c-Myc, SGK, phospho-p70S6kinase T421/S424, phospho-mTOR Ser2481, phospho-GSK3α Ser21, but induced p21Cip1, p27Kip1, ATF4, cyclin E, p53, TRIB3, phospho-p53 (Ser6, Ser33, Ser46, Ser392), phospho-p38 MAPK Thr180/Tyr182, Chk1, Chk2, phospho-ATM S1981, phospho-ATR S428, and phospho-p90RSK Ser380. CAPE treatment decreased Skp2 and Akt1 protein expression in LNCaP 104-R1 tumors as compared to control group. Overexpression of Skp2, or siRNA knockdown of p21Cip1, p27Kip1, or p53 blocked suppressive effect of CAPE treatment. Co-treatment of CAPE with PI3K inhibitor LY294002 or Bcl-2 inhibitor ABT737 showed synergistic suppressive effects. Our finding suggested that CAPE treatment induced cell cycle arrest and growth inhibition in CRPC cells via regulation of Skp2, p53, p21Cip1, and p27Kip1.
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High Mobility Group B Proteins, Their Partners, and Other Redox Sensors in Ovarian and Prostate Cancer. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2016:5845061. [PMID: 26682011 PMCID: PMC4670870 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5845061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells try to avoid the overproduction of reactive oxygen species by metabolic rearrangements. These cells also develop specific strategies to increase ROS resistance and to express the enzymatic activities necessary for ROS detoxification. Oxidative stress produces DNA damage and also induces responses, which could help the cell to restore the initial equilibrium. But if this is not possible, oxidative stress finally activates signals that will lead to cell death. High mobility group B (HMGB) proteins have been previously related to the onset and progressions of cancers of different origins. The protein HMGB1 behaves as a redox sensor and its structural changes, which are conditioned by the oxidative environment, are associated with different functions of the protein. This review describes recent advances in the role of human HMGB proteins and other proteins interacting with them, in cancerous processes related to oxidative stress, with special reference to ovarian and prostate cancer. Their participation in the molecular mechanisms of resistance to cisplatin, a drug commonly used in chemotherapy, is also revised.
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38
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Androgen receptor inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition, migration, and invasion of PC-3 prostate cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2015; 369:103-11. [PMID: 26297988 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Bone metastasis is very common in prostate cancer (PCa) and causes severe pain. PC-3 is an androgen receptor (AR)-negative PCa cell line with high metastatic potential established from PCa bone metastasis. We observed that re-expression of AR, which is located in the cytoplasm in the absence of androgen, suppressed cell motility, migration, and invasion of PC-3 cells as determined by wound healing assay and transwell assay. Micro-Western Array and Western blotting analysis indicated that re-expression of AR increased APC, Akt2, Akt3, PI3K p85, phospho-PI3K p85 Tyr458, PI3K p85, and E-cadherin but decreased GSK-3β, phospho-GSK-3β Ser9, phospho-mTOR Ser2448, Skp2, NF-κB p50, Slug, N-cadherin, β-catenin, vimentin, MMP-9, and Snail. Migration and invasion of PC-3 and PC-3(AR) cells were promoted by EGF or IGF-1 but were suppressed by Casodex. Re-expression of AR reduced the activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in PC-3 cells. Our observations suggested that re-expressing AR suppresses migration and invasion of PC-3 cells via regulation of EMT marker proteins and MMP activity.
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Altintop MD, Sever B, Özdemir A, Kuş G, Oztopcu-Vatan P, Kabadere S, Kaplancikli ZA. Synthesis and evaluation of naphthalene-based thiosemicarbazone derivatives as new anticancer agents against LNCaP prostate cancer cells. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2015; 31:410-6. [PMID: 25826149 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2015.1031126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fourteen new naphthalene-based thiosemicarbazone derivatives were designed as anticancer agents against LNCaP human prostate cancer cells and synthesized. MTT assay indicated that compounds 6, 8 and 11 exhibited inhibitory effect on LNCaP cells. Among these compounds, 4-(naphthalen-1-yl)-1-[1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethylidene)thiosemicarbazide (6), which caused more than 50% death on LNCaP cells, was chosen for flow cytometric analysis of apoptosis. Flow cytometric analysis pointed out that compound 6 also showed apoptotic effect on LNCaP cells. Compound 6 can be considered as a promising anticancer agent against LNCaP cells owing to its potent cytotoxic activity and apoptotic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehlika Dilek Altintop
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Anadolu University , Eskişehir , Turkey
| | - Belgin Sever
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Anadolu University , Eskişehir , Turkey
| | - Ahmet Özdemir
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Anadolu University , Eskişehir , Turkey
| | - Gökhan Kuş
- b Open Education Faculty , Anadolu University , Eskişehir , Turkey
| | | | - Selda Kabadere
- d Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine , Eskisehir Osmangazi University , Eskişehir , Turkey
| | - Zafer Asim Kaplancikli
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Anadolu University , Eskişehir , Turkey
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Song W, Khera M. Physiological normal levels of androgen inhibit proliferation of prostate cancer cells in vitro. Asian J Androl 2014; 16:864-8. [PMID: 24923459 PMCID: PMC4236330 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.129132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
For more than 70 years, it has been believed that a severe reduction of serum androgen levels caused regression of prostate cancer (PCa) and that increasing androgen levels enhanced growth of PCa. However, numerous recent studies have questioned this traditional belief. In our study, LNCaP and MDA PCa 2b PCa cells were treated with various levels of androgens for 10 or 20 days, and the cell growth was measured with crystal violet mitogenic assay. The results indicated that the effect of androgens on the proliferation of PCa cells occurs in a biphasic pattern, with the androgen levels promoting optimal cell growth at approximately 0.23 ng ml⁻¹ for LNCaP cells and between 1 and 2 ng ml⁻¹ for MDA PCa 2b cells. Both of the optimal androgen levels are within the adult men's physiological low range (<2.4 ng ml⁻¹). At lower concentrations than the optimal androgen level, increasing androgen concentration promoted the proliferation of PCa cells. However, at the higher concentrations, increasing androgen concentration resulted in a dose-dependent proliferative inhibition. We conclude that physiologically normal levels of androgen inhibit the proliferation of PCa cells in vitro. However, at very low levels androgens are essential for initial growth of PCa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitao Song
- Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mohit Khera
- Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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Yang FQ, Liu M, Li W, Che JP, Wang GC, Zheng JH. Combination of quercetin and hyperoside inhibits prostate cancer cell growth and metastasis via regulation of microRNA‑21. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:1085-92. [PMID: 25354548 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that hyperoside and quercetin in combination (QH; 1:1) inhibited the growth of human leukemia cells. The aim of the present study was to investigate the anti‑cancer effect of QH on prostate cancer cells. The results demonstrated that QH decreased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increased antioxidant capacity in PC3 cells at various concentrations (2.5‑60 µg/ml) with peak inhibition and augmentation changes of 3.22‑ and 3.00‑fold, respectively. Following treatment with QH for 48 and 72 h, the IC50-values on PC3 cells were 19.7 and 12.4 µg/ml, respectively. Western blot analysis revealed that QH induced apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells via activation of caspase‑3 and cleavage of poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose) polymerase. In addition, QH significantly inhibited the invasion and migration of PC3 cells as well as reduced the expression of numerous prostate tumor‑associated microRNAs (miRs), including miR‑21, compared to that of untreated human prostate cancer cells. QH was also found to enhance the expression of tumor suppressor programmed cell death protein 4, which was negatively regulated by miR‑21. Furthermore, induced overexpression of miR‑21 using pre‑miR‑21 oligonucleotides attenuated the beneficial effect of QH on prostate cancer cells. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicated that QH exerted an anti‑cancer effect on human prostate cancer cells, the mechanism of which proceeded, at least in part, via the inhibition of the miR‑21 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Qiang Yang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Ping Che
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Chun Wang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Hua Zheng
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
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Androgen suppresses the proliferation of androgen receptor-positive castration-resistant prostate cancer cells via inhibition of Cdk2, CyclinA, and Skp2. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109170. [PMID: 25271736 PMCID: PMC4182885 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of prostate cancer (PCa) patient receiving androgen ablation therapy eventually develop castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). We previously reported that androgen treatment suppresses Skp2 and c-Myc through androgen receptor (AR) and induced G1 cell cycle arrest in androgen-independent LNCaP 104-R2 cells, a late stage CRPC cell line model. However, the mechanism of androgenic regulation of Skp2 in CRPC cells was not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the androgenic regulation of Skp2 in two AR-positive CRPC cell line models, the LNCaP 104-R1 and PC-3AR Cells. The former one is an early stage androgen-independent LNCaP cells, while the later one is PC-3 cells re-expressing either wild type AR or mutant LNCaP AR. Proliferation of LNCaP 104-R1 and PC-3AR cells is not dependent on but is suppressed by androgen. We observed in this study that androgen treatment reduced protein expression of Cdk2, Cdk7, Cyclin A, cyclin H, Skp2, c-Myc, and E2F-1; lessened phosphorylation of Thr14, Tyr15, and Thr160 on Cdk2; decreased activity of Cdk2; induced protein level of p27Kip1; and caused G1 cell cycle arrest in LNCaP 104-R1 cells and PC-3AR cells. Overexpression of Skp2 protein in LNCaP 104-R1 or PC-3AR cells partially blocked accumulation of p27Kip1 and increased Cdk2 activity under androgen treatment, which partially blocked the androgenic suppressive effects on proliferation and cell cycle. Analyzing on-line gene array data of 214 normal and PCa samples indicated that gene expression of Skp2, Cdk2, and cyclin A positively correlates to each other, while Cdk7 negatively correlates to these genes. These observations suggested that androgen suppresses the proliferation of CRPC cells partially through inhibition of Cyclin A, Cdk2, and Skp2.
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Wang L, Martins-Green M. Pomegranate and its components as alternative treatment for prostate cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:14949-66. [PMID: 25158234 PMCID: PMC4200766 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150914949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in men in the United States. There is a major need for less toxic but yet effective therapies to treat prostate cancer. Pomegranate fruit from the tree Punica granatum has been used for centuries for medicinal purposes and is described as “nature’s power fruit”. Recent research has shown that pomegranate juice (PJ) and/or pomegranate extracts (PE) significantly inhibit the growth of prostate cancer cells in culture. In preclinical murine models, PJ and/or PE inhibit growth and angiogenesis of prostate tumors. More recently, we have shown that three components of PJ, luteolin, ellagic acid and punicic acid together, have similar inhibitory effects on prostate cancer growth, angiogenesis and metastasis. Results from clinical trials are also promising. PJ and/or PE significantly prolonged the prostate specific antigen (PSA) doubling time in patients with prostate cancer. In this review we discuss data on the effects of PJ and PE on prostate cancer. We also discuss the effects of specific components of the pomegranate fruit and how they have been used to study the mechanisms involved in prostate cancer progression and their potential to be used in deterring prostate cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Manuela Martins-Green
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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Gacci M, Baldi E, Tamburrino L, Detti B, Livi L, De Nunzio C, Tubaro A, Gravas S, Carini M, Serni S. Quality of Life and Sexual Health in the Aging of PCa Survivors. Int J Endocrinol 2014; 2014:470592. [PMID: 24744780 PMCID: PMC3976934 DOI: 10.1155/2014/470592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common malignancy in elderly men. The progressive ageing of the world male population will further increase the need for tailored assessment and treatment of PCa patients. The determinant role of androgens and sexual hormones for PCa growth and progression has been established. However, several trials on androgens and PCa are recently focused on urinary continence, quality of life, and sexual function, suggesting a new point of view on the whole endocrinological aspect of PCa. During aging, metabolic syndrome, including diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and central obesity, can be associated with a chronic, low-grade inflammation of the prostate and with changes in the sex steroid pathways. These factors may affect both the carcinogenesis processes and treatment outcomes of PCa. Any treatment for PCa can have a long-lasting negative impact on quality of life and sexual health, which should be assessed by validated self-reported questionnaires. In particular, sexual health, urinary continence, and bowel function can be worsened after prostatectomy, radiotherapy, or hormone treatment, mostly in the elderly population. In the present review we summarized the current knowledge on the role of hormones, metabolic features, and primary treatments for PCa on the quality of life and sexual health of elderly Pca survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Gacci
- Department of Urology, University of Florence, Careggi Hospital, Viale Gramsci 7, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Baldi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, Section of Clinical Pathophysiology, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Lara Tamburrino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, Section of Clinical Pathophysiology, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Beatrice Detti
- Radiotherapy, University Hospital Careggi, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Livi
- Radiotherapy, University Hospital Careggi, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Cosimo De Nunzio
- Department of Urology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, University “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Tubaro
- Department of Urology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, University “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Stavros Gravas
- Department of Urology, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece
| | - Marco Carini
- Department of Urology, University of Florence, Careggi Hospital, Viale Gramsci 7, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Sergio Serni
- Department of Urology, University of Florence, Careggi Hospital, Viale Gramsci 7, 50121 Florence, Italy
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Lin HP, Lin CY, Hsiao PH, Wang HD, Sheng Jiang S, Hsu JM, Jim WT, Chen M, Kung HJ, Chuu CP. Difference in protein expression profile and chemotherapy drugs response of different progression stages of LNCaP sublines and other human prostate cancer cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82625. [PMID: 24349321 PMCID: PMC3857776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen ablation therapy is the primary treatment for metastatic prostate cancer. However, 80-90% of the patients who receive androgen ablation therapy ultimately develop recurrent tumors in 12-33 months after treatment with a median overall survival time of 1-2 years after relapse. LNCaP is a commonly used cell line established from a human lymph node metastatic lesion of prostatic adenocarcinoma. We previously established two relapsed androgen receptor (AR)-rich androgen-independent LNCaP sublines 104-R1 (androgen depleted for 12 months) and 104-R2 cells (androgen depleted for 24 months) from AR-positive androgen-dependent LNCaP 104-S cells. LNCaP 104-R1 and 104-R2 mimics the AR-positive hormone-refractory relapsed tumors in patients receiving androgen ablation therapy. Androgen treatment stimulates proliferation of 104-S cells, but causes growth inhibition and G1 cell cycle arrest in 104-R1 and 104-R2 cells. We investigated the protein expression profile difference between LNCaP 104-S vs. LNCaP 104-R1, 104-R2, PC-3, and DU-145 cells as well as examined the sensitivity of these prostate cancer cells to different chemotherapy drugs and small molecule inhibitors. Compared to 104-S cells, 104-R1 and 104-R2 cells express higher protein levels of AR, PSA, c-Myc, Skp2, BCL-2, P53, p-MDM2 S166, Rb, and p-Rb S807/811. The 104-R1 and 104-R2 cells express higher ratio of p-Akt S473/Akt, p-EGFR/EGFR, and p-Src/Src, but lower ratio of p-ERK/ERK than 104-S cells. PC-3 and DU-145 cells express higher c-Myc, Skp2, Akt, Akt1, and phospho-EGFR but less phospho-Akt and phospho-ERK. Overexpression of Skp2 increased resistance of LNCaP cells to chemotherapy drugs. Paclitaxel, androgen, and inhibitors for PI3K/Akt, EGFR, Src, or Bcl-2 seem to be potential choices for treatment of advanced prostate cancers. Our study provides rationale for targeting Akt, EGFR, Src, Bcl-2, and AR signaling as a treatment for AR-positive relapsed prostate tumors after hormone therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ping Lin
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, County, Taiwan
- Translational Center for Glandular Malignancies, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, County, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yu Lin
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, County, Taiwan
- Translational Center for Glandular Malignancies, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, County, Taiwan
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, County, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Hsuan Hsiao
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Dar Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan
| | - Shih Sheng Jiang
- Translational Center for Glandular Malignancies, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, County, Taiwan
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, County, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Ming Hsu
- Department of Urology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wai-Tim Jim
- Department of Pediatrics, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Marcelo Chen
- Department of Urology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Jien Kung
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, County, Taiwan
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, County, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Pin Chuu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, County, Taiwan
- Translational Center for Glandular Malignancies, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, County, Taiwan
- Graduate Program for Aging, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Cholestane-3β, 5α, 6β-triol suppresses proliferation, migration, and invasion of human prostate cancer cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65734. [PMID: 23785446 PMCID: PMC3681800 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxysterols are oxidation products of cholesterol. Cholestane-3β, 5α, 6β-triol (abbreviated as triol) is one of the most abundant and active oxysterols. Here, we report that triol exhibits anti-cancer activity against human prostate cancer cells. Treatment of cells with triol dose-dependently suppressed proliferation of LNCaP CDXR-3, DU-145, and PC-3 human prostate cancer cells and reduced colony formation in soft agar. Oral administration of triol at 20 mg/kg daily for three weeks significantly retarded the growth of PC-3 xenografts in nude mice. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that triol treatment at 10–40 µM caused G1 cell cycle arrest while the TUNEL assay indicated that triol treatment at 20–40 µM induced apoptosis in all three cell lines. Micro-Western Arrays and traditional Western blotting methods indicated that triol treatment resulted in reduced expression of Akt1, phospho-Akt Ser473, phospho-Akt Thr308, PDK1, c-Myc, and Skp2 protein levels as well as accumulation of the cell cycle inhibitor p27Kip. Triol treatment also resulted in reduced Akt1 protein expression in PC-3 xenografts. Overexpression of Skp2 in PC-3 cells partially rescued the growth inhibition caused by triol. Triol treatment suppressed migration and invasion of DU-145, PC-3, and CDXR-3 cells. The expression levels of proteins associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition as well as focal adhesion kinase were affected by triol treatment in these cells. Triol treatment caused increased expression of E-cadherin protein levels but decreased expression of N-cadherin, vimentin, Slug, FAK, phospho-FAK Ser722, and phospho-FAK Tyr861 protein levels. Confocal laser microscopy revealed redistribution of β-actin and α-tubulin at the periphery of the CDXR-3 and DU-145 cells. Our observations suggest that triol may represent a promising therapeutic agent for advanced metastatic prostate cancer.
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Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Manchester LC, Korkmaz A, Fuentes-Broto L, Hardman WE, Rosales-Corral SA, Qi W. A walnut-enriched diet reduces the growth of LNCaP human prostate cancer xenografts in nude mice. Cancer Invest 2013; 31:365-73. [PMID: 23758186 PMCID: PMC3709881 DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2013.800095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
It was investigated whether a standard mouse diet (AIN-76A) supplemented with walnuts reduced the establishment and growth of LNCaP human prostate cancer cells in nude (nu/nu) mice. The walnut-enriched diet reduced the number of tumors and the growth of the LNCaP xenografts; 3 of 16 (18.7%) of the walnut-fed mice developed tumors; conversely, 14 of 32 mice (44.0%) of the control diet-fed animals developed tumors. Similarly, the xenografts in the walnut-fed animals grew more slowly than those in the control diet mice. The final average tumor size in the walnut-diet animals was roughly one-fourth the average size of the prostate tumors in the mice that ate the control diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center , San Antonio, Texas, USA.
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Liu CC, Hsu JM, Kuo LK, Chuu CP. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester as an adjuvant therapy for advanced prostate cancer. Med Hypotheses 2013; 80:617-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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The prostate cancer-up-regulated Myc-associated zinc-finger protein (MAZ) modulates proliferation and metastasis through reciprocal regulation of androgen receptor. Med Oncol 2013; 30:570. [PMID: 23609189 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-013-0570-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most commonly diagnosed malignancies in men and the second leading cause of male cancer mortality. MAZ (Myc-associated zinc-finger protein) is a transcription factor that regulates the transcription of oncogenes, and the deregulated MAZ expression is closely related to the development and progression of a variety of cancers. In the present study, the role of MAZ in PCa tumorigenesis and its interaction with androgen receptor (AR), which is essential to PCa development in humans, were investigated. MAZ expression was found to be higher in clinical PCa specimens than in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and adjacent normal tissues, and MAZ expression was positively correlated with AR expression, which was also observed in PCa cell lines. After knockdown of MAZ by siRNA, cell proliferation was notably inhibited, colony formation declined, the cell cycle was arrested at G0/G1 phase, and the number of cells in S phase decreased (p < 0.05). MAZ knockdown resulted in a significant decline in the migration and invasion capacity of the LNCaP-AD cell line. siRNA knockdown of AR significantly decreased MAZ expression, and knockdown of MAZ significantly increased the expression of AR and DHT-induced androgen response element (ARE). These results suggest that MAZ and AR are interrelated and that MAZ plays an important role in PCa pathogenesis, which could be a potential therapeutic target.
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Impaired expression of protein phosphatase 2A subunits enhances metastatic potential of human prostate cancer cells through activation of AKT pathway. Br J Cancer 2013; 108:2590-600. [PMID: 23598299 PMCID: PMC3694226 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a dephosphorylating enzyme, loss of which can contribute to prostate cancer (PCa) pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to analyse the transcriptional and translational expression patterns of individual subunits of the PP2A holoenzyme during PCa progression. Methods: Immunohistochemistry (IHC), western blot, and real-time PCR was performed on androgen-dependent (AD) and androgen-independent (AI) PCa cells, and benign and malignant prostate tissues for all the three PP2A (scaffold, regulatory, and catalytic) subunits. Mechanistic and functional studies were performed using various biochemical and cellular techniques. Results: Through immunohistochemical analysis we observed significantly reduced levels of PP2A-A and -B′γ subunits (P<0.001 and P=0.0002) in PCa specimens compared with benign prostate. Contemporarily, there was no significant difference in PP2A-C subunit expression between benign and malignant tissues. Similar to the expression pattern observed in tissues, the endogenous levels of PP2A-A and B′γ subunits were abrogated from the low metastatic to high metastatic and AD to AI cell line models, without any change in the catalytic subunit expression. Furthermore, using in vitro studies we demonstrated that PP2A-Aα scaffold subunit has a role in dampening AKT, β-catenin, and FAK (focal adhesion kinase) signalling. Conclusion: We conclude that loss of expression of scaffold and regulatory subunits of PP2A is responsible for its altered function during PCa pathogenesis.
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