1
|
Gopallawa I, Dehinwal R, Bhatia V, Gujar V, Chirmule N. A four-part guide to lung immunology: Invasion, inflammation, immunity, and intervention. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1119564. [PMID: 37063828 PMCID: PMC10102582 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1119564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lungs are important respiratory organs primarily involved in gas exchange. Lungs interact directly with the environment and their primary function is affected by several inflammatory responses caused by allergens, inflammatory mediators, and pathogens, eventually leading to disease. The immune architecture of the lung consists of an extensive network of innate immune cells, which induce adaptive immune responses based on the nature of the pathogen(s). The balance of immune responses is critical for maintaining immune homeostasis in the lung. Infection by pathogens and physical or genetic dysregulation of immune homeostasis result in inflammatory diseases. These responses culminate in the production of a plethora of cytokines such as TSLP, IL-9, IL-25, and IL-33, which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Shifting the balance of Th1, Th2, Th9, and Th17 responses have been the targets of therapeutic interventions in the treatment of these diseases. Here, we have briefly reviewed the innate and adaptive i3mmune responses in the lung. Genetic and environmental factors, and infection are the major causes of dysregulation of various functions of the lung. We have elaborated on the impact of inflammatory and infectious diseases, advances in therapies, and drug delivery devices on this critical organ. Finally, we have provided a comprehensive compilation of different inflammatory and infectious diseases of the lungs and commented on the pros and cons of different inhalation devices for the management of lung diseases. The review is intended to provide a summary of the immunology of the lung, with an emphasis on drug and device development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Indiwari Gopallawa
- Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Ruchika Dehinwal
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Vikramsingh Gujar
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, United States
| | - Narendra Chirmule
- R&D Department, SymphonyTech Biologics, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Narendra Chirmule,
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Albano GD, Montalbano AM, Gagliardo R, Anzalone G, Profita M. Impact of Air Pollution in Airway Diseases: Role of the Epithelial Cells (Cell Models and Biomarkers). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2799. [PMID: 35269941 PMCID: PMC8911203 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomedical research is multidisciplinary and often uses integrated approaches performing different experimental models with complementary functions. This approach is important to understand the pathogenetic mechanisms concerning the effects of environmental pollution on human health. The biological activity of the substances is investigated at least to three levels using molecular, cellular, and human tissue models. Each of these is able to give specific answers to experimental problems. A scientific approach, using biological methods (wet lab), cell cultures (cell lines or primary), isolated organs (three-dimensional cell cultures of primary epithelial cells), and animal organisms, including the human body, aimed to understand the effects of air pollution on the onset of diseases of the respiratory system. Biological methods are divided into three complementary models: in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo. In vitro experiments do not require the use of whole organisms (in vivo study), while ex vivo experiments use isolated organs or parts of organs. The concept of complementarity and the informatic support are useful tools to organize, analyze, and interpret experimental data, with the aim of discussing scientific notions with objectivity and rationality in biology and medicine. In this scenario, the integrated and complementary use of different experimental models is important to obtain useful and global information that allows us to identify the effect of inhaled pollutants on the incidence of respiratory diseases in the exposed population. In this review, we focused our attention on the impact of air pollution in airway diseases with a rapid and descriptive analysis on the role of epithelium and on the experimental cell models useful to study the effect of toxicants on epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giusy Daniela Albano
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 00133 Rome, Italy; (G.D.A.); (A.M.M.); (R.G.)
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 90100 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Angela Marina Montalbano
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 00133 Rome, Italy; (G.D.A.); (A.M.M.); (R.G.)
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 90100 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Rosalia Gagliardo
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 00133 Rome, Italy; (G.D.A.); (A.M.M.); (R.G.)
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 90100 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Giulia Anzalone
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 90100 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Mirella Profita
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 00133 Rome, Italy; (G.D.A.); (A.M.M.); (R.G.)
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 90100 Palermo, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Novak C, Ballinger MN, Ghadiali S. Mechanobiology of Pulmonary Diseases: A Review of Engineering Tools to Understand Lung Mechanotransduction. J Biomech Eng 2021; 143:110801. [PMID: 33973005 PMCID: PMC8299813 DOI: 10.1115/1.4051118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cells within the lung micro-environment are continuously subjected to dynamic mechanical stimuli which are converted into biochemical signaling events in a process known as mechanotransduction. In pulmonary diseases, the abrogated mechanical conditions modify the homeostatic signaling which influences cellular phenotype and disease progression. The use of in vitro models has significantly expanded our understanding of lung mechanotransduction mechanisms. However, our ability to match complex facets of the lung including three-dimensionality, multicellular interactions, and multiple simultaneous forces is limited and it has proven difficult to replicate and control these factors in vitro. The goal of this review is to (a) outline the anatomy of the pulmonary system and the mechanical stimuli that reside therein, (b) describe how disease impacts the mechanical micro-environment of the lung, and (c) summarize how existing in vitro models have contributed to our current understanding of pulmonary mechanotransduction. We also highlight critical needs in the pulmonary mechanotransduction field with an emphasis on next-generation devices that can simulate the complex mechanical and cellular environment of the lung. This review provides a comprehensive basis for understanding the current state of knowledge in pulmonary mechanotransduction and identifying the areas for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caymen Novak
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, 473 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Megan N. Ballinger
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, 473 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Samir Ghadiali
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, 473 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, 2124N Fontana Labs, 140 West 19th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Smith-Norowitz TA, Chotikanatis K, Weaver D, Ditkowsky J, Norowitz YM, Hammerschlag MR, Joks R, Kohlhoff S. Chlamydia pneumoniae-induced tumour necrosis factor alpha responses are lower in children with asthma compared with non-asthma. BMJ Open Respir Res 2018; 5:e000239. [PMID: 29755754 PMCID: PMC5942456 DOI: 10.1136/bmjresp-2017-000239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chlamydia pneumoniae respiratory tract infection has been implicated in the pathogenesis of reactive airway disease and asthma. Innate cytokine responses that are protective of infection with intracellular pathogens may be impaired in patients with asthma. Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is a cytokine related to functions of monocytes and may inhibit C. pneumoniae infection. We investigated TNF-α responses in C. pneumoniae-infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in patients with asthma and non-asthma, and whether ciprofloxacin, azithromycin or doxycycline affects TNF-α responses. Methods PBMC (1.5×106) from paediatric patients with asthma (n=19) and non-asthmatic controls (n=6) were infected or mock infected for 1 hour with or without C. pneumoniae AR-39 at a multiplicity of infection=0.1, and cultured+ciprofloxacin, azithromycin or doxycycline (0.1 ug/mL) for 48 hours. TNF-α levels were measured in supernatants by ELISA. Results When PBMC from patients with asthma were infected with C. pneumoniae, levels of TNF-α were significantly lower than in subjects without asthma (48 hours) (5.5±5.6, 38.4±53.7; p=0.0113). However, baseline responses (no infection with C. pneumoniae) were similar in asthma and non-asthma (1.0±1.7, 1.1±1.2; p=0.89). When PBMC frompatiens with asthma were infected with C. pneumoniae+ciprofloxacin, azithromycin or doxycycline, TNF-α levels increased (25%–45%); this affect was not observed in PBMC from patients without asthma. Conclusions We identified differences in the quantity of TNF-α produced by C. pneumoniae-infected PBMC in asthma compared with non-asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Anne Smith-Norowitz
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Kobkul Chotikanatis
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Diana Weaver
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Jared Ditkowsky
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Yitzchok Meir Norowitz
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Margaret R Hammerschlag
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Rauno Joks
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Stephan Kohlhoff
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shi S, Liu X, Li H. Downregulation of caspase‑3 alleviates Mycoplasma pneumoniae‑induced apoptosis in alveolar epithelial cells. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:9601-9606. [PMID: 29039549 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae) infection is closely associated with pneumonia in children. Apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cells is involved in the development of pneumonia in children. The present study aimed to examine how caspase‑3 influences apoptosis rates in M. pneumoniae‑infected alveolar epithelial cells. A549 alveolar epithelial cells were treated with M. pneumoniae, and cells and culture supernatant were collected at different time points. Alterations in apoptosis rates and caspase‑3 mRNA and protein levels were measured for each treatment group. Cell apoptosis was detected using flow cytometry and TUNEL assay, and cell proliferation was detected using Cell Counting Kit‑8 assay. Caspase‑3 expression in A549 cells was inhibited via small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown and relative alterations in mRNA and protein levels and apoptosis rates were measured. Cytokine levels were measured using ELISA assay. Apoptosis rates of alveolar epithelial cells increased with prolonged exposure to M. pneumoniae (P<0.05). M. pneumoniae infection increased interleukin (IL)‑4, IL‑6 and IL‑13 levels and reduced IL‑10 levels. Caspase‑3 was upregulated, whereas B cell lymphoma (Bcl)‑2 was downregulated upon M. pneumoniae exposure for 24 h (P<0.05). Following 12 and 24 h of treatment, caspase‑3 levels in the siRNA‑treated cells were decreased compared with control group (P<0.05). M. pneumoniae also significantly altered caspase‑3 and Bcl‑2 protein expression. M. pneumoniae promoted apoptosis in alveolar epithelial cells via activation of the external death receptor pathway. Therefore, M. pneumoniae infection may affect the development of pneumonia in children by regulating caspase‑3 expression and promoting apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Shi
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Haibo Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wittekindt OH. Tight junctions in pulmonary epithelia during lung inflammation. Pflugers Arch 2017; 469:135-147. [PMID: 27921210 PMCID: PMC5203840 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-016-1917-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory lung diseases like asthma bronchiale, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and allergic airway inflammation are widespread public diseases that constitute an enormous burden to the health systems. Mainly classified as inflammatory diseases, the treatment focuses on strategies interfering with local inflammatory responses by the immune system. Inflammatory lung diseases predispose patients to severe lung failures like alveolar oedema, respiratory distress syndrome and acute lung injury. These life-threatening syndromes are caused by increased permeability of the alveolar and airway epithelium and exudate formation. However, the mechanism underlying epithelium barrier breakdown in the lung during inflammation is elusive. This review emphasises the role of the tight junction of the airway epithelium as the predominating structure conferring epithelial tightness and preventing exudate formation and the impact of inflammatory perturbations on their function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver H Wittekindt
- Institute of General Physiology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Smith-Norowitz TA, Perlman J, Norowitz YM, Joks R, Durkin HG, Hammerschlag MR, Kohlhoff S. Chlamydia pneumoniae induces interleukin-12 responses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in asthma and the role of toll like receptor 2 versus 4: a pilot study. Ir J Med Sci 2016; 186:511-517. [PMID: 28035483 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-016-1549-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlamydia pneumoniae causes respiratory infection in adults and children, and has been associated with asthma exacerbations and induction of Immunoglobulin (Ig) E responses. We previously reported that C. pneumoniae enhances T helper (Th) 2 responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from asthmatic patients. It is likely that toll like receptor (TLR)-2 and TLR-4 mediate cytokine responses and host defense against C. pneumoniae. Thus, we sought to determine whether engagement of TLR-2 or TLR-4 may induce IL-12 production in our C. pneumoniae model. METHODS PBMC (1.5 × 106) from asthmatic patients (N = 10) and non-asthmatic controls (N = 5) were infected or mock-infected for 1 h ± C. pneumoniae TW183 at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) = 1 and MOI = 0.1, and cultured for 48 h ± anti- TLR-2 and TLR-4 antibodies (Abs) (1 mg/mL). Interleukin (IL)-12 (48 h p.i.) and total IgE levels (day 10) were measured in supernatants (ELISA). RESULTS High IgE levels were detected in supernatants of C. pneumoniae- infected PBMC from asthmatics on day 10, compared with mock-infected PBMC (p < 0.03). In contrast, IgE was not detected (<0.3 ng/mL) in either C. pneumoniae infected or mock-infected PBMC from non-asthmatics. IL-12 production by C. pneumoniae-infected asthmatic and non-asthmatic PBMC were similar. When anti-TLR4, but not anti-TLR2, was included in culture, IL-12 production by C. pneumoniae- infected asthmatic PBMC decreased. CONCLUSIONS C. pneumoniae infection induces IgE production and modulates IL-12 responses in patients with asthma, which may be caused, in part, by differences in TLR-2 and TLR-4 stimulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T A Smith-Norowitz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Box 49, 450 Clarkson Ave., Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA.
| | - J Perlman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Box 49, 450 Clarkson Ave., Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA
| | - Y M Norowitz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Box 49, 450 Clarkson Ave., Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA
| | - R Joks
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA
| | - H G Durkin
- Department of Pathology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA
| | - M R Hammerschlag
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Box 49, 450 Clarkson Ave., Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA
| | - S Kohlhoff
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Box 49, 450 Clarkson Ave., Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pan W, Yu H, Huang S, Zhu P. Resveratrol Protects against TNF-α-Induced Injury in Human Umbilical Endothelial Cells through Promoting Sirtuin-1-Induced Repression of NF-KB and p38 MAPK. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147034. [PMID: 26799794 PMCID: PMC4723256 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) play important roles in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Resveratrol has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidative stress activities, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. In the present study, we investigated the molecular basis associated with the protective effects of resveratrol on tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)-induced injury in human umbilical endothelial cells (HUVECs) using a variety of approaches including a cell viability assay, reverse transcription and quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blot, and immunofluorescence staining. We showed that TNF-α induced CD40 expression and ROS production in cultured HUVECs, which were attenuated by resveratrol treatment. Also, resveratrol increased the expression of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1); and repression of SIRT1 by small-interfering RNA (siRNA) and the SIRT1 inhibitor Ex527 reduced the inhibitory effects of resveratrol on CD40 expression and ROS generation. In addition, resveratrol downregulated the levels of p65 and phospho-p38 MAPK, but this inhibitory effect was attenuated by the suppression of SIRT1 activity. Moreover, the p38 MAPK inhibitor SD203580 and the nuclear factor (NF)-κB inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) achieved similar repressive effects as resveratrol on TNF-α-induced ROS generation and CD40 expression. Thus, our study provides a mechanistic link between resveratrol and the activation of SIRT1, the latter of which is involved in resveratrol-mediated repression of the p38 MAPK/NF-κB pathway and ROS production in TNF-α-treated HUVECs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Pan
- Provincial Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huizhen Yu
- Provincial Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Geriatrics, Fujian Provincial Hospital Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Institute of Clinical Geriatrics, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shujie Huang
- Fujian Institute of Clinical Geriatrics, Fuzhou, China
| | - Pengli Zhu
- Provincial Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Institute of Clinical Geriatrics, Fuzhou, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang A, Yan X, Li H, Gu Z, Zhang P, Zhang H, Li Y, Yu H. TMEM16A protein attenuates lipopolysaccharide-mediated inflammatory response of human lung epithelial cell line A549. Exp Lung Res 2014; 40:237-50. [PMID: 24784799 DOI: 10.3109/01902148.2014.905655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the expression of endogenous TMEM16A in rat alveolar type II epithelial cells (AT-II) and A549, and study the effect of TMEM16A on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced proinflammatory cytokine secretion. METHODS Rat AT-II cells were isolated and TMEM16A protein expression in rat AT-II cells was measured by Western blot. TMEM16A mRNA and protein expressions in A549 were measured by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blot, respectively. TMEM16A gene was transfected into A549 using Lipofectamine 2000. Transfected cells were selected in the presence of G418 to create a stable TMEM16A overexpression A549 cell line. The expression of TMEM16A in A549 was knocked down by lentiviral vector-mediated RNA interference. TNF-α and IL-8 levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A dual-luciferase reporter assay system was used to measure the transcriptional activity of NF-κB. RESULTS (1) Endogenous TMEM16A was expressed in rat AT-II and A549. (2) TMEM16A expression in A549 significantly increased at 24 hours and 36 hours, and then decreased at 48 hours after LPS treatment. (3) TMEM16A mRNA and protein expressions were increased in the stable TMEM16A overexpression A549 cell line. (4) TMEM16A overexpression decreased the LPS-induced TNF-α and IL-8 secretions. (5) TMEM16A mRNA and protein expressions were knocked down in TMEM16A-siRNA lentivirus transfected A549. (6) TMEM16A knockdown increased the LPS-induced TNF-α and IL-8 secretions. (7) TMEM16A overexpression inhibited LPS-induced NF-κB activation. CONCLUSIONS TMEM16A is expressed in AT-II. TMEM16A in A549 inhibits LPS-induced NF-κB activation and decreases proinflammatory cytokines release, protecting A549 from acute LPS-mediated damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aili Zhang
- 1Department of Respirology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Song L, Zhu Y, Jin M, Zang B. Hydroxysafflor yellow a inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory signal transduction in human alveolar epithelial A549 cells. Fitoterapia 2013; 84:107-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
11
|
Hjorth E, Freund-Levi Y. Immunomodulation of microglia by docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2012; 15:134-43. [PMID: 22316559 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0b013e32835017cc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The omega-3 fatty acids (ω-3 FAs) docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid are dietary components which have been ascribed many different health benefits. Inflammation is present in, and contributes to, pathological conditions in the central nervous system (CNS). Microglia are the primary cells with immune function in the CNS, and inflammation mediated by activated microglia is present in pathological conditions. In this review, we present and discuss findings on the modulation of microglial activities by ω-3 FAs in vivo as well as in vitro, and propose mechanisms for their effects. RECENT FINDINGS The majority of studies show that ω-3 FAs have anti-inflammatory effects on microglia. However, phagocytosis is an activity associated with inflammation and is increased by ω-3 FAs. This can be understood in the light of recent research on the resolution of inflammation. Resolution is induced by proresolving factors, which are metabolites of ω-3 FAs. Proresolving factors are anti-inflammatory and have been shown to increase phagocytosis. Other mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory actions of ω-3 FAs involve the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, ω-3 FA incorporation into the cell membrane, and inhibition of ion currents. SUMMARY Immunomodulation by ω-3 FAs is mediated by several pathways that are interconnected and is a potential therapy for disorders in the CNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Hjorth
- Division of Neurodegeneration, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Feng XG, Xu XJ, Ye S, Lin YY, Chen P, Zhang XJ, Lin GY, Lin XQ. Recent Chlamydia pneumoniae infection is highly associated with active ankylosing spondylitis in a Chinese cohort. Scand J Rheumatol 2011; 40:289-91. [PMID: 21469941 DOI: 10.3109/03009742.2011.560891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of anti-Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cp) antibodies in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) to determine whether there is an association with AS disease activity. METHODS Seventy-nine AS outpatients and 73 normal controls were enrolled in this case-control study. Serum anti-Cp immunoglobulins (CpIg) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) were also measured. Clinical and experimental data were collected, and the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) was determined. Patients with positive Cp IgM or Cp IgA were considered to have had a recent Cp infection. RESULTS Cp IgG was detected in the majority of AS patients and also controls (88.8% vs. 91.8%, respectively). The seroprevalence of Cp IgA and Cp IgM was significantly higher in AS patients than in the controls (51.9% vs. 31.5%, p = 0.010 for Cp IgA; 79.7% vs. 20.5%, p < 0.0001 for Cp IgM). Seropositivity of Cp IgM was associated with elevation of the disease activity index, including erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR; p = 0.021), C-reactive protein (CRP; p = 0.007) and the BASDAI (p = 0.009). Persistent positive Cp IgM was associated with active disease, while seroreversion of Cp IgM was associated with a reduction in these disease activity indices. There was no correlation between Cp IgM or Cp IgA and symptomatic upper respiratory infections or other clinical manifestations. CONCLUSIONS Recent Cp infections occur frequently in AS patients and Cp IgM antibody is correlated with active disease. These findings indicate that Cp infections may be a triggering factor for active AS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X G Feng
- Department of Rheumatology, Dongfang Hospital, Fuzhou, P R China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Pathogenicity of Chlamydia and Chlamydia-related bacteria could be partially mediated by an enhanced activation of the innate immune response. The study of this host pathogen interaction has proved challenging due to the restricted in vitro growth of these strict intracellular bacteria and the lack of genetic tools to manipulate their genomes. Despite these difficulties, the interactions of Chlamydiales with the innate immune cells and their effectors have been studied thoroughly. This review aims to point out the role of pattern recognition receptors and signal molecules (cytokines, reactive oxygen species) of the innate immune response in the pathogenesis of chlamydial infection. Besides inducing clearance of the bacteria, some of these effectors may be used by the Chlamydia to establish chronic infections or to spread. Thus, the induced innate immune response seems to be variable depending on the species and/or the serovar, making the pattern more complex. It remains crucial to determine the common players of the innate immune response in order to help define new treatment strategies and to develop effective vaccines. The excellent growth in phagocytic cells of some Chlamydia-related organisms such as Waddlia chondrophila supports their use as model organisms to study conserved features important for interactions between the innate immunity and Chlamydia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brigida Rusconi
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Lausanne and University Hospital Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Regulation of P-glycoprotein in renal proximal tubule epithelial cells by LPS and TNF-alpha. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:525180. [PMID: 20300455 PMCID: PMC2841251 DOI: 10.1155/2010/525180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Revised: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 12/08/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
During endotoxemia, the ATP-dependent drug efflux pump P-glycoprotein (Abcb1/P-gp) is upregulated in kidney proximal tubule epithelial cells. The signaling pathway through which lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) regulates P-gp expression and activity was investigated further in the present study. Exposure of rat kidney proximal tubule cells to TNF-α alone or TNF-α and LPS increased P-gp gene and protein expression levels and efflux activity, suggesting de novo P-gp synthesis. Upon exposure to TNF-α in combination with LPS, P-gp activity in renal proximal tubule cells is increased under influence of nitric oxide (NO) produced by inducible NO synthase. Upon exposure to TNF-α alone, P-gp upregulation seems to involve TLR4 activation and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB) translocation, a pathway that is likely independent of NO. These findings indicate that at least two pathways regulate P-gp expression in the kidney during endotoxemia.
Collapse
|
15
|
Ma L, Wu X, Chen W, Fujino Y. Propofol has anti-inflammatory effects on alveolar type II epithelial cells. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2010; 54:362-9. [PMID: 19764911 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2009.02127.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated whether lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced inflammation in alveolar epithelial type II (ATII) cells is through cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and the effect of different dosages of propofol on the inflammation in primary cultured rat ATII cells. METHODS Cultured ATII cells were randomly assigned to one of the following five groups: Group C: untreated group (control) cultured in the absence of propofol and LPS; Group LPS: treated with 1 microg/ml LPS; Group P1: treated with 1 microg/ml LPS and 25 microM propofol; Group P2: treated with 1 microg/ml LPS and 50 microM propofol; Group P3: treated with 1 microg/ml LPS and 100 microM propofol. ATII cells in all groups were cultured at 37 degrees C for 3 h. CD14 and TLR4 mRNA was detected using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Western blot was used to detect CD14 and TLR4 protein expression. CD14 and TLR4 expression on the ATII cells was imaged using immunofluorescence. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production was determined using an ELISA kit. RESULTS LPS stimulation resulted in an increased CD14 and TLR4 expression and increased TNF-alpha production in ATII cells. Propofol, at concentrations > or = 50 microM, significantly (P<0.05) and dose-dependently decreased CD14 and TLR4 mRNA expression and protein expression in ATII cells. This was accompanied by a decrease in TNF-alpha production (P<0.05). CONCLUSION These results suggest that propofol, at clinically relevant concentrations, can reduce inflammatory responses in LPS-induced ATII cells injury through downregulation of CD14 and TLR4 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kim SC, Stice JP, Chen L, Jung JS, Gupta S, Wang Y, Baumgarten G, Trial J, Knowlton AA. Extracellular heat shock protein 60, cardiac myocytes, and apoptosis. Circ Res 2009; 105:1186-95. [PMID: 19875724 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.109.209643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Previously, we have found that changes in the location of intracellular heat shock protein (HSP)60 are associated with apoptosis. HSP60 has been reported to be a ligand of toll-like receptor (TLR)-4. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that extracellular HSP60 (exHSP60) would mediate apoptosis via TLR4. METHODS AND RESULTS Adult rat cardiac myocytes were treated with HSP60, either recombinant human or with HSP60 purified from the media of injured rat cardiac myocytes. ExHSP60 induced apoptosis in cardiac myocytes, as detected by increased caspase 3 activity and increased DNA fragmentation. Apoptosis could be reduced by blocking antibodies to TLR4 and by nuclear factor kappaB binding decoys, but not completely inhibited, even though similar treatment blocked lipopolysaccharide-induced apoptosis. Three distinct controls showed no evidence for involvement of a ligand other than exHSP60 in the mediation of apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of HSP60-induced apoptosis via the TLRs. HSP60-mediated activation of TLR4 may be a mechanism of myocyte loss in heart failure, where HSP60 has been detected in the plasma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Se-Chan Kim
- Molecular & Cellular Cardiology, University of California-Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Modulation of cytokine and β-defensin 2 expressions in human gingival fibroblasts infected with Chlamydia pneumoniae. Int Immunopharmacol 2008; 8:1239-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2008.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2008] [Revised: 04/11/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
18
|
Schmeck B, Beermann W, N’Guessan PD, Hocke AC, Opitz B, Eitel J, Dinh QT, Witzenrath M, Krüll M, Suttorp N, Hippenstiel S. Simvastatin Reduces
Chlamydophila pneumoniae
–Mediated Histone Modifications and Gene Expression in Cultured Human Endothelial Cells. Circ Res 2008; 102:888-95. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.107.161307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory activation of the endothelium by
Chlamydophila pneumoniae
infection has been implicated in the development of chronic vascular lesions and coronary heart disease by seroepidemiological and animal studies. We tested the hypothesis that
C pneumoniae
induced inflammatory gene expression is regulated by Rho-GTPase–related histone modifications.
C pneumoniae
infection induced the liberation of proinflammatory interleukin-6, interleukin-8, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, macrophage inflammatory protein-1β, granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and interferon-γ by human endothelial cells. Cytokine secretion was reduced by simvastatin and the specific Rac1 inhibitor NSC23766 but was synergistically enhanced by inhibitors of histone deacetylases trichostatin A and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid. Infection of endothelial cells with viable
C pneumoniae
, but not exposure to heat-inactivated
C pneumoniae
or infection with
C trachomatis
, induced acetylation of histone H4 and phosphorylation and acetylation of histone H3. Pretreatment of
C pneumoniae
–infected cells with simvastatin or NSC23766 reduced global histone modifications as well as specific modifications at the
il8
gene promoter, as shown by chromatin immunoprecipitation. Reduced recruitment of nuclear factor κB p65/RelA as well as of RNA polymerase II was observed in statin-treated cells. Taken together, Rac1-mediated histone modifications seem to play an important role in
C pneumoniae
–induced cytokine production by human endothelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Schmeck
- From the FORSYS Junior Research Group “Systems Biology of Lung Inflammation” (B.S.), Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine (B.S., W.B., P.D.N, A.C.H., B.O., J.E., M.W., M.K., N.S., S.H.), and Department of Internal Medicine/Psychosomatic Medicine (Q.T.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Wiebke Beermann
- From the FORSYS Junior Research Group “Systems Biology of Lung Inflammation” (B.S.), Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine (B.S., W.B., P.D.N, A.C.H., B.O., J.E., M.W., M.K., N.S., S.H.), and Department of Internal Medicine/Psychosomatic Medicine (Q.T.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Philippe Dje N’Guessan
- From the FORSYS Junior Research Group “Systems Biology of Lung Inflammation” (B.S.), Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine (B.S., W.B., P.D.N, A.C.H., B.O., J.E., M.W., M.K., N.S., S.H.), and Department of Internal Medicine/Psychosomatic Medicine (Q.T.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas C. Hocke
- From the FORSYS Junior Research Group “Systems Biology of Lung Inflammation” (B.S.), Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine (B.S., W.B., P.D.N, A.C.H., B.O., J.E., M.W., M.K., N.S., S.H.), and Department of Internal Medicine/Psychosomatic Medicine (Q.T.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Bastian Opitz
- From the FORSYS Junior Research Group “Systems Biology of Lung Inflammation” (B.S.), Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine (B.S., W.B., P.D.N, A.C.H., B.O., J.E., M.W., M.K., N.S., S.H.), and Department of Internal Medicine/Psychosomatic Medicine (Q.T.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Eitel
- From the FORSYS Junior Research Group “Systems Biology of Lung Inflammation” (B.S.), Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine (B.S., W.B., P.D.N, A.C.H., B.O., J.E., M.W., M.K., N.S., S.H.), and Department of Internal Medicine/Psychosomatic Medicine (Q.T.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Quoc Thai Dinh
- From the FORSYS Junior Research Group “Systems Biology of Lung Inflammation” (B.S.), Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine (B.S., W.B., P.D.N, A.C.H., B.O., J.E., M.W., M.K., N.S., S.H.), and Department of Internal Medicine/Psychosomatic Medicine (Q.T.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Witzenrath
- From the FORSYS Junior Research Group “Systems Biology of Lung Inflammation” (B.S.), Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine (B.S., W.B., P.D.N, A.C.H., B.O., J.E., M.W., M.K., N.S., S.H.), and Department of Internal Medicine/Psychosomatic Medicine (Q.T.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Krüll
- From the FORSYS Junior Research Group “Systems Biology of Lung Inflammation” (B.S.), Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine (B.S., W.B., P.D.N, A.C.H., B.O., J.E., M.W., M.K., N.S., S.H.), and Department of Internal Medicine/Psychosomatic Medicine (Q.T.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Suttorp
- From the FORSYS Junior Research Group “Systems Biology of Lung Inflammation” (B.S.), Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine (B.S., W.B., P.D.N, A.C.H., B.O., J.E., M.W., M.K., N.S., S.H.), and Department of Internal Medicine/Psychosomatic Medicine (Q.T.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Hippenstiel
- From the FORSYS Junior Research Group “Systems Biology of Lung Inflammation” (B.S.), Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine (B.S., W.B., P.D.N, A.C.H., B.O., J.E., M.W., M.K., N.S., S.H.), and Department of Internal Medicine/Psychosomatic Medicine (Q.T.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Burkhardt W, Koehne P, Wissel H, Graf S, Proquitté H, Wauer RR, Rüdiger M. Intratracheal perfluorocarbons diminish LPS-induced increase in systemic TNF-alpha. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2008; 294:L1043-8. [PMID: 18359887 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00125.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Perfluorocarbons (PFC) reduce the production of various inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-alpha. The anti-inflammatory effect is not entirely understood. If anti-inflammatory properties are caused by a mechanical barrier, PFC in the alveoli should have no effect on the inflammatory response to intravenous LPS administration. To test that hypothesis, rats (n=31) were administered LPS intravenously and were either spontaneously breathing (Spont), conventionally ventilated (CMV), or receiving partial liquid ventilation (PLV). Serum concentration of TNF-alpha was measured. The pulmonary expressions of TNF-alpha and TNF-alpha receptor 1 protein and of TNF-alpha and ICAM-1 mRNA were determined. LPS caused a significant (P<0.001) increase in serum TNF-alpha. Serum TNF-alpha concentration was similar in LPS/Spont (525+/-180 pg/ml) and LPS/CMV (504+/-154 pg/ml) but was significantly (P<0.001) lower in animals of the LPS/PLV group (274+/-101 pg/ml). Immunohistochemical data on TNF-alpha protein expression showed a LPS-induced increase in TNF-alpha and TNF-alpha receptor 1 expression that was diminished by partial liquid ventilation. PCR measurements revealed a lower expression of TNF-alpha and ICAM-1 mRNA in LPS/PLV than in LPS/CMV or LPS/Spont animals. Semiquantitative histological evaluation revealed only minor alveolar inflammation with no significant differences between the groups. Low serum TNF-alpha concentration in PFC-treated animals is most likely explained by a decreased production of TNF-alpha in the lung.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram Burkhardt
- Dept. for Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care Medicine, Klinik für Kinderheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Medizinische Fakultät der Technischen Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Song J, Bishop BL, Li G, Duncan MJ, Abraham SN. TLR4-initiated and cAMP-mediated abrogation of bacterial invasion of the bladder. Cell Host Microbe 2007; 1:287-98. [PMID: 17710226 PMCID: PMC1950120 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2007.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The remarkable resistance of the urinary tract to infection has been attributed to its physical properties and the innate immune responses triggered by pattern recognition receptors lining the tract. We report a distinct TLR4 mediated mechanism in bladder epithelial cells (BECs) that abrogates bacterial invasion, a necessary step for successful infection. Compared to controls, uropathogenic type 1 fimbriated Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae invaded BECs of TLR4 mutant mice in 10-fold or greater numbers. TLR4 mediated suppression of bacterial invasion was linked to increased intracellular cAMP levels which negatively impacted Rac-1 mediated mobilization of the cytoskeleton. Artificially increasing intracellular cAMP levels in BECs of TLR4 mutant mice restored resistance to type 1 fimbriated bacterial invasion. This finding reveals a novel function for TLR4 and another facet of bladder innate defense.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeongmin Song
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Brian L. Bishop
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Guojie Li
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Matthew J. Duncan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Soman N. Abraham
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- *Corresponding author, Mailing address; Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Campus Box 3020, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Phone: 919-684-6942; Fax: 919-684-2021; E-Mail:
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gentry M, Taormina J, Pyles RB, Yeager L, Kirtley M, Popov VL, Klimpel G, Eaves-Pyles T. Role of primary human alveolar epithelial cells in host defense against Francisella tularensis infection. Infect Immun 2007; 75:3969-78. [PMID: 17502386 PMCID: PMC1951971 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00157-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Francisella tularensis, an intracellular pathogen, is highly virulent when inhaled. Alveolar epithelial type I (ATI) and type II (ATII) cells line the majority of the alveolar surface and respond to inhaled pathogenic bacteria via cytokine secretion. We hypothesized that these cells contribute to the lung innate immune response to F. tularensis. Results demonstrated that the live vaccine strain (LVS) contacted ATI and ATII cells by 2 h following intranasal inoculation of mice. In culture, primary human ATI or ATII cells, grown on transwell filters, were stimulated on the apical (AP) surface with virulent F. tularensis Schu 4 or LVS. Basolateral (BL) conditioned medium (CM), collected 6 and 24 h later, was added to the BL surfaces of transwell cultures of primary human pulmonary microvasculature endothelial cells (HPMEC) prior to the addition of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) or dendritic cells (DCs) to the AP surface. HPMEC responded to S4- or LVS-stimulated ATII, but not ATI, CM as evidenced by PMN and DC migration. Analysis of the AP and BL ATII CM revealed that both F. tularensis strains induced various levels of a variety of cytokines via NF-kappaB activation. ATII cells pretreated with an NF-kappaB inhibitor prior to F. tularensis stimulation substantially decreased interleukin-8 secretion, which did not occur through Toll-like receptor 2, 2/6, 4, or 5 stimulation. These data indicate a crucial role for ATII cells in the innate immune response to F. tularensis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan Gentry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555-1070, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wissel H, Burkhardt W, Rupp J, Wauer RR, Rüdiger M. Perfluorocarbons decrease Chlamydophila pneumoniae-mediated inflammatory responses of rat type II pneumocytes in vitro. Pediatr Res 2006; 60:264-9. [PMID: 16857767 DOI: 10.1203/01.pdr.0000233033.82664.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydophila pneumoniae alter the expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 in alveolar type II (ATII)-cells. Subsequently nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) is activated and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2) are produced. Perfluorocarbons (PFC) are beneficial in animals with bacterial pneumonia and reduce production of TNF-alpha. Using isolated ATII-cells, it was studied whether PFC prevent C. pneumoniae-induced TNF-alpha and MIP-2 release and what the underlying pathway is. PF5080 preincubation prevented C. pneumoniae-induced secretion of TNF-alpha (43 +/- 10 versus 661 +/- 41 pg/mL) and MIP-2 (573 +/- 41 versus 4786 +/- 502 pg/mL). The C. pneumoniae-induced 2.2-fold increase of TNF-alpha Receptor 1 expression was reduced by PF5080. C. pneumoniae reduced cytoplasmatic IkappaBalpha (3.7 +/- 0.3 versus 14 +/- 1) and increased NF-kappaB p65 (31 +/- 7.5 versus 3.6 +/- 1.1) compared with control. PF5080 prevented NF-kappaB activation. TLR4 expression was 1.5-fold higher after C. pneumoniae incubation, but remained at control levels after PF5080 pretreatment. After 24 h of C. pneumoniae incubation, in 88 +/- 6% of cells bacteria were found in the perinuclear region and in 50% of these cells bacteria adhered to cellular surface. After PF5080 preincubation, C. pneumoniae were in 32 +/- 4% attached to and in 5 +/- 1% internalized in ATII-cells. Since PF5080 was found in ATII-cell membranes, PF5080 effect could be explained by an alteration of the cellular membrane, preventing activation of the inflammatory cascade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heide Wissel
- Clinic for Neonatology, Campus Charité Mitte, D-10098 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|