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Carr CM, Keller MB, Paul B, Schubert SW, Clausen KSR, Jensen K, Clarke DJ, Westh P, Dobson ADW. Purification and biochemical characterization of SM14est, a PET-hydrolyzing enzyme from the marine sponge-derived Streptomyces sp. SM14. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1170880. [PMID: 37250061 PMCID: PMC10213408 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1170880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The successful enzymatic degradation of polyester substrates has fueled worldwide investigation into the treatment of plastic waste using bio-based processes. Within this realm, marine-associated microorganisms have emerged as a promising source of polyester-degrading enzymes. In this work, we describe the hydrolysis of the synthetic polymer PET by SM14est, a polyesterase which was previously identified from Streptomyces sp. SM14, an isolate of the marine sponge Haliclona simulans. The PET hydrolase activity of purified SM14est was assessed using a suspension-based assay and subsequent analysis of reaction products by UV-spectrophotometry and RP-HPLC. SM14est displayed a preference for high salt conditions, with activity significantly increasing at sodium chloride concentrations from 100 mM up to 1,000 mM. The initial rate of PET hydrolysis by SM14est was determined to be 0.004 s-1 at 45°C, which was increased by 5-fold to 0.02 s-1 upon addition of 500 mM sodium chloride. Sequence alignment and structural comparison with known PET hydrolases, including the marine halophile PET6, and the highly efficient, thermophilic PHL7, revealed conserved features of interest. Based on this work, SM14est emerges as a useful enzyme that is more similar to key players in the area of PET hydrolysis, like PHL7 and IsPETase, than it is to its marine counterparts. Salt-tolerant polyesterases such as SM14est are potentially valuable in the biological degradation of plastic particles that readily contaminate marine ecosystems and industrial wastewaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clodagh M. Carr
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- SSPC-SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Malene B. Keller
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Bijoya Paul
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sune W. Schubert
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kristine S. R. Clausen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - David J. Clarke
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Peter Westh
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Alan D. W. Dobson
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- SSPC-SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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2
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Kołaczkowski BM, Moroz OV, Blagova E, Davies GJ, Møller MS, Meyer AS, Westh P, Jensen K, Wilson KS, Krogh KBRM. Structural and functional characterization of a multi-domain GH92 α-1,2-mannosidase from Neobacillus novalis. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2023; 79:387-400. [PMID: 37071393 PMCID: PMC10167667 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798323001663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Many secreted eukaryotic proteins are N-glycosylated with oligosaccharides composed of a high-mannose N-glycan core and, in the specific case of yeast cell-wall proteins, an extended α-1,6-mannan backbone carrying a number of α-1,2- and α-1,3-mannose substituents of varying lengths. α-Mannosidases from CAZy family GH92 release terminal mannose residues from these N-glycans, providing access for the α-endomannanases, which then degrade the α-mannan backbone. Most characterized GH92 α-mannosidases consist of a single catalytic domain, while a few have extra domains including putative carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs). To date, neither the function nor the structure of a multi-domain GH92 α-mannosidase CBM has been characterized. Here, the biochemical investigation and crystal structure of the full-length five-domain GH92 α-1,2-mannosidase from Neobacillus novalis (NnGH92) with mannoimidazole bound in the active site and an additional mannoimidazole bound to the N-terminal CBM32 are reported. The structure of the catalytic domain is very similar to that reported for the GH92 α-mannosidase Bt3990 from Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, with the substrate-binding site being highly conserved. The function of the CBM32s and other NnGH92 domains was investigated by their sequential deletion and suggested that whilst their binding to the catalytic domain was crucial for the overall structural integrity of the enzyme, they appear to have little impact on the binding affinity to the yeast α-mannan substrate. These new findings provide a better understanding of how to select and optimize other multi-domain bacterial GH92 α-mannosidases for the degradation of yeast α-mannan or mannose-rich glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartłomiej M. Kołaczkowski
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, Building 28, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
- Novozymes A/S, Biologiens Vej 2, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Olga V. Moroz
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Blagova
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Gideon J. Davies
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Marie Sofie Møller
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Building 224, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anne S. Meyer
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Building 224, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter Westh
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Building 224, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kenneth Jensen
- Novozymes A/S, Biologiens Vej 2, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Keith S. Wilson
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
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Oda K, Wlodawer A. Overview of the Properties of Glutamic Peptidases That Are Present in Plant and Bacterial Pathogens and Play a Role in Celiac Disease and Cancer. Biochemistry 2023; 62:672-694. [PMID: 36705990 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Seven peptidase (proteinase) families─aspartic, cysteine, metallo, serine, glutamic, threonine, and asparagine─are in the peptidase database MEROPS, version 12.4 (https://www.ebi.ac.uk/merops/). The glutamic peptidase family is assigned two clans, GA and GB, and comprises six subfamilies. This perspective summarizes the unique features of their representatives. (1) G1, scytalidoglutamic peptidase, has a β-sandwich structure containing catalytic residues glutamic acid (E) and glutamine (Q), thus the name eqolisin. Most family members are pepstatin-insensitive and act as plant pathogens. (2) G2, preneck appendage protein, originates in phages, is a transmembrane protein, and its catalytic residues consist of glutamic and aspartic acids. (3) G3, strawberry mottle virus glutamic peptidase, originates in viruses and has a β-sandwich structure with catalytic residues E and Q. Neprosin has propyl endopeptidase activity, is associated with celiac disease, has a β-sandwich structure, and contains catalytic residues E-E and Q-tryptophan. (4) G4, Tiki peptidase, of the erythromycin esterase family, is a transmembrane protein, and its catalytic residues are E-histidine pairs. (5) G5, RCE1 peptidase, is associated with cancer, is a transmembrane protein, and its catalytic residues are E-histidine and asparagine-histidine. Microcystinase, a bacterial toxin, is a transmembrane protein with catalytic residues E-histidine and asparagine-histidine. (6) G6, Ras/Rap1-specific peptidase, is a bacterial pathogen, a transmembrane protein, and its catalytic residues are E-histidine pairs. This family's common features are that their catalytic residues consist of a glutamic acid and another (variable) amino acid and that they exhibit a diversity of biological functions─plant and bacterial pathogens and involvement in celiac disease and cancer─that suggests they are viable drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Oda
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Alexander Wlodawer
- Center for Structural Biology, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
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Molecular and in vivo studies of a glutamate-class prolyl-endopeptidase for coeliac disease therapy. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4446. [PMID: 35915115 PMCID: PMC9343461 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32215-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The digestion of gluten generates toxic peptides, among which a highly immunogenic proline-rich 33-mer from wheat α-gliadin, that trigger coeliac disease. Neprosin from the pitcher plant is a reported prolyl endopeptidase. Here, we produce recombinant neprosin and its mutants, and find that full-length neprosin is a zymogen, which is self-activated at gastric pH by the release of an all-β pro-domain via a pH-switch mechanism featuring a lysine plug. The catalytic domain is an atypical 7+8-stranded β-sandwich with an extended active-site cleft containing an unprecedented pair of catalytic glutamates. Neprosin efficiently degrades both gliadin and the 33-mer in vitro under gastric conditions and is reversibly inactivated at pH > 5. Moreover, co-administration of gliadin and the neprosin zymogen at the ratio 500:1 reduces the abundance of the 33-mer in the small intestine of mice by up to 90%. Neprosin therefore founds a family of eukaryotic glutamate endopeptidases that fulfils requisites for a therapeutic glutenase. Celiac disease is characterized by intolerance to gluten, a cereal protein. Here, the authors show that neprosin, a glutamate peptidase from the pitcher plant, efficiently cleaves gluten components under physiological conditions in vitro and in the gut of mice.
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Felim J, Chen CK, Tsou D, Kuo HP, Kong ZL. Effect of Different Collagen on Anterior Cruciate Ligament Transection and Medial Meniscectomy-Induced Osteoarthritis Male Rats. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:917474. [PMID: 35866033 PMCID: PMC9295145 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.917474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common type of arthritis characterized by degeneration of the articular cartilage and joint dysfunction. Various pharmacological and non-pharmacological techniques have been used to manage these diseases. Due to the diverse therapeutic properties of marine collagen, it has received considerable attention in its pharmacological application. Thus, the purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of jellyfish collagen, collagen peptide, other sources of marine collagen, and glycine in treating OA. In the OA rat model, an anterior cruciate ligament transection combined with medial meniscectomy surgery (ACLT + MMx) was used to induce osteoarthritis in rats. Two weeks before surgery, male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a chow-fat diet. After 6 weeks of treatment with collagen, collagen peptide, and glycine, the results show that they could inhibit the production of proinflammatory cytokines and their derivatives, such as COX-2, MMP-13, and CTX-II levels; therefore, it can attenuate cartilage degradation. Moreover, collagen peptides can promote the synthesis of collagen type II in cartilage. These results demonstrate that collagen and glycine have been shown to have protective properties against OA cartilage degradation. In contrast, collagen peptides have been shown to show cartilage regeneration but less protective properties. Jellyfish collagen peptide at a dose of 5 mg/kg b. w. has the most significant potential for treating OA because it protects and regenerates cartilage in the knee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerrell Felim
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Kai Chen
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City, Taiwan
| | - David Tsou
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City, Taiwan
| | | | - Zwe-Ling Kong
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City, Taiwan
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Arnling Bååth J, Jensen K, Borch K, Westh P, Kari J. Sabatier Principle for Rationalizing Enzymatic Hydrolysis of a Synthetic Polyester. JACS AU 2022; 2:1223-1231. [PMID: 35647598 PMCID: PMC9131473 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Interfacial enzyme reactions are common in Nature and in industrial settings, including the enzymatic deconstruction of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) waste. Kinetic descriptions of PET hydrolases are necessary for both comparative analyses, discussions of structure-function relations and rational optimization of technical processes. We investigated whether the Sabatier principle could be used for this purpose. Specifically, we compared the kinetics of two well-known PET hydrolases, leaf-branch compost cutinase (LCC) and a cutinase from the bacterium Thermobifida fusca (TfC), when adding different concentrations of the surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). We found that CTAB consistently lowered the strength of enzyme-PET interactions, while its effect on enzymatic turnover was strongly biphasic. Thus, at gradually increasing CTAB concentrations, turnover was initially promoted and subsequently suppressed. This correlation with maximal turnover at an intermediate binding strength was in accordance with the Sabatier principle. One consequence of these results was that both enzymes had too strong intrinsic interaction with PET for optimal turnover, especially TfC, which showed a 20-fold improvement of k cat at the maximum. LCC on the other hand had an intrinsic substrate affinity closer to the Sabatier optimum, and the turnover rate was 5-fold improved at weakened substrate binding. Our results showed that the Sabatier principle may indeed rationalize enzymatic PET degradation and support process optimization. Finally, we suggest that future discovery efforts should consider enzymes with weakened substrate binding because strong adsorption seems to limit their catalytic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Arnling Bååth
- Department
of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical
University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Kenneth Jensen
- Novozymes
A/S, Biologiens Vej 2, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Kim Borch
- Novozymes
A/S, Biologiens Vej 2, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Peter Westh
- Department
of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical
University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
- . Phone: +45 45 25 26 41
| | - Jeppe Kari
- Department
of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, Roskilde DK-4000, Denmark
- . Phone: +45 46 74 27 20
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7
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Ade C, Marcelino TF, Dulchavsky M, Wu K, Bardwell JCA, Städler B. Microreactor equipped with naturally acid-resistant histidine ammonia lyase from an extremophile. MATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 3:3649-3662. [PMID: 36238657 PMCID: PMC9555226 DOI: 10.1039/d2ma00051b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Extremophile enzymes are useful in biotechnology and biomedicine due to their abilities to withstand harsh environments. The abilities of histidine ammonia lyases from different extremophiles to preserve their catalytic activities after exposure to acid were assessed. Thermoplasma acidophilum histidine ammonia lyase was identified as an enzyme with a promising catalytic profile following acid treatment. The fusion of this enzyme with the maltose-binding protein or co-incubation with the chaperone HdeA further helped Thermoplasma acidophilum histidine ammonia lyase to withstand acid treatments down to pH 2.8. The assembly of a microreactor by encapsulation of MBP-Thermoplasma acidophilum histidine ammonia lyase into a photocrosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel allowed the enzyme to recover over 50% of its enzymatic activity following exposure to simulated gastric and intestinal fluids. Our results show that using engineered proteins obtained from extremophiles in combination with polymer-based encapsulation can advance the oral formulations of biologicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Ade
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Thaís F Marcelino
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
- Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Mark Dulchavsky
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Kevin Wu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - James C A Bardwell
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Brigitte Städler
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
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Kołaczkowski BM, Jørgensen CI, Spodsberg N, Stringer MA, Supekar NT, Azadi P, Westh P, Krogh KBRM, Jensen K. Analysis of fungal high-mannose structures using CAZymes. Glycobiology 2022; 32:304-313. [PMID: 34939126 PMCID: PMC8970417 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoengineering ultimately allows control over glycosylation patterns to generate new glycoprotein variants with desired properties. A common challenge is glycan heterogeneity, which may affect protein function and limit the use of key techniques such as mass spectrometry. Moreover, heterologous protein expression can introduce nonnative glycan chains that may not fulfill the requirement for therapeutic proteins. One strategy to address these challenges is partial trimming or complete removal of glycan chains, which can be obtained through selective application of exoglycosidases. Here, we demonstrate an enzymatic O-deglycosylation toolbox of a GH92 α-1,2-mannosidase from Neobacillus novalis, a GH2 β-galactofuranosidase from Amesia atrobrunnea and the jack bean α-mannosidase. The extent of enzymatic O-deglycosylation was mapped against a full glycosyl linkage analysis of the O-glycosylated linker of cellobiohydrolase I from Trichoderma reesei (TrCel7A). Furthermore, the influence of deglycosylation on TrCel7A functionality was evaluated by kinetic characterization of native and O-deglycosylated forms of TrCel7A. This study expands structural knowledge on fungal O-glycosylation and presents a ready-to-use enzymatic approach for controlled O-glycan engineering in glycoproteins expressed in filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartłomiej M Kołaczkowski
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, Building 28, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
| | | | | | - Mary A Stringer
- Novozymes A/S, Biologiens Vej 2, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Nitin T Supekar
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, 315 Riverbend Rd. University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 USA
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, 315 Riverbend Rd. University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 USA
| | - Peter Westh
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Building 224, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | | | - Kenneth Jensen
- Novozymes A/S, Biologiens Vej 2, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
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Ramírez-Larrota JS, Eckhard U. An Introduction to Bacterial Biofilms and Their Proteases, and Their Roles in Host Infection and Immune Evasion. Biomolecules 2022; 12:306. [PMID: 35204806 PMCID: PMC8869686 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms represent multicellular communities embedded in a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances, conveying increased resistance against environmental stress factors but also antibiotics. They are shaped by secreted enzymes such as proteases, which can aid pathogenicity by degrading host proteins of the connective tissue or the immune system. Importantly, both secreted proteases and the capability of biofilm formation are considered key virulence factors. In this review, we focus on the basic aspects of proteolysis and protein secretion, and highlight various secreted bacterial proteases involved in biofilm establishment and dispersal, and how they aid bacteria in immune evasion by degrading immunoglobulins and components of the complement system. Thus, secreted proteases represent not only prominent antimicrobial targets but also enzymes that can be used for dedicated applications in biotechnology and biomedicine, including their use as laundry detergents, in mass spectrometry for the glycoprofiling of antibodies, and the desensitization of donor organs intended for positive crossmatch patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ulrich Eckhard
- Department of Structural Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, CSIC, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
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10
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Chen B, Loo BZL, Cheng YY, Song P, Fan H, Latypov O, Kittelmann S. Genome-wide high-throughput signal peptide screening via plasmid pUC256E improves protease secretion in Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Pediococcus acidilactici. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:48. [PMID: 35021997 PMCID: PMC8756648 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08292-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteases catalyze the hydrolysis of peptide bonds of proteins, thereby improving dietary protein digestibility, nutrient availability, as well as flavor and texture of fermented food and feed products. The lactobacilli Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (formerly Lactobacillus plantarum) and Pediococcus acidilactici are widely used in food and feed fermentations due to their broad metabolic capabilities and safe use. However, extracellular protease activity in these two species is low. Here, we optimized protease expression and secretion in L. plantarum and P. acidilactici via a genetic engineering strategy. RESULTS To this end, we first developed a versatile and stable plasmid, pUC256E, which can propagate in both L. plantarum and P. acidilactici. We then confirmed expression and secretion of protease PepG1 as a functional enzyme in both strains with the aid of the previously described L. plantarum-derived signal peptide LP_0373. To further increase secretion of PepG1, we carried out a genome-wide experimental screening of signal peptide functionality. A total of 155 predicted signal peptides originating from L. plantarum and 110 predicted signal peptides from P. acidilactici were expressed and screened for extracellular proteolytic activity in the two different strains, respectively. We identified 12 L. plantarum signal peptides and eight P. acidilactici signal peptides that resulted in improved yield of secreted PepG1. No significant correlation was found between signal peptide sequence properties and its performance with PepG1. CONCLUSION The vector developed here provides a powerful tool for rapid experimental screening of signal peptides in both L. plantarum and P. acidilactici. Moreover, the set of novel signal peptides identified was widely distributed across strains of the same species and even across some closely related species. This indicates their potential applicability also for the secretion of other proteins of interest in other L. plantarum or P. acidilactici host strains. Our findings demonstrate that screening a library of homologous signal peptides is an attractive strategy to identify the optimal signal peptide for the target protein, resulting in improved protein export.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Chen
- Wilmar International Limited, WIL@NUS Corporate Laboratory, Centre for Translational Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bryan Zong Lin Loo
- Wilmar International Limited, WIL@NUS Corporate Laboratory, Centre for Translational Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ying Ying Cheng
- Wilmar International Limited, WIL@NUS Corporate Laboratory, Centre for Translational Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peng Song
- Wilmar International Limited, Wilmar (Shanghai) Biotechnology Research and Development Center Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Fan
- Wilmar International Limited, WIL@NUS Corporate Laboratory, Centre for Translational Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Present Address: Huan Fan, Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Oleg Latypov
- Wilmar International Limited, WIL@NUS Corporate Laboratory, Centre for Translational Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Sandra Kittelmann
- Wilmar International Limited, WIL@NUS Corporate Laboratory, Centre for Translational Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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Falkenberg KB, Mol V, de la Maza Larrea AS, Pogrebnyakov I, Nørholm MHH, Nielsen AT, Jensen SI. The ProUSER2.0 Toolbox: Genetic Parts and Highly Customizable Plasmids for Synthetic Biology in Bacillus subtilis. ACS Synth Biol 2021; 10:3278-3289. [PMID: 34793671 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Versatile DNA assembly standards and compatible, well-characterized part libraries are essential tools for creating effective designs in synthetic biology. However, to date, vector standards for Gram-positive hosts have limited flexibility. As a result, users often revert to PCR-based methods for building the desired genetic constructs. These methods are inherently prone to introducing mutations, which is problematic considering vector backbone parts are often left unsequenced in cloning workflows. To circumvent this, we present the ProUSER2.0 toolbox: a standardized vector platform for building both integrative and replicative shuttle vectors forBacillus subtilis. The ProUSER2.0 vectors consist of a ProUSER cassette for easy and efficient insertion of cargo sequences and six exchangeable modules. Furthermore, the standard is semicompatible with several previously developed standards, allowing the user to utilize the parts developed for these. To provide parts for the toolbox, seven novel integration sites and six promoters were thoroughly characterized in B. subtilis. Finally, the capacity of the ProUSER2.0 system was demonstrated through the construction of signal peptide libraries for two industrially relevant proteins. Altogether, the ProUSER2.0 toolbox is a powerful and flexible framework for use in B. subtilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristoffer Bach Falkenberg
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 220, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Viviënne Mol
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 220, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Arrate Sainz de la Maza Larrea
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 220, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Ivan Pogrebnyakov
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 220, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Morten H. H. Nørholm
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 220, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Alex Toftgaard Nielsen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 220, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Sheila Ingemann Jensen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 220, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
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Zou Y, Bozhkov PV. Chlamydomonas proteases: classification, phylogeny, and molecular mechanisms. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:7680-7693. [PMID: 34468747 PMCID: PMC8643629 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Proteases can regulate myriad biochemical pathways by digesting or processing target proteins. While up to 3% of eukaryotic genes encode proteases, only a tiny fraction of proteases are mechanistically understood. Furthermore, most of the current knowledge about proteases is derived from studies of a few model organisms, including Arabidopsis thaliana in the case of plants. Proteases in other plant model systems are largely unexplored territory, limiting our mechanistic comprehension of post-translational regulation in plants and hampering integrated understanding of how proteolysis evolved. We argue that the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has a number of technical and biological advantages for systematic studies of proteases, including reduced complexity of many protease families and ease of cell phenotyping. With this end in view, we share a genome-wide inventory of proteolytic enzymes in Chlamydomonas, compare the protease degradomes of Chlamydomonas and Arabidopsis, and consider the phylogenetic relatedness of Chlamydomonas proteases to major taxonomic groups. Finally, we summarize the current knowledge of the biochemical regulation and physiological roles of proteases in this algal model. We anticipate that our survey will promote and streamline future research on Chlamydomonas proteases, generating new insights into proteolytic mechanisms and the evolution of digestive and limited proteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zou
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter V Bozhkov
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
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Abstract
Proteases are ubiquitous enzymes, having significant physiological roles in both synthesis and degradation. The use of microbial proteases in food fermentation is an age-old process, which is today being successfully employed in other industries with the advent of ‘omics’ era and innovations in genetic and protein engineering approaches. Proteases have found application in industries besides food, like leather, textiles, detergent, waste management, agriculture, animal husbandry, cosmetics, and pharmaceutics. With the rising demands and applications, researchers are exploring various approaches to discover, redesign, or artificially synthesize enzymes with better applicability in the industrial processes. These enzymes offer a sustainable and environmentally safer option, besides possessing economic and commercial value. Various bacterial and fungal proteases are already holding a commercially pivotal role in the industry. The current review summarizes the characteristics and types of proteases, microbial source, their current and prospective applications in various industries, and future challenges. Promoting these biocatalysts will prove significant in betterment of the modern world.
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Hernández-Rollán C, Falkenberg KB, Rennig M, Bertelsen AB, Ipsen JØ, Brander S, Daley DO, Johansen KS, Nørholm MHH. LyGo: A Platform for Rapid Screening of Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenase Production. ACS Synth Biol 2021; 10:897-906. [PMID: 33797234 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Environmentally friendly sources of energy and chemicals are essential constituents of a sustainable society. An important step toward this goal is the utilization of biomass to supply building blocks for future biorefineries. Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are enzymes that play a critical role in breaking the chemical bonds in the most abundant polymers found in recalcitrant biomass, such as cellulose and chitin. To use them in industrial processes they need to be produced in high titers in cell factories. Predicting optimal strategies for producing LPMOs is often nontrivial, and methods allowing for screening several strategies simultaneously are therefore needed. Here, we present a standardized platform for cloning LPMOs. The platform allows users to combine gene fragments with 14 different expression vectors in a simple 15 min reaction, thus enabling rapid exploration of several gene contexts, hosts, and expression strategies in parallel. The open-source LyGo platform is accompanied by easy-to-follow online protocols for both cloning and expression. As a demonstration of its utility, we explore different strategies for expressing several different LPMOs in Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Komagataella phaffii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Hernández-Rollán
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Kristoffer B. Falkenberg
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Maja Rennig
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
- Mycropt ApS, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Andreas B. Bertelsen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Johan Ø. Ipsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, 1871, Denmark
| | - Søren Brander
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, 1958, Denmark
| | - Daniel O. Daley
- Mycropt ApS, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
- Center for Biomembrane Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden
| | - Katja S. Johansen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, 1958, Denmark
| | - Morten H. H. Nørholm
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
- Mycropt ApS, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
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Zhang C, Zhang Y, Li H, Liu X. The potential of proteins, hydrolysates and peptides as growth factors forLactobacillusandBifidobacterium: current research and future perspectives. Food Funct 2020; 11:1946-1957. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fo02961c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics are live microorganisms that provide health benefits to the host when consumed in adequate concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Beijing Technology and Business University
- China
| | | | - He Li
- Beijing Technology and Business University
- China
| | - Xinqi Liu
- Beijing Technology and Business University
- China
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16
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Paschkowsky S, Hsiao JM, Young JC, Munter LM. The discovery of proteases and intramembrane proteolysis. Biochem Cell Biol 2019; 97:265-269. [DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2018-0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Paschkowsky
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Bellini Life Sciences Complex, 3649 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Jacqueline Melissa Hsiao
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, McIntyre Building, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Jason C. Young
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, McIntyre Building, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Lisa Marie Munter
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Bellini Life Sciences Complex, 3649 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 0B1, Canada
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Stocchi N, Revuelta MV, Castronuovo PAL, Vera DMA, Ten Have A. Molecular dynamics and structure function analysis show that substrate binding and specificity are major forces in the functional diversification of Eqolisins. BMC Bioinformatics 2018; 19:338. [PMID: 30249179 PMCID: PMC6154417 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-018-2348-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Eqolisins are rare acid proteases found in archaea, bacteria and fungi. Certain fungi secrete acids as part of their lifestyle and interestingly these also have many eqolisin paralogs, up to nine paralogs have been recorded. This suggests a process of functional redundancy and diversification has occurred, which was the subject of the research we performed and describe here. Results We identified eqolisin homologs by means of iterative HMMER analysis of the NR database. The identified sequences were scrutinized for which new hallmarks were identified by molecular dynamics simulations of mutants in highly conserved positions, using the structure of an eqolisin that was crystallized in the presence of a transition state inhibitor. Four conserved glycines were shown to be important for functionality. A substitution of W67F is shown to be accompanied by the L105W substitution. Molecular dynamics shows that the W67 binds to the substrate via a π-π stacking and a salt bridge, the latter being stronger in a virtual W67F/L105W double mutant of the resolved structure of Scytalido-carboxyl peptidase-B (PDB ID: 2IFW). Additional problematic mutations are discussed. Upon sequence scrutiny we obtained a set of 233 sequences that was used to reconstruct a Bayesian phylogenetic tree. We identified 14 putative specificity determining positions (SDPs) of which four are explained by mere structural explanations and nine seem to correspond to functional diversification related with substrate binding and specificity. A first sub-network of SDPs is related to substrate specificity whereas the second sub-network seems to affect the dynamics of three loops that are involved in substrate binding. Conclusion The eqolisins form a small superfamily of acid proteases with nevertheless many paralogs in acidic fungi. Functional redundancy has resulted in diversification related to substrate specificity and substrate binding. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12859-018-2348-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Stocchi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas (IIB-CONICET-UNMdP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CC 1245, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Revuelta
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas (IIB-CONICET-UNMdP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CC 1245, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina.,Pressent address: Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology Division, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Priscila Ailín Lanza Castronuovo
- QUIAMM-INBIOTEC-CONICET, Department of Chemistry - Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3350, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - D Mariano A Vera
- QUIAMM-INBIOTEC-CONICET, Department of Chemistry - Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3350, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Arjen Ten Have
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas (IIB-CONICET-UNMdP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CC 1245, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina.
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Klein T, Eckhard U, Dufour A, Solis N, Overall CM. Proteolytic Cleavage-Mechanisms, Function, and "Omic" Approaches for a Near-Ubiquitous Posttranslational Modification. Chem Rev 2017; 118:1137-1168. [PMID: 29265812 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Proteases enzymatically hydrolyze peptide bonds in substrate proteins, resulting in a widespread, irreversible posttranslational modification of the protein's structure and biological function. Often regarded as a mere degradative mechanism in destruction of proteins or turnover in maintaining physiological homeostasis, recent research in the field of degradomics has led to the recognition of two main yet unexpected concepts. First, that targeted, limited proteolytic cleavage events by a wide repertoire of proteases are pivotal regulators of most, if not all, physiological and pathological processes. Second, an unexpected in vivo abundance of stable cleaved proteins revealed pervasive, functionally relevant protein processing in normal and diseased tissue-from 40 to 70% of proteins also occur in vivo as distinct stable proteoforms with undocumented N- or C-termini, meaning these proteoforms are stable functional cleavage products, most with unknown functional implications. In this Review, we discuss the structural biology aspects and mechanisms of catalysis by different protease classes. We also provide an overview of biological pathways that utilize specific proteolytic cleavage as a precision control mechanism in protein quality control, stability, localization, and maturation, as well as proteolytic cleavage as a mediator in signaling pathways. Lastly, we provide a comprehensive overview of analytical methods and approaches to study activity and substrates of proteolytic enzymes in relevant biological models, both historical and focusing on state of the art proteomics techniques in the field of degradomics research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo Klein
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, and ‡Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ulrich Eckhard
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, and ‡Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Antoine Dufour
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, and ‡Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Nestor Solis
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, and ‡Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Christopher M Overall
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, and ‡Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Park JE, Kim HR, Park SY, Choi SK, Park SH. Identification of the biosynthesis gene cluster for the novel lantibiotic paenilan fromPaenibacillus polymyxaE681 and characterization of its product. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 123:1133-1147. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J.-E. Park
- Infectious Disease Research Center; Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB); Yuseong-gu Daejeon Korea
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering; KRIBB School of Biotechnology; Korea University of Science and Technology (UST); Yuseong-gu Daejeon Korea
| | - H.-R. Kim
- Infectious Disease Research Center; Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB); Yuseong-gu Daejeon Korea
| | - S.-Y. Park
- Infectious Disease Research Center; Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB); Yuseong-gu Daejeon Korea
| | - S.-K. Choi
- Infectious Disease Research Center; Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB); Yuseong-gu Daejeon Korea
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering; KRIBB School of Biotechnology; Korea University of Science and Technology (UST); Yuseong-gu Daejeon Korea
| | - S.-H. Park
- Infectious Disease Research Center; Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB); Yuseong-gu Daejeon Korea
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering; KRIBB School of Biotechnology; Korea University of Science and Technology (UST); Yuseong-gu Daejeon Korea
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20
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da Silva RR. Bacterial and Fungal Proteolytic Enzymes: Production, Catalysis and Potential Applications. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 183:1-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2427-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
The extremophile Deinococcus radiodurans wild type R1 produces peptidases (metallo- and serine-) in TGY medium and in the media supplemented with human hair (HMY) and chicken feathers (FMY). Enzymatic screening on agar plates revealed peptidase activity. In TGY medium metallopeptidases were detected corresponding to a molecular mass range of 300-85 kDa (gelatinases); 280-130 (caseinases) and a 300 and a 170 kDa (keratinases); and a gelatinolytic serine peptidase (75 kDa). In HMY medium after 144 h, D. radiodurans produced keratinase (290 U/ml), gelatinase (619 U/ml) and sulfite (26 µg/ml). TGY medium produced higher proteolytic activity: 950 U/ml of gelatinolytic (24 h); 470 U/ml of keratinolytic (24 h) and 110 U/ml of caseinolytic (72 h). In the FMY medium, we found gelatinolytic (317 U/ml), keratinolytic (43 U/ml) and caseinolytic (85 U/ml) activities. The sulfite had a maximum release at 48 h (8.1 µg/ml). Enzymography analysis revealed that the keratinases degraded keratin after 24 h of reaction. The addition of sodium sulfite (1.0 %) improved the keratin degradation. Environmental Scanning Electron microscopy revealed alterations such as damage and holes in the hair fiber cuticle after D. radiodurans growth. This work presents for the first time D. radiodurans as a new keratinolytic microorganism.
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Efficient production of polymyxin in the surrogate host Bacillus subtilis by introducing a foreign ectB gene and disrupting the abrB gene. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:4194-9. [PMID: 22467510 DOI: 10.1128/aem.07912-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In our previous study, Bacillus subtilis strain BSK3S, containing a polymyxin biosynthetic gene cluster from Paenibacillus polymyxa, could produce polymyxin only in the presence of exogenously added L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid (Dab). The dependence of polymyxin production on exogenous Dab was removed by introducing an ectB gene encoding the diaminobutyrate synthase of P. polymyxa into BSK3S (resulting in strain BSK4). We found, by observing the complete inhibition of polymyxin synthesis when the spo0A gene was knocked out (strain BSK4-0A), that Spo0A is indispensable for the production of polymyxin. Interestingly, the abrB-spo0A double-knockout mutant, BSK4-0A-rB, and the single abrB mutant, BSK4-rB, showed 1.7- and 2.3-fold increases, respectively, in polymyxin production over that of BSK4. These results coincided with the transcription levels of pmxA in the strains observed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The AbrB protein was shown to bind directly to the upstream region of pmxA, indicating that AbrB directly inhibits the transcription of polymyxin biosynthetic genes. The BSK4-rB strain, producing high levels of polymyxin, will be useful for the development and production of novel polymyxin derivatives.
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Burge S, Kelly E, Lonsdale D, Mutowo-Muellenet P, McAnulla C, Mitchell A, Sangrador-Vegas A, Yong SY, Mulder N, Hunter S. Manual GO annotation of predictive protein signatures: the InterPro approach to GO curation. DATABASE-THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DATABASES AND CURATION 2012; 2012:bar068. [PMID: 22301074 PMCID: PMC3270475 DOI: 10.1093/database/bar068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
InterPro amalgamates predictive protein signatures from a number of well-known partner databases into a single resource. To aid with interpretation of results, InterPro entries are manually annotated with terms from the Gene Ontology (GO). The InterPro2GO mappings are comprised of the cross-references between these two resources and are the largest source of GO annotation predictions for proteins. Here, we describe the protocol by which InterPro curators integrate GO terms into the InterPro database. We discuss the unique challenges involved in integrating specific GO terms with entries that may describe a diverse set of proteins, and we illustrate, with examples, how InterPro hierarchies reflect GO terms of increasing specificity. We describe a revised protocol for GO mapping that enables us to assign GO terms to domains based on the function of the individual domain, rather than the function of the families in which the domain is found. We also discuss how taxonomic constraints are dealt with and those cases where we are unable to add any appropriate GO terms. Expert manual annotation of InterPro entries with GO terms enables users to infer function, process or subcellular information for uncharacterized sequences based on sequence matches to predictive models. Database URL:http://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro. The complete InterPro2GO mappings are available at: ftp://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/GO/goa/external2go/interpro2go
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Burge
- EMBL-EBI, The Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK
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