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Zhou Z, Arroum T, Luo X, Kang R, Lee YJ, Tang D, Hüttemann M, Song X. Diverse functions of cytochrome c in cell death and disease. Cell Death Differ 2024; 31:387-404. [PMID: 38521844 PMCID: PMC11043370 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-024-01284-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The redox-active protein cytochrome c is a highly positively charged hemoglobin that regulates cell fate decisions of life and death. Under normal physiological conditions, cytochrome c is localized in the mitochondrial intermembrane space, and its distribution can extend to the cytosol, nucleus, and extracellular space under specific pathological or stress-induced conditions. In the mitochondria, cytochrome c acts as an electron carrier in the electron transport chain, facilitating adenosine triphosphate synthesis, regulating cardiolipin peroxidation, and influencing reactive oxygen species dynamics. Upon cellular stress, it can be released into the cytosol, where it interacts with apoptotic peptidase activator 1 (APAF1) to form the apoptosome, initiating caspase-dependent apoptotic cell death. Additionally, following exposure to pro-apoptotic compounds, cytochrome c contributes to the survival of drug-tolerant persister cells. When translocated to the nucleus, it can induce chromatin condensation and disrupt nucleosome assembly. Upon its release into the extracellular space, cytochrome c may act as an immune mediator during cell death processes, highlighting its multifaceted role in cellular biology. In this review, we explore the diverse structural and functional aspects of cytochrome c in physiological and pathological responses. We summarize how posttranslational modifications of cytochrome c (e.g., phosphorylation, acetylation, tyrosine nitration, and oxidation), binding proteins (e.g., HIGD1A, CHCHD2, ITPR1, and nucleophosmin), and mutations (e.g., G41S, Y48H, and A51V) affect its function. Furthermore, we provide an overview of the latest advanced technologies utilized for detecting cytochrome c, along with potential therapeutic approaches related to this protein. These strategies hold tremendous promise in personalized health care, presenting opportunities for targeted interventions in a wide range of conditions, including neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuan Zhou
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Tasnim Arroum
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Xu Luo
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Yong J Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
| | - Maik Hüttemann
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| | - Xinxin Song
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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2
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O’Sullivan A, Ryan KM, Padrela L. Production of biopharmaceutical dried-powders using supercritical CO2 technology. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2022.105645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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3
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Chemical (neo)glycosylation of biological drugs. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 171:62-76. [PMID: 33548302 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Biological drugs, specifically proteins and peptides, are a privileged class of medicinal agents and are characterized with high specificity and high potency of therapeutic activity. However, biologics are fragile and require special care during storage, and are often modified to optimize their pharmacokinetics in terms of proteolytic stability and blood residence half-life. In this review, we showcase glycosylation as a method to optimize biologics for storage and application. Specifically, we focus on chemical glycosylation as an approach to modify biological drugs. We present case studies that illustrate the success of this methodology and specifically address the highly important question: does connectivity within the glycoconjugate have to be native or not? We then present the innovative methods of chemical glycosylation of biologics and specifically highlight the emerging and established protecting group-free methodologies of glycosylation. We discuss thermodynamic origins of protein stabilization via glycosylation, and analyze in detail stabilization in terms of proteolytic stability, aggregation upon storage and/or heat treatment. Finally, we present a case study of protein modification using sialic acid-containing glycans to avoid hepatic clearance of biological drugs. This review aims to spur interest in chemical glycosylation as a facile, powerful tool to optimize proteins and peptides as medicinal agents.
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4
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Guerra-Castellano A, Márquez I, Pérez-Mejías G, Díaz-Quintana A, De la Rosa MA, Díaz-Moreno I. Post-Translational Modifications of Cytochrome c in Cell Life and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8483. [PMID: 33187249 PMCID: PMC7697256 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell, whilst their malfunction is related to several human pathologies, including neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and various types of cancer. In mitochondrial metabolism, cytochrome c is a small soluble heme protein that acts as an essential redox carrier in the respiratory electron transport chain. However, cytochrome c is likewise an essential protein in the cytoplasm acting as an activator of programmed cell death. Such a dual role of cytochrome c in cell life and death is indeed fine-regulated by a wide variety of protein post-translational modifications. In this work, we show how these modifications can alter cytochrome c structure and functionality, thus emerging as a control mechanism of cell metabolism but also as a key element in development and prevention of pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Irene Díaz-Moreno
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja), Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain; (A.G.-C.); (I.M.); (G.P.-M.); (A.D.-Q.); (M.A.D.l.R.)
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5
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Zhang M, Tu ZC, Liu J, Hu YM, Wang H, Mao JH, Li JL. The IgE/IgG binding capacity and structural changes of Alaska Pollock parvalbumin glycated with different reducing sugars. J Food Biochem 2020; 45:e13539. [PMID: 33107047 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Parvalbumin (PV) is one of the major allergens in fish. The aim of our present work was to research the influence mechanism of glycation with different reducing sugars (glucose, fructose, ribose, lactose, and galactose) on the immunoglobulin E (IgE) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) binding capacity and structure changes of PV in Alaska Pollock. PV glycated with glucose or fructose (PV-Glu/ PV-Fru) exhibited the higher IgE/IgG binding capacities than that of ribose, galactose, or lactose. During glycation, the lysine (Lyr), tyrosine (Tyr), and phenylalanine (Phe) of PV were gradually embed into core area of three-dimensional structure of protein, which reflected in the ultraviolet (UV) spectrum and fluorescence spectra. Moreover, the increase of surface hydrophobicity had confirmed the conformation alteration of glycated PV. These results suggest that there is a specific association among the change of PV in glycation and in potential allergenicity. The types and conformation of reducing sugar greatly influenced the IgE/IgG binding capacity of PV, and glycation with ribose and galactose was a promising approach for reducing the IgE/IgG binding capacity of PV from Alaska Pollock. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Parvalbumin (PV), the major allergen of fish, it can not only maintain the physiological activity of cells, but also cross react with human amyloid protein to alleviate Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's syndrome. This study revealed that the IgE/IgG binding capacity and structural changes of PV from Alaska Pollock modified by glycation with different reducing sugars. This will help us to understand the sensitization and structural change of the glycated products after the reaction of PV with different reducing sugars. It provides an effective carbonyl source for the preparation of low antigenicity PV based on glycation and lays a foundation for glycation modification of other food allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zong-Cai Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,National R&D center for Freshwater Fish Processing, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China.,Engineering Research Center of Freshwater Fish High-value Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Jun Liu
- National R&D center for Freshwater Fish Processing, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China.,Engineering Research Center of Freshwater Fish High-value Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Yue-Ming Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ji-Hua Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jin-Lin Li
- National R&D center for Freshwater Fish Processing, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
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6
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Seifried BM, Qi W, Yang YJ, Mai DJ, Puryear WB, Runstadler JA, Chen G, Olsen BD. Glycoprotein Mimics with Tunable Functionalization through Global Amino Acid Substitution and Copper Click Chemistry. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:554-566. [PMID: 32078297 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Glycoproteins and their mimics are challenging to produce because of their large number of polysaccharide side chains that form a densely grafted protein-polysaccharide brush architecture. Herein a new approach to protein bioconjugate synthesis is demonstrated that can approach the functionalization densities of natural glycoproteins through oligosaccharide grafting. Global amino acid substitution is used to replace the methionine residues in a methionine-enriched elastin-like polypeptide with homopropargylglycine (HPG); the substitution was found to replace 93% of the 41 methionines in the protein sequence as well as broaden and increase the thermoresponsive transition. A series of saccharides were conjugated to the recombinant protein backbones through copper(I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition to determine reactivity trends, with 83-100% glycosylation of HPGs. Only an acetyl-protected sialyllactose moiety showed a lower level of 42% HPG glycosylation that is attributed to steric hindrance. The recombinant glycoproteins reproduced the key biofunctional properties of their natural counterparts such as viral inhibition and lectin binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Seifried
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Wenjing Qi
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Yun Jung Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Danielle J Mai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Wendy B Puryear
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536, United States
| | - Jonathan A Runstadler
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536, United States
| | - Guosong Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Bradley D Olsen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.,Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
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7
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Wang W, Ohtake S. Science and art of protein formulation development. Int J Pharm 2019; 568:118505. [PMID: 31306712 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein pharmaceuticals have become a significant class of marketed drug products and are expected to grow steadily over the next decade. Development of a commercial protein product is, however, a rather complex process. A critical step in this process is formulation development, enabling the final product configuration. A number of challenges still exist in the formulation development process. This review is intended to discuss these challenges, to illustrate the basic formulation development processes, and to compare the options and strategies in practical formulation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Biological Development, Bayer USA, LLC, 800 Dwight Way, Berkeley, CA 94710, United States.
| | - Satoshi Ohtake
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Pfizer Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chesterfield, MO 63017, United States
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8
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Ahmed SA, Saleh SA, Abdel-Hameed SA, Fayad AM. Catalytic, kinetic and thermodynamic properties of free and immobilized caseinase on mica glass-ceramics. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01674. [PMID: 31193050 PMCID: PMC6514538 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus megaterium 314 strain was able to utilize agricultural and industrial wastes for metallo-protease production. Orange peel and wheat bran were found as the most suitable carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. Optimized production process enhanced the enzyme production by 5.1-folds. Glass and glass-ceramic with different particle sizes based on mica were used as inorganic carrier. Protease enzyme was immobilized by covalent bonding and physical adsorption methods on nanoparticle supports. Enzyme physically adsorbed on glass ceramic (particle size 0.71-1.0 mm) had the highest residual activity and the highest immobilization yield. Glass-ceramic was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Immobilized enzyme exhibited activation energy (E a ) and deactivation rate constant at 60 °C (k d ) about 1.29 and 1.46-times, respectively lower than free enzyme. Moreover, adsorbed enzyme had higher energy for denaturation (E d ), half-life (t 1/2 ), and decimal reduction time (D). The thermodynamic parameters of irreversible thermal denaturation for the protease enzyme indicate that immobilized enzyme had higher enthalpy (ΔH°), free energy (ΔG°), and entropy (ΔS°) than free one. There was a significant improvement in the maximum reaction velocity Vmax (2.5-fold), Michaelis constant Km (1.9-fold), and catalytic efficiency Vmax/Km (4.7-fold) values after immobilization indicating the efficiency and effectiveness of immobilization approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia A. Ahmed
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shireen A.A. Saleh
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Amira M. Fayad
- Glass Research Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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9
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Bolhassani A. Improvements in chemical carriers of proteins and peptides. Cell Biol Int 2019; 43:437-452. [PMID: 30672055 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The successful intracellular delivery of biologically active proteins and peptides plays an important role for therapeutic applications. Indeed, protein/peptide delivery could overcome some problems of gene therapy, for example, controlling the expression levels and the integration of transgene into the host cell genome. Thus, protein/peptide drug delivery showed a promising and safe approach for treatment of cancer and infectious diseases. Due to the unique physical and chemical properties of proteins, their production (e.g., isolation, purification & formulation) and delivery represented significant challenges in pharmaceutical studies. Modification in the structural moieties of these protein/peptide drugs could improve their solubility, stability, crystallinity, lipophilicity, enzymatic susceptibility and targetability, and subsequently, therapies and cures against various diseases. Using the structural modification of protein/peptide, their delivery provided overall higher success rates including high specificity, high activity, bioreactivity and safety. Recently, biotechnological and pharmaceutical companies have tried to find novel techniques for the modifications and improve delivery systems/carriers. However, each carrier has its own benefits and drawbacks, and an appropriate carrier is often established by the physicochemical properties of protein or peptide, the ideal route of injection, and clinical characteristics of therapy. In this review, an attempt was made to give an overview on the chemical carriers for proteins and peptides as well as the recent advances in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Bolhassani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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10
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Zhou Q, Qiu H. The Mechanistic Impact of N-Glycosylation on Stability, Pharmacokinetics, and Immunogenicity of Therapeutic Proteins. J Pharm Sci 2018; 108:1366-1377. [PMID: 30471292 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
N-glycosylation is one of major post-translational modifications in nature, and it is essential for protein structure and function. As hydrophilic moieties of glycoproteins, N-glycans play important roles in protein stability. They protect the proteins against proteolytic degradation, aggregation, and thermal denaturation through maintaining optimal conformations. There are extensive evidences showing the involvement of N-glycans in the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of recombinant therapeutic proteins and antibodies. Highly sialylated complex-type glycans enable the longer serum half-lives of proteins against uptake through hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor and mannose receptor for degradation in lysosomes. Moreover, the presence of nonhuman glycans results in clearance through pre-existing antibodies from serum and induces IgE-mediated anaphylaxis. N-glycans also facilitate or reduce the adverse immune responses of the proteins through interacting with multiple glycan-binding proteins, including those specific for mannose or mannose 6-phosphate. Due to the glycan impacts, a few therapeutic proteins were glycoengineered to improve the pharmacokinetics and stability. Thus, N-glycosylation should be extensively investigated and optimized for each individual protein for better efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Zhou
- Biologics Research, Sanofi, 49 New York Avenue, Framingham, Massachusetts 01701.
| | - Huawei Qiu
- Biologics Research, Sanofi, 49 New York Avenue, Framingham, Massachusetts 01701
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11
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Conjugation of Agrobacterium radiobacter epoxide hydrolase with ficoll: Catalytic, kinetic and thermodynamic analysis. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 119:1098-1105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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12
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Functional change of Bacillus acidocaldarius α-amylase chemically modified with periodate oxidized polysaccharides. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2018.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Al-Shakarchi W, Alsuraifi A, Abed M, Abdullah M, Richardson A, Curtis A, Hoskins C. Combined Effect of Anticancer Agents and Cytochrome C Decorated Hybrid Nanoparticles for Liver Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:E48. [PMID: 29649145 PMCID: PMC6027273 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10020048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is an aggressive form of liver cancer that displays minimal symptoms until its late stages. Unfortunately, patient prognosis still remains poor with only 10% of patients surviving more than five years after diagnosis. Current chemotherapies alone are not offering efficient treatment, hence alternative therapeutic approaches are urgently required. In this work, we highlight the potential of combination of treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with existing chemotherapies in combination with pro-apoptotic factor cytochrome C. In order to allow cytochrome C to cross the cellular membrane and become internalized, it has been immobilised onto the surface of hybrid iron oxide-gold nanoparticles. This novel approach has been tested in vitro on HepG2, Huh-7D and SK-hep-1 cell lines in order to elucidate potential as a possible alternative therapy with greater efficacy. The data from our studies show consistently that combining treatment of clinically used anticancer agents (doxorubicin, paclitaxel, oxaliplatin, vinblastine and vincristine) significantly increases the levels of apoptosis within the cell lines, which leads to cellular death. Hence, this combined approach may hold promise for future treatment regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wejdan Al-Shakarchi
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Keele University, Keele ST5 5BG, UK.
- College of Pharmacy, Mosul University, Mosul 41002, Iraq.
| | - Ali Alsuraifi
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Keele University, Keele ST5 5BG, UK.
- College of Dentistry, University of Basrah, Basrah 61004, Iraq.
| | - Mohammed Abed
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Keele University, Keele ST5 5BG, UK.
- College of Pharmacy, Mosul University, Mosul 41002, Iraq.
| | - Marwan Abdullah
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Keele University, Keele ST5 5BG, UK.
- College of Pharmacy, Mosul University, Mosul 41002, Iraq.
| | - Alan Richardson
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Keele University, Keele ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Anthony Curtis
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Keele University, Keele ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Clare Hoskins
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Keele University, Keele ST5 5BG, UK.
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14
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Wehaidy HR, Abdel-Naby MA, Shousha WG, Elmallah MIY, Shawky MM. Improving the catalytic, kinetic and thermodynamic properties of Bacillus subtilis KU710517 milk clotting enzyme via conjugation with polyethylene glycol. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 111:296-301. [PMID: 29309864 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Milk clotting enzyme (MCE) produced by Bacillus subtilis KU710517 was conjugated to several activated polysaccharides. Among all the conjugates, the enzyme conjugated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) exhibited the highest retained activity (551U/mg protein) with a recovered activity of 95.3%. The activation energy of PEG-conjugated enzyme was calculated as 24.56kJ·mol-1which was lower than that of the native one (29.27kJ·mol-1) however, the temperature quotient (Q10) was about 1.08 for the two forms of the enzyme. The calculated half-life times of PEG-conjugated enzyme at 55 and 60°C were 317.78 and 128.6min respectively, whereas at the same temperatures the native enzyme had lower half-life times (53 and 19.6min respectively). The data of thermodynamic analysis for substrate catalysis including the specificity constant (Vmax/Km), turnover number (kcat), catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km), enthalpy of activation (ΔH*), free energy of activation (ΔG*), free energy for transition state formation ΔG*E-T and free energy of substrate binding ΔG*E-S were determined for both native and PEG-conjugated enzyme. In addition, the thermodynamic parameters for irreversible inactivation (ΔH, ΔG, ΔS) were evaluated. The calculated results indicated that the catalytic properties after the PEG-conjugation were significantly improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hala Refaat Wehaidy
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Ahmed Abdel-Naby
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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15
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Zhang Y, Qi Y, Zhao Y, Sun H, Ge J, Liu Z. Activin A induces apoptosis of mouse myeloma cells via the mitochondrial pathway. Oncol Lett 2017; 15:2590-2594. [PMID: 29434978 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Activin A is a pleiotropic cytokine belonging to the transforming growth factor β superfamily. Abnormal expression of activin A is associated with tumorigenesis. Multiple myeloma is characterized by the development of osteolytic disease, which ultimately leads to cachexia. However, the involvement of activin A in myeloma cell viability and apoptosis remains to be fully elucidated. For this purpose, mouse myeloma NS-1 cells were treated with activin A, and subsequently subjected to 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine analysis, Hoechst 33342 staining, flow cytometry and western blot analysis. The results revealed that activin A significantly suppressed NS-1 cell viability, and induced NS-1 cell apoptosis. In addition, activin A-induced promotion of NS-1 cell apoptosis was accompanied by upregulated expression of BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator (Bax), but downregulated expression of B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), resulting in an increase of the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. Furthermore, cytochrome c and caspase-3 protein expression also increased following treatment with activin A. These data suggest that activin A induces apoptosis in mouse myeloma NS-1 cells via the mitochondrial pathway, providing a novel insight into multiple myeloma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyi Zhang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Yan Qi
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Hongyan Sun
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Jingyan Ge
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Zhonghui Liu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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16
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Figueroa CM, Suárez BN, Molina AM, Fernández JC, Torres Z, Griebenow K. Smart Release Nano-formulation of Cytochrome C and Hyaluronic Acid Induces Apoptosis in Cancer Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 8. [PMID: 28706754 PMCID: PMC5505692 DOI: 10.4172/2157-7439.1000427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Herein we tested a nanosized cancer-cell targeted delivery system based on cytochrome c (Cyt c) and hyaluronic acid. Cyt c was chosen since it is a per se non-toxic protein but causes apoptosis when delivered to the cytoplasm of target cells. Hyaluronic acid was employed to create the nanosized delivery system with passive targeting capability in order to exploit the enhanced permeation and retention (EPR) effect and active targeting capability of hyaluronic acid. In addition, our goal was to incorporate a smart release strategy to only promote protein release upon reaching its target. Nanoparticles were formed by a simple yet precise nanoprecipitation process based on desolvation. They were physically characterized to select precipitation conditions leading to adequate size, shape, protein bioactivity, and protein loading to produce a feasible targeted cancer treatment. We synthesized nanoparticles of around 500 nm diameter with a 60% protein loading and more than 80% of protein bioactivity. In vitro, cumulative release of 92% of Cyt c was observed after 8 h under conditions mimicking the reductive intracellular environment, while under non-denaturing conditions only 20% was released. The nanoparticles displayed a selective cytotoxic effect on cancer cells. After 6 h of incubation with the nanoparticles, hyaluronic acid receptor over expressing A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells showed a viability of ca. 20% at 0.16 mg/ml of Cyt c concentration. Only a negligible effect was observed on viability of COS-7 African green monkey kidney fibroblast, a normal cell line notoverexpressing the hyaluronic acid receptor. Confocal microscopy confirmed that the drug delivery system indeed delivered Cyt c to the cytoplasm of the target cells. We conclude that we were able to create a smart stimuli-responsive targeted drug delivery system with significant potential in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Figueroa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR 00931, Puerto Rico
| | - B N Suárez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR 00931, Puerto Rico
| | - A M Molina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR 00931, Puerto Rico
| | - J C Fernández
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR 00931, Puerto Rico
| | - Z Torres
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR 00931, Puerto Rico
| | - K Griebenow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR 00931, Puerto Rico
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Catalytic, kinetic and thermodynamic properties of stabilized Bacillus stearothermophilus alkaline protease. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 96:265-271. [PMID: 27899299 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.11.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus stearothermophilus alkaline protease was conjugated to several oxidized polysaccharides of different chemical structure. The conjugates were evaluated for the kinetic and thermodynamic stability. The conjugated enzyme with oxidized pectin had the highest retained activity (79.5%) and the highest half-life (T1/2) at 50°C and pH 9.0. Compared to the native protease, the conjugated preparation exhibited lower activation energy (Ea), lower deactivation constant rate (kd), higher T1/2, and higher D values (decimal reduction time) within the temperature range of 50-60°C. The thermodynamic parameters for irreversible inactivation of native and conjugated protease indicated that conjugation significantly decreased entropy (ΔS*) and enthalpy (ΔH*) of deactivation. The calculated value of activation energy for thermal denaturation (Ead) for the conjugated enzyme was 20.4KJmole-1 higher over the native one. The results of thermodynamic analysis for substrate hydrolysis indicated that the enthalpy of activation (ΔH*) and free energy of activation (free energy of substrate binding) ΔG*E-S and (ΔG*), (free energy of transition state) ΔG*E-T values were lower for the modified protease. Similarly, there was significant improvement of kcat, kcat/Km values. The enzyme proved to be metalloprotease and significantly stimulated by Ca2+ and Mg2+ whereas Hg2+, Fe3+ Cu2+ and Zn2+ inhibited the enzyme activity. There was no pronounced effect on substrate specificity after conjugation.
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18
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Hernández-Cancel G, Suazo-Dávila D, Ojeda-Cruzado AJ, García-Torres D, Cabrera CR, Griebenow K. Graphene oxide as a protein matrix: influence on protein biophysical properties. J Nanobiotechnology 2015; 13:70. [PMID: 26482026 PMCID: PMC4617716 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-015-0134-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study provides fundamental information on the influence of graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets and glycans on protein catalytic activity, dynamics, and thermal stability. We provide evidence of protein stabilization by glycans and how this strategy could be implemented when GO nanosheets is used as protein immobilization matrix. A series of bioconjugates was constructed using two different strategies: adsorbing or covalently attaching native and glycosylated bilirubin oxidase (BOD) to GO. Results Bioconjugate formation was followed by FT-IR, zeta-potential, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements. Enzyme kinetic parameters (km and kcat) revealed that the substrate binding affinity was not affected by glycosylation and immobilization on GO, but the rate of enzyme catalysis was reduced. Structural analysis by circular dichroism showed that glycosylation did not affect the tertiary or the secondary structure of BOD. However, GO produced slight changes in the secondary structure. To shed light into the biophysical consequence of protein glycosylation and protein immobilization on GO nanosheets, we studied structural protein dynamical changes by FT-IR H/D exchange and thermal inactivation. Conclusions It was found that glycosylation caused a reduction in structural dynamics that resulted in an increase in thermostability and a decrease in the catalytic activity for both, glycoconjugate and immobilized enzyme. These results establish the usefulness of chemical glycosylation to modulate protein structural dynamics and stability to develop a more stable GO-protein matrix. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12951-015-0134-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dámaris Suazo-Dávila
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR, 00931, USA.
| | - Axel J Ojeda-Cruzado
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR, 00931, USA.
| | - Desiree García-Torres
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR, 00931, USA.
| | - Carlos R Cabrera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR, 00931, USA.
| | - Kai Griebenow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR, 00931, USA.
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19
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Figueroa CM, Morales-Cruz M, Suárez BN, Fernández JC, Molina AM, Quiñones CM, Griebenow K. Induction of Cancer Cell Death by Hyaluronic Acid-Mediated Uptake of Cytochrome C. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 6. [PMID: 27182458 PMCID: PMC4864004 DOI: 10.4172/2157-7439.1000316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Effective cancer treatment needs both, passive and active targeting approaches, to achieve highly specific drug delivery to the target cells while avoiding cytotoxicity to normal cells. Protein drugs are useful in this context because they can display excellent specificity and potency. However, their use in therapeutic formulations is limited due to their physical and chemical instability during storage and administration. Polysaccharides have been used to stabilize proteins during formulation and delivery. To accomplish both, stabilization and targeting simultaneously, the apoptosis-inducing protein cytochrome c (Cyt c) was modified with the polysaccharide hyaluronic acid (HA) because its corresponding receptor CD44 is overexpressed in many cancers. Cyt c-HA bioconjugates were formed using low and high molecular weight HA (8 kDa and 1 MDa) with a resultant Cyt c loading percentage of 4%. Circular dichroism and a cell-free caspase assay showed minor structural changes and high bioactivity (more than 80% caspase activation) of Cyt c, respectively, after bioconjugate formation. Two CD44-positive cancer cells lines, HeLa and A549 cells, and two CD44-negative normal cell lines, Huvec and NIH-3T3 cells, were incubated with the samples to assess selectivity and cytotoxicity. After 24 h of incubation with the samples, cancer cell viability was reduced at least 3-fold while CD44-negative control cell lines remained minimally affected. Fluorescence imaging confirmed selective internalization of the Cyt c-HA construct by CD44-positive cancer cell lines. These results demonstrate the development of a drug delivery system that incorporates passive and active targeting which is essential for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy M Figueroa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR 00931, USA
| | - Moraima Morales-Cruz
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR 00931, USA
| | - Bethzaida N Suárez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR 00931, USA
| | - Jean C Fernández
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR 00931, USA
| | - Anna M Molina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR 00931, USA
| | - Carmen M Quiñones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR 00931, USA
| | - Kai Griebenow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR 00931, USA
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Delgado Y, Morales-Cruz M, Figueroa CM, Hernández-Román J, Hernández G, Griebenow K. The cytotoxicity of BAMLET complexes is due to oleic acid and independent of the α-lactalbumin component. FEBS Open Bio 2015; 5:397-404. [PMID: 26101738 PMCID: PMC4430638 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We synthesized three different BAMLET complexes consisting of oleic acid coupled to bovine α-lactalbumin. Oleic acid micelles alone are tumoricidal at equimolar concentrations of oleic acid bound in the BAMLET complexes. α-Lactalbumin is non-toxic to cells even when delivered to their cytoplasm. Both, BAMLET and oleic acid micelles showed no selective cytotoxicity to cancer cells.
Lipid–protein complexes comprised of oleic acid (OA) non-covalently coupled to human/bovine α-lactalbumin, named HAMLET/BAMLET, display cytotoxic properties against cancer cells. However, there is still a substantial debate about the role of the protein in these complexes. To shed light into this, we obtained three different BAMLET complexes using varying synthesis conditions. Our data suggest that to form active BAMLET particles, OA has to reach critical micelle concentration with an approximate diameter of 250 nm. Proteolysis experiments on BAMLET show that OA protects the protein and is probably located on the surface, consistent with a micelle-like structure. Native or unfolded α-lactalbumin without OA lacked any tumoricidal activity. In contrast, OA alone killed cancer cells with the same efficiency at equimolar concentrations as its formulation as BAMLET. Our data show unequivocally that the cytotoxicity of the BAMLET complex is exclusively due to OA and that OA alone, when formulated as a micelle, is as toxic as the BAMLET complex. The contradictory literature results on the cytotoxicity of BAMLET might be explained by our finding that it was imperative to sonicate the samples to obtain toxic OA.
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Key Words
- BAMLET
- BAMLET, bovine α-lactalbumin made lethal to tumor cells
- Cancer therapy
- DLS, dynamic light scattering
- EPR, enhanced permeability and retention
- FA, fatty acid
- Fatty acid
- FoA, folic acid
- HAMLET
- HAMLET, human α-lactalbumin made lethal to tumor cells
- MTS, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium
- NP, nanoparticles
- OA, oleic acid
- Oleic acid
- PMS, phenazine methosulfate
- SEM, scanning electron microscopy
- α-LA, α-lactalbumin
- α-Lactalbumin
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamixa Delgado
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, P.O. Box 23360, San Juan 00931-3346, Puerto Rico
| | - Moraima Morales-Cruz
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, P.O. Box 23360, San Juan 00931-3346, Puerto Rico
| | - Cindy M. Figueroa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, P.O. Box 23360, San Juan 00931-3346, Puerto Rico
| | - José Hernández-Román
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, P.O. Box 23360, San Juan 00931-3346, Puerto Rico
| | - Glinda Hernández
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, P.O. Box 23360, San Juan 00931-3346, Puerto Rico
| | - Kai Griebenow
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, P.O. Box 23360, San Juan 00931-3346, Puerto Rico
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, P.O. Box 23360, San Juan 00931-3346, Puerto Rico
- Corresponding author at: Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, P.O. Box 23360, San Juan 00931-3346, Puerto Rico. Tel.: +1 (787) 764 0000x7374; fax: +1 (787) 756 8242.
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