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Suss O, Halfin O, Porat Z, Fridmann Sirkis Y, Motiei L, Margulies D. Artificial Protein Crosstalk with a Molecule that Exchanges Binding Partners. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202312461. [PMID: 38010219 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Drawing inspiration from allosteric signaling enzymes, whose catalytic and regulatory units are non-covalently linked, we have devised a method to establish unnatural, effector-mediated enzyme activation within native cells. The feasibility of this approach is demonstrated by introducing a synthetic regulatory unit (sRU) onto glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) through non-covalent means. Our study reveals that this synthetic regulator mediates an unnatural crosstalk between GSK-3 and lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), whose expression is regulated by cellular oxygen levels. Specifically, with this approach, the constitutively active GSK-3 is transformed into an activable enzyme, whereas LDHA is repurposed as an unnatural effector protein that controls the activity of the kinase, making it unnaturally dependent on the cell's hypoxic response. These findings demonstrate a step toward imitating the function of effector-regulated cell-signaling enzymes, which play a key biological role in mediating the response of cells to changes in their environment. In addition, at the proof-of-principle level, our results indicate the potential to develop a new class of protein inhibitors whose inhibitory effect in cells is dictated by the cell's environment and consequent protein expression profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ohad Suss
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Olga Halfin
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Ziv Porat
- Flow Cytometry Unit, Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Yael Fridmann Sirkis
- Protein Analysis Unit, Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Leila Motiei
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - David Margulies
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
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Hromadkova L, Kupcik R, Vajrychova M, Prikryl P, Charvatova A, Jankovicova B, Ripova D, Bilkova Z, Slovakova M. Kinase-loaded magnetic beads for sequentialin vitrophosphorylation of peptides and proteins. Analyst 2018; 143:466-474. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an01508a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Kinases ERK2 and GSK-3β loaded magnetic beads for sequentialin vitrophosphorylation of peptides and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Hromadkova
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences
- Faculty of Chemical Technology
- University of Pardubice
- Pardubice 532 10
- Czech Republic
| | - Rudolf Kupcik
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences
- Faculty of Chemical Technology
- University of Pardubice
- Pardubice 532 10
- Czech Republic
| | - Marie Vajrychova
- Biomedical Research Center
- University Hospital Hradec Kralove
- Hradec Kralove 500 05
- Czech Republic
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology
| | - Petr Prikryl
- Institute of Pathological Physiology
- First Faculty of Medicine
- Charles University in Prague
- Prague 128 53
- Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Charvatova
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences
- Faculty of Chemical Technology
- University of Pardubice
- Pardubice 532 10
- Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Jankovicova
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences
- Faculty of Chemical Technology
- University of Pardubice
- Pardubice 532 10
- Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Ripova
- National Institute of Mental Health
- Klecany 250 67
- Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Bilkova
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences
- Faculty of Chemical Technology
- University of Pardubice
- Pardubice 532 10
- Czech Republic
| | - Marcela Slovakova
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences
- Faculty of Chemical Technology
- University of Pardubice
- Pardubice 532 10
- Czech Republic
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Grabinski T, Kanaan NM. Novel Non-phosphorylated Serine 9/21 GSK3β/α Antibodies: Expanding the Tools for Studying GSK3 Regulation. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:123. [PMID: 27909397 PMCID: PMC5112268 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) β and α are serine/threonine kinases involved in many biological processes. A primary mechanism of GSK3 activity regulation is phosphorylation of N-terminal serine (S) residues (S9 in GSK3β, S21 in GSK3α). Phosphorylation is inhibitory to GSK3 kinase activity because the phosphorylated N-terminus acts as a competitive inhibitor for primed substrates. Despite widespread interest in GSK3 across most fields of biology, the research community does not have reagents that specifically react with nonphosphoS9/21 GSK3β/α (the so-called "active" form). Here, we describe two novel monoclonal antibodies that specifically react with nonphosphoS9/21 GSK3β/α in multiple species (human, mouse, and rat). One of the antibodies is specific for nonphospho-S9 GSK3β (clone 12B2) and one for nonphospho-S9/21 GSK3β/α (clone 15C2). These reagents were validated for specificity and reactivity in several biochemical and immunochemical assays, and they show linear detection of nonphosphoS GSK3. Finally, these reagents provide significant advantages in studying GSK3β regulation. We used both antibodies to study the regulation of S9 phosphorylation by Akt and protein phosphatases. We used 12B2 (due to its specificity for GSK3β) and to demonstrate that protein phosphatase inhibition reduces nonphospho-S9 GSK3β levels and lowers kinase activity within cells. The ability to use the same reagent across biochemical, immunohistological and kinase activity assays provides a powerful approach for studying serine-dependent regulation of GSK3β/α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Grabinski
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand RapidsMI, USA
| | - Nicholas M. Kanaan
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand RapidsMI, USA
- Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Mercy Health Saint Mary’s, Grand RapidsMI, USA
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Gassen NC, Hartmann J, Zannas AS, Kretzschmar A, Zschocke J, Maccarrone G, Hafner K, Zellner A, Kollmannsberger LK, Wagner KV, Mehta D, Kloiber S, Turck CW, Lucae S, Chrousos GP, Holsboer F, Binder EB, Ising M, Schmidt MV, Rein T. FKBP51 inhibits GSK3β and augments the effects of distinct psychotropic medications. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:277-89. [PMID: 25849320 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Psychotropic medications target glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), but the functional integration with other factors relevant for drug efficacy is poorly understood. We discovered that the suggested psychiatric risk factor FK506 binding protein 51 (FKBP51) increases phosphorylation of GSK3β at serine 9 (pGSK3β(S9)). FKBP51 associates with GSK3β mainly through its FK1 domain; furthermore, it also changes GSK3β's heterocomplex assembly by associating with the phosphatase PP2A and the kinase cyclin-dependent kinase 5. FKBP51 acts through GSK3β on the downstream targets Tau, β-catenin and T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancing factor (TCF/LEF). Lithium and the antidepressant (AD) paroxetine (PAR) functionally synergize with FKBP51, as revealed by reporter gene and protein association analyses. Deletion of FKBP51 blunted the PAR- or lithium-induced increase in pGSK3β(S9) in cells and mice and attenuated the behavioral effects of lithium treatment. Clinical improvement in depressive patients was predicted by baseline GSK3β pathway activity and by pGSK3β(S9) reactivity to ex vivo treatment of peripheral blood mononuclear lymphocytes with lithium or PAR. In sum, FKBP51-directed GSK3β activity contributes to the action of psychotropic medications. Components of the FKBP51-GSK3β pathway may be useful as biomarkers predicting AD response and as targets for the development of novel ADs.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Gassen
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - J Hartmann
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - A S Zannas
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - A Kretzschmar
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - J Zschocke
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - G Maccarrone
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - K Hafner
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - A Zellner
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - L K Kollmannsberger
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - K V Wagner
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - D Mehta
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - S Kloiber
- Department of Clinical Research, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - C W Turck
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - S Lucae
- Department of Clinical Research, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - G P Chrousos
- First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - F Holsboer
- Department of Clinical Research, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - E B Binder
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - M Ising
- Department of Clinical Research, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - M V Schmidt
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - T Rein
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
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Screening of inhibitors of glycogen synthase kinase-3β from traditional Chinese medicines using enzyme-immobilized magnetic beads combined with high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1425:8-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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6
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Monitoring of phosphorylated peptides by radioactive assay and matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Amino Acids 2015; 47:2377-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-2025-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Yen YC, Gassen NC, Zellner A, Rein T, Landgraf R, Wotjak CT, Anderzhanova E. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibition in the medial prefrontal cortex mediates paradoxical amphetamine action in a mouse model of ADHD. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:67. [PMID: 25852508 PMCID: PMC4367184 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychostimulants show therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It is generally assumed that they ameliorate ADHD symptoms via interfering with monoaminergic signaling. We combined behavioral pharmacology, neurochemistry and molecular analyses to identify mechanisms underlying the paradoxical calming effect of amphetamine in low trait anxiety behavior (LAB) mice, a novel multigenetic animal model of ADHD. Amphetamine (1 mg/kg) and methylphenidate (10 mg/kg) elicited similar dopamine and norepinephrine release in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and in the striatum of LAB mice. In contrast, amphetamine decreased, while methylphenidate increased locomotor activity. This argues against changes in dopamine and/or norepinephrine release as mediators of amphetamine paradoxical effects. Instead, the calming activity of amphetamine corresponded to the inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) activity, specifically in the mPFC. Accordingly, not only systemic administration of the GSK3β inhibitor TDZD-8 (20 mg/kg), but also local microinjections of TDZD-8 and amphetamine into the mPFC, but not into the striatum, decreased locomotor activity in LAB mice. Amphetamine effects seem to depend on NMDA receptor signaling, since pre- or co-treatment with MK-801 (0.3 mg/kg) abolished the effects of amphetamine (1 mg/kg) on the locomotion and on the phosphorylation of GSK3β at the level of the mPFC. Taken together, the paradoxical calming effect of amphetamine in hyperactive LAB mice concurs with a decreased GSK3β activity in the mPFC. This effect appears to be independent of dopamine or norepinephrine release, but contingent on NMDA receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chun Yen
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Theo Rein
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry Munich, Germany
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Dunn JD, Reid GE, Bruening ML. Techniques for phosphopeptide enrichment prior to analysis by mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2010; 29:29-54. [PMID: 19263479 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry is the tool of choice to investigate protein phosphorylation, which plays a vital role in cell regulation and diseases such as cancer. However, low abundances of phosphopeptides and low degrees of phosphorylation typically necessitate isolation and concentration of phosphopeptides prior to MS analysis. This review discusses the enrichment of phosphopeptides with immobilized metal affinity chromatography, reversible covalent binding, and metal oxide affinity chromatography. Capture of phosphopeptides on TiO(2) seems especially promising in terms of selectivity and recovery, but the success of all methods depends on careful selection of binding, washing, and elution solutions. Enrichment techniques are complementary, such that a combination of methods greatly enhances the number of phosphopeptides isolated from complex samples. Development of a standard series of phosphopeptides in a highly complex mixture of digested proteins would greatly aid the comparison of different enrichment methods. Phosphopeptide binding to magnetic beads and on-plate isolation prior to MALDI-MS are emerging as convenient methods for purification of small (microL) samples. On-plate enrichment can yield >70% recoveries of phosphopeptides in mixtures of a few digested proteins and can avoid sample-handling steps, but this technique is likely limited to relatively simple samples such as immunoprecipitates. With recent advances in enrichment techniques in hand, MS analysis should provide important insights into phosphorylation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie D Dunn
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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Partserniak I, Werstuck G, Capretta A, Brennan JD. An ESI-MS/MS Method for Screening of Small-Molecule Mixtures against Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β (GSK-3β). Chembiochem 2008; 9:1065-73. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200700674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Akashi T, Yamori T. A novel method for analyzing phosphoproteins using SELDI-TOF MS in combination with a series of recombinant proteins. Proteomics 2007; 7:2350-4. [PMID: 17570519 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200700157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A novel SELDI-TOF MS-based method for analyzing phosphoproteins was developed using a series of recombinant wild-type and mutant ribosomal P2 proteins. We demonstrated that the phosphorylation status of the overexpressed proteins in cells was easily and rapidly confirmed using this method. The ribosomal P2 protein contained two phosphorylation sites, which were sequentially phosphorylated in vivo. We also quantitatively detected the phosphoprotein by using SELDI-TOF MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuyuki Akashi
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology, Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
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Akashi T, Nishimura Y, Wakatabe R, Shiwa M, Yamori T. Proteomics-based identification of biomarkers for predicting sensitivity to a PI3-kinase inhibitor in cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 352:514-21. [PMID: 17137555 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2006] [Accepted: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To identify biomarkers for predicting sensitivity to phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors, we have developed a proteomics-based approach. Using surface-enhanced laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF MS), we measured the expression of 393 proteins in 39 human cancer cell lines (JFCR-39), and combined it with our previously established chemosensitivity database to select for proteins whose expressions show significant correlations to drug sensitivities. This integrated approach allowed us to identify peaks from two proteins, 11.6 and 11.8 kDa, that showed significant correlations with the sensitivity to a PI3K inhibitor, LY294002. We found that the 11.8 kDa protein was a phosphorylated form of the 11.6 kDa protein. While the 11.8 kDa protein showed a positive correlation with the sensitivity to LY294002, the 11.6 kDa protein showed a negative correlation with that of the LY294002. The 11.6 kDa protein was purified chromatographically, and was identified by SELDI-TOF MS as the ribosomal P2 protein, which possesses two prospective phosphorylation sites. These results suggested that the phosphorylation status of the ribosomal P2 was responsible for determining the sensitivity to LY294002, and that the ribosomal P2 could be a potential biomarker for predicting chemosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuyuki Akashi
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology, Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-10-6 Ariake, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
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