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Li C, Wu C, Li F, Xu W, Zhang X, Huang Y, Xia D. Targeting Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Gouty Arthritis: Insights into Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Potential. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:1735-1763. [PMID: 38523684 PMCID: PMC10960513 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s460333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Gouty arthritis (GA) is an immune-mediated disorder characterized by severe inflammation due to the deposition of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals in the joints. The pathophysiological mechanisms of GA are not yet fully understood, and therefore, the identification of effective therapeutic targets is of paramount importance. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), an intricate structure of DNA scaffold, encompassing myeloperoxidase, histones, and elastases - have gained significant attention as a prospective therapeutic target for gouty arthritis, due to their innate antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties. Hence, exploring the therapeutic potential of NETs in gouty arthritis remains an enticing avenue for further investigation. During the process of gouty arthritis, the formation of NETs triggers the release of inflammatory cytokines, thereby contributing to the inflammatory response, while MSU crystals and cytokines are sequestered and degraded by the aggregation of NETs. Here, we provide a concise summary of the inflammatory processes underlying the initiation and resolution of gouty arthritis mediated by NETs. Furthermore, this review presents an overview of the current pharmacological approaches for treating gouty arthritis and summarizes the potential of natural and synthetic product-based inhibitors that target NET formation as novel therapeutic options, alongside elucidating the intrinsic challenges of these inhibitors in NETs research. Lastly, the limitations of HL-60 cell as a suitable substitute of neutrophils in NETs research are summarized and discussed. Series of recommendations are provided, strategically oriented towards guiding future investigations to effectively address these concerns. These findings will contribute to an enhanced comprehension of the interplay between NETs and GA, facilitating the proposition of innovative therapeutic strategies and novel approaches for the management of GA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cantao Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenxi Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fenfen Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxi Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Daozong Xia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
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2
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Karmanyaraj Singh Yadav, Samal RR, Sahgal A, Kumar S. Indigenous Plants Demonstrating Effective Antioxidant Properties. BIOL BULL+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359022010162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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3
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Zhang L, Tian J, Cheng H, Yang Y, Yang Y, Ye F, Xiao Z. Identification of novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors via virtual screening with enhanced characterization of molybdopterin binding groups. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 230:114101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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4
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Dioxomolybdenum(VI) complexes with 4-benzyloxysalicylidene-N/S-alkyl thiosemicarbazones: Synthesis, structural analysis, antioxidant activity and xanthine oxidase inhibition. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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5
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Mohammadi M, Pourseyed Aghaei F. Magnetite Fe 3O 4 surface as an effective drug delivery system for cancer treatment drugs: density functional theory study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:2798-2805. [PMID: 32301389 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1754915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the magnetite Fe3O4 surface was studied as a drug delivery system for the two commercially famous cancer treatment drugs, including Cisplatin and Mercaptopurine, using the density functional theory (DFT) computations. Adsorption properties, magnetic and electronic properties were calculated. Results indicate that the adsorptions are thermodynamically favorable and binding energies were decreased by increasing the concentration of the ligands adsorption on the Fe3O4 surface. Our spin-polarized calculations determine that the magnetization of all systems is greater than the pristine magnetite Fe3O4 surface witch is vital for drug delivery and magnetic hyperthermia. This study provides a deep understanding of the interaction mechanism at the atomistic scale and proposed that magnetite Fe3O4 could be employed as an efficient drug carrier.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Mohammadi
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Qom University of Technology, Qom, Iran
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Design, synthesis and bioevaluation of 3-oxo-6-aryl-2,3-dihydropyridazine-4-carbohydrazide derivatives as novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:1818-1823. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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7
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Luna G, Dolzhenko AV, Mancera RL. Inhibitors of Xanthine Oxidase: Scaffold Diversity and Structure-Based Drug Design. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:714-743. [PMID: 30740924 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase (XO) is the enzyme responsible for the catabolism of purines and their conversion into uric acid. XO is thus the target for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout. For more than 50 years the only XO inhibitor drug available on the market was the purine analogue allopurinol. In the last decade there has been a resurgence in the search for new inhibitors of XO, as the activity of XO and hyperuricemia have also been associated with a variety of conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, and other cardiovascular diseases. In recent years the non-purine inhibitor febuxostat was approved in Europe and the USA for the treatment of hyperuricemia. This drug was followed by another XO inhibitor called topiroxostat. This review discusses the molecular structures and activities of the multiple classes of inhibitors that have been developed since the discovery of allopurinol, with a brief review of the molecular interactions between inhibitors and XO active site residues for the most important molecules. The challenges ahead for the discovery of new inhibitors of XO with novel chemical structures are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Luna
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
| | - Anton V Dolzhenko
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Ricardo L Mancera
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
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Fatima I, Zafar H, Khan KM, Saad SM, Javaid S, Perveen S, Choudhary MI. Synthesis, molecular docking and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of 5-aryl-1H-tetrazoles. Bioorg Chem 2018; 79:201-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Shi A, Wang D, Wang H, Wu Y, Tian H, Guan Q, Bao K, Zhang W. Synthesis and bioevaluation of 2-phenyl-5-methyl-2H-1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxylic acid/carbohydrazide derivatives as potent xanthine oxidase inhibitors. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra24651f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of 2-phenyl-5-methyl-2H-1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxylic acids/carbohydrazides as analogues of febuxostat were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery
- Ministry of Education
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
| | - Defa Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery
- Ministry of Education
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
| | - He Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery
- Ministry of Education
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
| | - Yue Wu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery
- Ministry of Education
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
| | - Haiqiu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery
- Ministry of Education
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
| | - Qi Guan
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
| | - Kai Bao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery
- Ministry of Education
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
| | - Weige Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery
- Ministry of Education
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
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Sharma NK, Thakur S, Thakur N, Savitri, Bhalla TC. Thermostable Xanthine Oxidase Activity from Bacillus pumilus RL-2d Isolated from Manikaran Thermal Spring: Production and Characterization. Indian J Microbiol 2015; 56:88-98. [PMID: 26843701 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-015-0547-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase is an important enzyme of purine metabolism that catalyzes the hydroxylation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and then xanthine to uric acid. A thermostable xanthine oxidase is being reported from a thermophilic organism RL-2d isolated from the Manikaran (Kullu) hot spring of Himachal Pradesh (India). Based on the morphology, physiological tests, and 16S rDNA gene sequence, RL-2d was identified as Bacillus pumilus. Optimization of physiochemical parameters resulted into 4.1-fold increase in the xanthine oxidase activity from 0.051 U/mg dcw (dry cell weight) to 0.209 U/mg dcw. The xanthine oxidase of B. pumilus RL-2d has exhibited very good thermostability and its t1/2 at 70 and 80 °C were 5 and 1 h, respectively. Activity of this enzyme was strongly inhibited by Hg(2+), Ag(+) and allopurinol. The investigation showed that B. pumilus RL-2d exhibited highest xanthine oxidase activity and remarkable thermostability among the other xanthine oxidases reported so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmal Kant Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh 171005 India
| | - Shikha Thakur
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh 171005 India
| | - Neerja Thakur
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh 171005 India
| | - Savitri
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh 171005 India
| | - Tek Chand Bhalla
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh 171005 India
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Antioxidant activity of methanol extracts of different parts of Lantana camara. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2015; 2:960-5. [PMID: 23593576 DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(13)60007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts of Lantana camara (L. camara) various parts and the determination of their total phenolics content. METHODS The extract was screened for possible antioxidant activities by free radical scavenging activity(DPPH), xanthine oxidase inhibition activity and Griess-Ilosvay method. RESULTS The results showed that all the plant parts possessed antioxidant properties including radical scavenging, xanthine oxidase inhibition and nitrites scavenging activities. The antioxidative activities were correlated with the total phenol. The leaves extract of L. camara was more effective than that of other parts. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that L. camara extracts exhibit great potential for antioxidant activity and may be useful for their nutritional and medicinal functions.
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Apaya MKL, Chichioco-Hernandez CL. New steroidal saponin from Antigonon leptopus Hook. and Arn. Pharmacogn Mag 2014; 10:S501-5. [PMID: 25298666 PMCID: PMC4189264 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.139781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Antigonon leptopus Hook. and Arn., Polygonaceae (cadena de amor), is a herbal remedy for pain and gout-like symptoms in the Philippines. The methanol extract of A. leptopus have shown strong inhibitory action against xanthine oxidase. Objective: To isolate and identify the compound responsible for the xanthine oxidase inhibitory action. Materials and Methods: A bioassay-guided isolation scheme using an in vitro assay for the inhibition of xanthine oxidase was employed. The structure was established using spectroscopic analysis and chemical methods. Results: The isolated compound was determined to be a noncompetitive inhibitor of xanthine with an IC50 of 1.79 μg/mL. Conclusion: The isolated compound may represent a new class of xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Karmella L Apaya
- Institute of Chemistry, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines
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Guan Q, Cheng Z, Ma X, Wang L, Feng D, Cui Y, Bao K, Wu L, Zhang W. Synthesis and bioevaluation of 2-phenyl-4-methyl-1,3-selenazole-5-carboxylic acids as potent xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 85:508-16. [PMID: 25113879 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2-phenyl-4-methyl-1,3-selenazole-5-carboxylic acid derivatives (8a-f, 9a-m) were synthesized and evaluated for inhibitory activity against xanthine oxidase in vitro. Structure-activity relationship analyses have also been presented. Most of the target compounds exhibited potency levels in the nanomolar range. Compound 9e emerged as the most potent xanthine oxidase inhibitor (IC50 = 5.5 nM) in comparison to febuxostat (IC50 = 18.6 nM). Steady-state kinetics measurements with the bovine milk enzyme indicated a mixed type inhibition with Ki and Ki' values of 0.9 and 2.3 nM, respectively. A molecular modeling study on compounds 9e was performed to gain an insight into its binding mode with xanthine oxidase, and to provide the basis for further structure-guided design of new non-purine xanthine oxidase inhibitors related with 2-phenyl-4-methyl-1,3-selenazole-5-carboxylic acid scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Guan
- Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zengjin Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiaoxue Ma
- Department of Geratology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Lijie Wang
- Department of Geratology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Dongjie Feng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yuanhang Cui
- Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Kai Bao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Lan Wu
- Department of Geratology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.
| | - Weige Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
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Barr JT, Choughule KV, Nepal S, Wong T, Chaudhry AS, Joswig-Jones CA, Zientek M, Strom SC, Schuetz EG, Thummel KE, Jones JP. Why do most human liver cytosol preparations lack xanthine oxidase activity? Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:695-9. [PMID: 24430612 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.056374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
When investigating the potential for xanthine oxidase (XO)-mediated metabolism of a new chemical entity in vitro, selective chemical inhibition experiments are typically used. Most commonly, these inhibition experiments are performed using the inhibitor allopurinol (AP) and commercially prepared human liver cytosol (HLC) as the enzyme source. For reasons detailed herein, it is also a common practice to perfuse livers with solutions containing AP prior to liver harvest. The exposure to AP in HLC preparations could obviously pose a problem for measuring in vitro XO activity. To investigate this potential problem, an HPLC-MS/MS assay was developed to determine whether AP and its primary metabolite, oxypurinol, are retained within the cytosol for livers that were treated with AP during liver harvest. Differences in enzymatic activity for XO and aldehyde oxidase (AO) in human cytosol that can be ascribed to AP exposure were also evaluated. The results confirmed the presence of residual AP (some) and oxypurinol (all) human liver cytosol preparations that had been perfused with an AP-containing solution. In every case where oxypurinol was detected, XO activity was not observed. In contrast, the presence of AP and oxypurinol did not appear to have an impact on AO activity. Pooled HLC that was purchased from a commercial source also contained residual oxypurinol and did not show any XO activity. In the future, it is recommended that each HLC batch is screened for oxypurinol and/or XO activity prior to testing for XO-mediated metabolism of a new chemical entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Barr
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (J.T.B., K.V.C., S.N., C.A.J.-J., J.P.J.); Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (K.E.T., T.W.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.S.C., E.G.S.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.C.S.); and Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., La Jolla, California (M.Z.)
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Yuan L, Song C, Li C, Li Y, Dong L, Yin S. Synthesis and biological evaluation of pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidine analogues. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 67:152-7. [PMID: 23851116 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A series of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine analogues 3, 4, 5a-f, 6a-f with various amines and ester groups at C-4 and N-1 were synthesized and evaluated for antitumour activity. They were also evaluated for xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity, with most compounds having no significant impact. Compound 5e had the strongest activity against human hepatoma carcinoma cells 7402 and 7221, with half-maximal inhibitory concentration values of 4.55 and 6.28, respectively. Structure-activity relationship studies indicate that chlorine atoms in the structure of 4-((4-(substituted amides)phenyl)amino pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidine analogues is crucial for antitumour activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yuan
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan Province, China
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Chhabra S, Dolezal O, Collins BM, Newman J, Simpson JS, Macreadie IG, Fernley R, Peat TS, Swarbrick JD. Structure of S. aureus HPPK and the discovery of a new substrate site inhibitor. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29444. [PMID: 22276115 PMCID: PMC3261883 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The first structural and biophysical data on the folate biosynthesis pathway enzyme and drug target, 6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin pyrophosphokinase (SaHPPK), from the pathogen Staphylococcus aureus is presented. HPPK is the second essential enzyme in the pathway catalysing the pyrophosphoryl transfer from cofactor (ATP) to the substrate (6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin, HMDP). In-silico screening identified 8-mercaptoguanine which was shown to bind with an equilibrium dissociation constant, Kd, of ∼13 µM as measured by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR). An IC50 of ∼41 µM was determined by means of a luminescent kinase assay. In contrast to the biological substrate, the inhibitor has no requirement for magnesium or the ATP cofactor for competitive binding to the substrate site. The 1.65 Å resolution crystal structure of the inhibited complex showed that it binds in the pterin site and shares many of the key intermolecular interactions of the substrate. Chemical shift and 15N heteronuclear NMR measurements reveal that the fast motion of the pterin-binding loop (L2) is partially dampened in the SaHPPK/HMDP/α,β-methylene adenosine 5′-triphosphate (AMPCPP) ternary complex, but the ATP loop (L3) remains mobile on the µs-ms timescale. In contrast, for the SaHPPK/8-mercaptoguanine/AMPCPP ternary complex, the loop L2 becomes rigid on the fast timescale and the L3 loop also becomes more ordered – an observation that correlates with the large entropic penalty associated with inhibitor binding as revealed by ITC. NMR data, including 15N-1H residual dipolar coupling measurements, indicate that the sulfur atom in the inhibitor is important for stabilizing and restricting important motions of the L2 and L3 catalytic loops in the inhibited ternary complex. This work describes a comprehensive analysis of a new HPPK inhibitor, and may provide a foundation for the development of novel antimicrobials targeting the folate biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Chhabra
- Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Action, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
- CSIRO Division of Materials, Science and Engineering, Parkville, Australia
| | - Olan Dolezal
- CSIRO Division of Materials, Science and Engineering, Parkville, Australia
| | - Brett M. Collins
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Janet Newman
- CSIRO Division of Materials, Science and Engineering, Parkville, Australia
| | - Jamie S. Simpson
- Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Action, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
| | - Ian G. Macreadie
- School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Ross Fernley
- CSIRO Division of Materials, Science and Engineering, Parkville, Australia
| | - Thomas S. Peat
- CSIRO Division of Materials, Science and Engineering, Parkville, Australia
| | - James D. Swarbrick
- Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Action, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Discovery of novel xanthone derivatives as xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:4013-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.04.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Kumar R, Darpan, Sharma S, Singh R. Xanthine oxidase inhibitors: a patent survey. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2011; 21:1071-108. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2011.577417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Wang S, Yan J, Wang J, Chen J, Zhang T, Zhao Y, Xue M. Synthesis of some 5-phenylisoxazole-3-carboxylic acid derivatives as potent xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:2663-70. [PMID: 20189693 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Revised: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Abstract
A20 possesses both deubiquitinase (DUB) and ubiquitin E3 ligase activities that are required for termination of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling leading to NF-kappaB activation and for blockage of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis. A20 is induced by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) oncoprotein LMP1. However, its dual ubiquitin-editing activities have not been investigated in the context of either EBV infection or IRF7 responses. Both A20 and IRF7 have oncogenic properties. We have recently shown that LMP1 activates IRF7 through K63-linked ubiquitination which requires RIP1 and TRAF6, but how this ubiquitination event is regulated has not been studied. Here, we show that A20 negatively regulates IRF7 transcriptional activity induced by LMP1. Deletion or mutation of A20 C-terminal zinc finger motifs had no effect on the inhibition of IRF7 activity, whereas DUB-deficient truncation or point mutation ablated the ability of A20 to inhibit IRF7. Correspondingly, the A20 N-terminal DUB domain, but not the C-terminal E3 ligase domain, interacts physically with IRF7. Transient expression of A20 reduced K63-linked ubiquitination of IRF7 in vivo, but an in vitro deubiquitination assay with purified constituents shows that IRF7 did not act as a substrate for A20 DUB activity. Moreover, A20 interacts with IRF7 endogenously in latently EBV-infected type 3 Raji cells, in which expression of both A20 and IRF7 is constitutively induced by the considerable level of endogenous LMP1. Knockdown of endogenous A20 in Raji cells by expression of A20 short hairpin RNA (shRNA) vectors increases endogenous IRF7 activity and ubiquitination, as well as the protein level of LMP1, a target of IRF7. Thus, A20 negatively regulates LMP1-stimulated IRF7 ubiquitination and activity in EBV latency, and its DUB activity is indispensable for this function. Finally, we discussed the regulation and function of IRFs in EBV latency.
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He ZZ, Yan JF, Song ZJ, Ye F, Liao X, Peng SL, Ding LS. Chemical constituents from the aerial parts of Artemisia minor. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2009; 72:1198-1201. [PMID: 19476336 DOI: 10.1021/np800643n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Four new compounds including three bicoumarins, arteminorins A-C (1-3), and one neolignan, arteminorin D (4), together with 31 known ones were isolated from the aerial parts of Artemisia minor. Their structures were established on the basis of spectroscopic data and comparison with those of the related known compounds. Ethyl caffeate (27) showed in vitro cytotoxicity against the HepG2 cancer cell line. Arteminorin C (3) and luteolin (19) showed inhibitory activity on xanthine oxidase (XOD), and caffeic acid (28) exhibited inhibitory activity on protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Zhou He
- National Engineering Research Center for Natural Medicines, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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Chandramathi S, Suresh KG, Anita ZB, Kuppusamy UR. Attenuation of hydrogen peroxide and ferric reducing/antioxidant power serum levels in colorectal cancer patients with intestinal parasitic infection. Malays J Med Sci 2009; 16:15-20. [PMID: 22589653 PMCID: PMC3336169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2008] [Accepted: 04/12/2009] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study assessed several common oxidative indices in subjects infected with intestinal parasites, as well as in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients both with and without intestinal parasites. METHOD Serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP), and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) were measured, as were plasma levels of advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), all according to established methods. The presence of intestinal parasites was confirmed by stool examination. RESULTS All intestinal parasiteinfected subjects and CRC patients showed the presence of oxidative stress. Thirtysix percent of the CRC patients had intestinal parasitic infections. The levels of H(2)O(2) and FRAP in parasite-infected subjects were significantly higher than in CRC patients, but these levels were significantly lower in the CRC patients with parasitic infections. CONCLUSION Parasitic infection and CRC may contribute to oxidative stress independently, but when present together, the oxidative stress burden imposed by parasites may be attenuated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samudi Chandramathi
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kumar Govind Suresh
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zarina Bustam Anita
- Unit of Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Umah Rani Kuppusamy
- Department of Molecular Medicine Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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