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Faria JP, Davis JJ, Edirisinghe JN, Taylor RC, Weisenhorn P, Olson RD, Stevens RL, Rocha M, Rocha I, Best AA, DeJongh M, Tintle NL, Parrello B, Overbeek R, Henry CS. Computing and Applying Atomic Regulons to Understand Gene Expression and Regulation. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1819. [PMID: 27933038 PMCID: PMC5121216 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding gene function and regulation is essential for the interpretation, prediction, and ultimate design of cell responses to changes in the environment. An important step toward meeting the challenge of understanding gene function and regulation is the identification of sets of genes that are always co-expressed. These gene sets, Atomic Regulons (ARs), represent fundamental units of function within a cell and could be used to associate genes of unknown function with cellular processes and to enable rational genetic engineering of cellular systems. Here, we describe an approach for inferring ARs that leverages large-scale expression data sets, gene context, and functional relationships among genes. We computed ARs for Escherichia coli based on 907 gene expression experiments and compared our results with gene clusters produced by two prevalent data-driven methods: Hierarchical clustering and k-means clustering. We compared ARs and purely data-driven gene clusters to the curated set of regulatory interactions for E. coli found in RegulonDB, showing that ARs are more consistent with gold standard regulons than are data-driven gene clusters. We further examined the consistency of ARs and data-driven gene clusters in the context of gene interactions predicted by Context Likelihood of Relatedness (CLR) analysis, finding that the ARs show better agreement with CLR predicted interactions. We determined the impact of increasing amounts of expression data on AR construction and find that while more data improve ARs, it is not necessary to use the full set of gene expression experiments available for E. coli to produce high quality ARs. In order to explore the conservation of co-regulated gene sets across different organisms, we computed ARs for Shewanella oneidensis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Thermus thermophilus, and Staphylococcus aureus, each of which represents increasing degrees of phylogenetic distance from E. coli. Comparison of the organism-specific ARs showed that the consistency of AR gene membership correlates with phylogenetic distance, but there is clear variability in the regulatory networks of closely related organisms. As large scale expression data sets become increasingly common for model and non-model organisms, comparative analyses of atomic regulons will provide valuable insights into fundamental regulatory modules used across the bacterial domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- José P Faria
- Computation Institute, University of ChicagoChicago, IL, USA; Computing, Environment and Life Sciences, Argonne National LaboratoryArgonne, IL, USA; Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de GualtarBraga, Portugal; Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National LaboratoryArgonne, IL, USA
| | - James J Davis
- Computation Institute, University of ChicagoChicago, IL, USA; Computing, Environment and Life Sciences, Argonne National LaboratoryArgonne, IL, USA
| | - Janaka N Edirisinghe
- Computation Institute, University of ChicagoChicago, IL, USA; Computing, Environment and Life Sciences, Argonne National LaboratoryArgonne, IL, USA
| | - Ronald C Taylor
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (U.S. Dept. of Energy) Richland, WA, USA
| | - Pamela Weisenhorn
- Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory Argonne, IL, USA
| | - Robert D Olson
- Computation Institute, University of ChicagoChicago, IL, USA; Computing, Environment and Life Sciences, Argonne National LaboratoryArgonne, IL, USA
| | - Rick L Stevens
- Computation Institute, University of ChicagoChicago, IL, USA; Computing, Environment and Life Sciences, Argonne National LaboratoryArgonne, IL, USA; Department of Computer Science, Ryerson Physical Laboratory, University of ChicagoChicago, IL, USA
| | - Miguel Rocha
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar Braga, Portugal
| | - Isabel Rocha
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar Braga, Portugal
| | - Aaron A Best
- Biology Department, Hope College Holland, MI, USA
| | | | - Nathan L Tintle
- Department of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, Dordt College Sioux Center, IA, USA
| | - Bruce Parrello
- Computing, Environment and Life Sciences, Argonne National LaboratoryArgonne, IL, USA; Fellowship for Interpretation of GenomesBurr Ridge, IL, USA
| | - Ross Overbeek
- Computation Institute, University of ChicagoChicago, IL, USA; Computing, Environment and Life Sciences, Argonne National LaboratoryArgonne, IL, USA; Fellowship for Interpretation of GenomesBurr Ridge, IL, USA
| | - Christopher S Henry
- Computation Institute, University of ChicagoChicago, IL, USA; Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National LaboratoryArgonne, IL, USA
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Overbeek R, Olson R, Pusch GD, Olsen GJ, Davis JJ, Disz T, Edwards RA, Gerdes S, Parrello B, Shukla M, Vonstein V, Wattam AR, Xia F, Stevens R. The SEED and the Rapid Annotation of microbial genomes using Subsystems Technology (RAST). Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:D206-14. [PMID: 24293654 PMCID: PMC3965101 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt1226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3153] [Impact Index Per Article: 315.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2004, the SEED (http://pubseed.theseed.org/) was created to provide consistent and accurate genome annotations across thousands of genomes and as a platform for discovering and developing de novo annotations. The SEED is a constantly updated integration of genomic data with a genome database, web front end, API and server scripts. It is used by many scientists for predicting gene functions and discovering new pathways. In addition to being a powerful database for bioinformatics research, the SEED also houses subsystems (collections of functionally related protein families) and their derived FIGfams (protein families), which represent the core of the RAST annotation engine (http://rast.nmpdr.org/). When a new genome is submitted to RAST, genes are called and their annotations are made by comparison to the FIGfam collection. If the genome is made public, it is then housed within the SEED and its proteins populate the FIGfam collection. This annotation cycle has proven to be a robust and scalable solution to the problem of annotating the exponentially increasing number of genomes. To date, >12 000 users worldwide have annotated >60 000 distinct genomes using RAST. Here we describe the interconnectedness of the SEED database and RAST, the RAST annotation pipeline and updates to both resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Overbeek
- Fellowship for Interpretation of Genomes, Burr Ridge, IL 60527, USA, Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA, Computation Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA, Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA, Department of Computer Science, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA, Computing, Environment and Life Sciences, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA and Department of Computer Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Robert Olson
- Fellowship for Interpretation of Genomes, Burr Ridge, IL 60527, USA, Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA, Computation Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA, Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA, Department of Computer Science, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA, Computing, Environment and Life Sciences, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA and Department of Computer Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Gordon D. Pusch
- Fellowship for Interpretation of Genomes, Burr Ridge, IL 60527, USA, Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA, Computation Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA, Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA, Department of Computer Science, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA, Computing, Environment and Life Sciences, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA and Department of Computer Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Gary J. Olsen
- Fellowship for Interpretation of Genomes, Burr Ridge, IL 60527, USA, Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA, Computation Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA, Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA, Department of Computer Science, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA, Computing, Environment and Life Sciences, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA and Department of Computer Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - James J. Davis
- Fellowship for Interpretation of Genomes, Burr Ridge, IL 60527, USA, Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA, Computation Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA, Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA, Department of Computer Science, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA, Computing, Environment and Life Sciences, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA and Department of Computer Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Terry Disz
- Fellowship for Interpretation of Genomes, Burr Ridge, IL 60527, USA, Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA, Computation Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA, Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA, Department of Computer Science, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA, Computing, Environment and Life Sciences, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA and Department of Computer Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Robert A. Edwards
- Fellowship for Interpretation of Genomes, Burr Ridge, IL 60527, USA, Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA, Computation Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA, Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA, Department of Computer Science, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA, Computing, Environment and Life Sciences, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA and Department of Computer Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Svetlana Gerdes
- Fellowship for Interpretation of Genomes, Burr Ridge, IL 60527, USA, Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA, Computation Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA, Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA, Department of Computer Science, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA, Computing, Environment and Life Sciences, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA and Department of Computer Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Bruce Parrello
- Fellowship for Interpretation of Genomes, Burr Ridge, IL 60527, USA, Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA, Computation Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA, Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA, Department of Computer Science, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA, Computing, Environment and Life Sciences, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA and Department of Computer Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Maulik Shukla
- Fellowship for Interpretation of Genomes, Burr Ridge, IL 60527, USA, Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA, Computation Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA, Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA, Department of Computer Science, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA, Computing, Environment and Life Sciences, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA and Department of Computer Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Veronika Vonstein
- Fellowship for Interpretation of Genomes, Burr Ridge, IL 60527, USA, Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA, Computation Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA, Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA, Department of Computer Science, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA, Computing, Environment and Life Sciences, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA and Department of Computer Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Alice R. Wattam
- Fellowship for Interpretation of Genomes, Burr Ridge, IL 60527, USA, Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA, Computation Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA, Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA, Department of Computer Science, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA, Computing, Environment and Life Sciences, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA and Department of Computer Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Fangfang Xia
- Fellowship for Interpretation of Genomes, Burr Ridge, IL 60527, USA, Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA, Computation Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA, Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA, Department of Computer Science, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA, Computing, Environment and Life Sciences, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA and Department of Computer Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Rick Stevens
- Fellowship for Interpretation of Genomes, Burr Ridge, IL 60527, USA, Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA, Computation Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA, Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA, Department of Computer Science, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA, Computing, Environment and Life Sciences, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA and Department of Computer Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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