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Zhang H, Ericsson M, Virtanen M, Weström S, Wählby C, Vahlquist A, Törmä H. Quantitative image analysis of protein expression and colocalisation in skin sections. Exp Dermatol 2018; 27:196-199. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanqian Zhang
- Department of Medical Sciences, Dermatology and Venereology; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Maja Ericsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Dermatology and Venereology; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Marie Virtanen
- Department of Medical Sciences, Dermatology and Venereology; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Simone Weström
- Department of Medical Sciences, Dermatology and Venereology; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Carolina Wählby
- Division of Visual Information and Interaction; Department of Information Technology; SciLifeLab; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Anders Vahlquist
- Department of Medical Sciences, Dermatology and Venereology; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Hans Törmä
- Department of Medical Sciences, Dermatology and Venereology; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
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Cursons J, Gao J, Hurley DG, Print CG, Dunbar PR, Jacobs MD, Crampin EJ. Regulation of ERK-MAPK signaling in human epidermis. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2015. [PMID: 26209520 PMCID: PMC4514964 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-015-0187-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background The skin is largely comprised of keratinocytes within the interfollicular epidermis. Over approximately two weeks these cells differentiate and traverse the thickness of the skin. The stage of differentiation is therefore reflected in the positions of cells within the tissue, providing a convenient axis along which to study the signaling events that occur in situ during keratinocyte terminal differentiation, over this extended two-week timescale. The canonical ERK-MAPK signaling cascade (Raf-1, MEK-1/2 and ERK-1/2) has been implicated in controlling diverse cellular behaviors, including proliferation and differentiation. While the molecular interactions involved in signal transduction through this cascade have been well characterized in cell culture experiments, our understanding of how this sequence of events unfolds to determine cell fate within a homeostatic tissue environment has not been fully characterized. Methods We measured the abundance of total and phosphorylated ERK-MAPK signaling proteins within interfollicular keratinocytes in transverse cross-sections of human epidermis using immunofluorescence microscopy. To investigate these data we developed a mathematical model of the signaling cascade using a normalized-Hill differential equation formalism. Results These data show coordinated variation in the abundance of phosphorylated ERK-MAPK components across the epidermis. Statistical analysis of these data shows that associations between phosphorylated ERK-MAPK components which correspond to canonical molecular interactions are dependent upon spatial position within the epidermis. The model demonstrates that the spatial profile of activation for ERK-MAPK signaling components across the epidermis may be maintained in a cell-autonomous fashion by an underlying spatial gradient in calcium signaling. Conclusions Our data demonstrate an extended phospho-protein profile of ERK-MAPK signaling cascade components across the epidermis in situ, and statistical associations in these data indicate canonical ERK-MAPK interactions underlie this spatial profile of ERK-MAPK activation. Using mathematical modelling we have demonstrated that spatially varying calcium signaling components across the epidermis may be sufficient to maintain the spatial profile of ERK-MAPK signaling cascade components in a cell-autonomous manner. These findings may have significant implications for the wide range of cancer drugs which therapeutically target ERK-MAPK signaling components. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12918-015-0187-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Cursons
- Systems Biology Laboratory, Melbourne School of Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia. .,NICTA Victoria Research Lab, Melbourne, Australia. .,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Melbourne School of Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia. .,Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. .,Maurice Wilkins Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Jerry Gao
- Systems Biology Laboratory, Melbourne School of Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Daniel G Hurley
- Systems Biology Laboratory, Melbourne School of Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia. .,NICTA Victoria Research Lab, Melbourne, Australia. .,Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. .,Maurice Wilkins Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. .,Bioinformatics Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. .,Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Cristin G Print
- Maurice Wilkins Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. .,Bioinformatics Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. .,Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - P Rod Dunbar
- Maurice Wilkins Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. .,School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Marc D Jacobs
- Department of Biology, New Zealand International College, ACG New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Edmund J Crampin
- Systems Biology Laboratory, Melbourne School of Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia. .,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Melbourne School of Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia. .,Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. .,Maurice Wilkins Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. .,School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia. .,School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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Marquez MC. Interpretation guidelines of mtDNA control region sequence electropherograms in forensic genetics. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 830:301-319. [PMID: 22139669 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-461-2_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Forensic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis is a complementary technique to forensic nuclear DNA (nDNA) and trace evidence analysis. Its use has been accepted by the vast majority of courts of law around the world. However for the forensic community it is crucial to employ standardized methods and procedures to guaranty the quality of the results obtained in court. In this chapter, we describe the most important aspects regarding the interpretation and assessment of mtDNA analysis, and offer a simple guide which places particular emphasis on those aspects that can impact the final interpretation of the results. These include the criteria for authenticating a sequence excluding the contaminant origin, defining the quality of a sequence, editing procedure, alignment criteria for searching the databases, and the statistical evaluation of matches. It is not easy to establish a single guide to interpretation for mtDNA analysis; however, it is important to understand all variables that may in some way affect the final conclusion in the context of a forensic case. As a general rule, laboratories should be cautious before issuing the final conclusion of an mtDNA analysis, and consider any significant limitations regarding current understanding of specific aspects of the mtDNA molecule.
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Vik-Mo EO, Sandberg C, Joel M, Stangeland B, Watanabe Y, Mackay-Sim A, Moe MC, Murrell W, Langmoen IA. A comparative study of the structural organization of spheres derived from the adult human subventricular zone and glioblastoma biopsies. Exp Cell Res 2011; 317:1049-59. [PMID: 21199649 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Sphere forming assays have been useful to enrich for stem like cells in a range of tumors. The robustness of this system contrasts the difficulties in defining a stem cell population based on cell surface markers. We have undertaken a study to describe the cellular and organizational composition of tumorspheres, directly comparing these to neurospheres derived from the adult human subventricular zone (SVZ). Primary cell cultures from brain tumors were found to contain variable fractions of cells positive for tumor stem cell markers (CD133 (2-93%)/SSEA1 (3-15%)/CXCR4 (1-72%)). All cultures produced tumors upon xenografting. Tumorspheres contained a heterogeneous population of cells, but were structurally organized with stem cell markers present at the core of spheres, with markers of more mature glial progenitors and astrocytes at more peripheral location. Ultrastructural studies showed that tumorspheres contained a higher fraction of electron dense cells in the core than the periphery (36% and 19%, respectively). Neurospheres also contained a heterogeneous cell population, but did not have an organization similar to tumorspheres. Although tumorspheres clearly display irregular and neoplastic cells, they establish an organized structure with an outward gradient of differentiation. We suggest that this organization is central in maintaining the tumor stem cell pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einar Osland Vik-Mo
- Vilhelm Magnus Laboratory for Neurosurgical Research, Institute for Surgical Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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Chapman S, Liu X, Meyers C, Schlegel R, McBride AA. Human keratinocytes are efficiently immortalized by a Rho kinase inhibitor. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:2619-26. [PMID: 20516646 DOI: 10.1172/jci42297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary human keratinocytes are useful for studying the pathogenesis of many different diseases of the cutaneous and mucosal epithelia. In addition, they can form organotypic tissue equivalents in culture that can be used as epidermal autografts for wound repair as well as for the delivery of gene therapy. However, primary keratinocytes have a finite lifespan in culture that limits their proliferative capacity and clinical use. Here, we report that treatment of primary keratinocytes (originating from 3 different anatomical sites) with Y-27632, a Rho kinase inhibitor, greatly increased their proliferative capacity and resulted in efficient immortalization without detectable cell crisis. More importantly, the immortalized cells displayed characteristics typical of primary keratinocytes; they had a normal karyotype and an intact DNA damage response and were able to differentiate into a stratified epithelium. This is the first example to our knowledge of a defined chemical compound mediating efficient cell immortalization, and this finding could have wide-ranging and profound investigational and medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Chapman
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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