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Pellaers E, Bhat A, Christ F, Debyser Z. Determinants of Retroviral Integration and Implications for Gene Therapeutic MLV-Based Vectors and for a Cure for HIV-1 Infection. Viruses 2022; 15:32. [PMID: 36680071 PMCID: PMC9861059 DOI: 10.3390/v15010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To complete their replication cycle, retroviruses need to integrate a DNA copy of their RNA genome into a host chromosome. Integration site selection is not random and is driven by multiple viral and cellular host factors specific to different classes of retroviruses. Today, overwhelming evidence from cell culture, animal experiments and clinical data suggests that integration sites are important for retroviral replication, oncogenesis and/or latency. In this review, we will summarize the increasing knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the integration site selection of the gammaretrovirus MLV and the lentivirus HIV-1. We will discuss how host factors of the integration site selection of retroviruses may steer the development of safer viral vectors for gene therapy. Next, we will discuss how altering the integration site preference of HIV-1 using small molecules could lead to a cure for HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zeger Debyser
- Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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2
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Almasi F, Mohammadipanah F. Hypothetical targets and plausible drugs of coronavirus infection caused by SARS-CoV-2. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:318-332. [PMID: 32662203 PMCID: PMC7405402 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The world is confronting a dire situation due to the recent pandemic of the novel coronavirus disease (SARS-CoV-2) with the mortality rate passed over 470,000. Attaining efficient drugs evolve in parallel to the understanding of the SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. The current drugs in the pipeline and some plausible drugs are overviewed in this paper. Although different types of anti-viral targets are applicable for SARS-CoV-2 drug screenings, the more promising targets can be considered as 3C-like main protease (3Cl protease) and RNA polymerase. The remdesivir could be considered the closest bifunctional drug to the provisional clinical administration for SARS-CoV-2. The known molecular targets of the SARS-CoV-2 include fourteen targets, while four molecules of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), cathepsin L, 3Cl protease and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) are suggested as more promising potential targets. Accordingly, dual-acting drugs as an encouraging solution in drug discovery are suggested. Emphasizing the potential route of SARS-CoV-2 infection and virus entry-related factors like integrins, cathepsin and ACE2 seems valuable. The potential molecular targets of each phase of the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle are discussed and highlighted in this paper. Much progress in understanding the SARS-CoV-2 and molecular details of its life cycle followed by the identification of new therapeutic targets are needed to lead us to an efficient approach in anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Almasi
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology LabDepartment of Microbial BiotechnologySchool of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living OrganismsCollege of ScienceUniversity of TehranTehranIran
| | - Fatemeh Mohammadipanah
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology LabDepartment of Microbial BiotechnologySchool of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living OrganismsCollege of ScienceUniversity of TehranTehranIran
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3
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Yehia N, El-Sayed HS, Omar SE, Amer F. Genetic variability of the Avian leukosis virus subgroup J gp85 gene in layer flocks in Lower Egypt. Vet World 2020; 13:1065-1072. [PMID: 32801556 PMCID: PMC7396352 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1065-1072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim This study aimed to determine the prevalence of layer flock tumor disease in Lower Egypt during the period of 2018-2019 and to undertake molecular characterization and determine the genetic diversity of all identified viruses. Materials and Methods Forty samples were collected from layer chicken located in six governorates of Lower Egypt during the period of 2018-2019. Samples were taken from tumors in different organs. Tumor tissues were identified by histopathological sectioning and then further confirmed by a reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Finally, genetic evolution of Avian leukosis virus (ALV-J) gp85 gene was studied. Results All the study samples were negative for Marek's disease virus, reticuloendotheliosis virus, ALV (A,B,C and D) and 20 samples were positive for ALV-J in backyard in six governrates. Sequencing of ALV-J gp85 gene was performed for six representative samples (one from each governorate), and they were found to be genetically related to prototype virus HPRS-1003 (identity percentage: 91.2-91.8%), but they were from a different group that was similar to the AF88-USA strain (first detected in 2000) with specific mutations, and they differed from a strain that was previously isolated in Egypt in 2005, forming two different subgroups (I and II) that had mutations in the hr1domain (V128F, R136A) and hr2 domain (S197G, E202K). Conclusion The ALV-J virus was the main cause of neoplastic disease in layer chickens from Lower Egypt in the period of 2018-2019. We found that the genetic evolution of ALV-J gp85 gene was related to prototype virus HPRS-1003 but in a different group with a specific mutation. Further studies are needed to evaluate the antigenicity and pathogenicity of recently detected ALV-J strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahed Yehia
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Hemat S El-Sayed
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Benha Provincial Laboratory, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Sabry E Omar
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Benha Provincial Laboratory, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Fatma Amer
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
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4
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Mu X, Xu M, Zhu S, Xiao W, Shen X, Qin A. Geese not susceptible to virulent subgroup J avian leukosis virus isolated from chickens. Avian Pathol 2019; 49:29-35. [PMID: 31429308 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2019.1657559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
To determine whether geese are susceptible to infection by avian leukosis virus (ALV), 702 serum samples from domestic and foreign goose breeds were screened for p27 antigen as well as being inoculated into DF-1 cell cultures to isolate ALV. Although 5.7% of samples were positive for p27 antigen, reactivity appeared to be non-specific because no ALV was detected in the corresponding DF-1 cultures. To further determine whether geese are susceptible to ALV-J isolated from chickens, ALV-J strain JS09GY7 was artificially inoculated into 10-day-old goose embryos, with one-day-old hatched goslings then screened for p27 antigen and the presence of ALV. In all cases, the results of both tests were negative. Liver tissues from the 1-day-old goslings were screened using a polymerase chain reaction-based assay, which failed to amplify ALV-J gene fragments from any of the samples. Further, no histopathological damage was observed in the liver tissues. ALV-J was further inoculated intraperitoneally into one-day-old goslings, with cloacal swabs samples and plasma samples then collected every 5 days for 30 days. All samples were again negative for the presence of p27 antigen and ALV, and liver tissues from the challenged geese showed no histopathological damage and were negative for the presence of ALV-J gene fragments. Furthermore, p27 antigen detection, PCR-based screening, and indirect immunofluorescence assays were all negative following the infection of goose embryo fibroblasts with ALV-J. Together, these results confirm that virulent chicken-derived ALV-J strains cannot infect geese, and that p27 antigen detection in goose serum is susceptible to non-specific interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Mu
- Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Moru Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanyuan Zhu
- Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhua Xiao
- Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Shen
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Aijian Qin
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
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5
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Niu X, Liu L, Han C, Li J, Zeng X. First findings of duck circovirus in migrating wild ducks in China. Vet Microbiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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6
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Meng F, Li Q, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Tian S, Cui Z, Chang S, Zhao P. Characterization of subgroup J avian Leukosis virus isolated from Chinese indigenous chickens. Virol J 2018; 15:33. [PMID: 29433551 PMCID: PMC5810008 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-0947-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In spite of the purification of the laying hens and broilers of avian leukosis virus (ALV) has made remarkable achievements, the infection of ALV was still serious in Chinese indigenous chickens. Methods In order to assess the epidemic state of avian leukosis virus in indigenous chickens in China, 10 novel strains of ALV subgroup J (ALV-J), named JS16JH01 to JS16JH10, were isolated and identified by virus isolation and immunofluorescence antibody assays from a Chinese local breed farm with a sporadic incidence of tumors. To understand their virological characteristics further, the proviral genome of ENV-LTR was sequenced and compared with the reference strains. Results The homology of the gp85 gene between the ten ALV-J strains and NX0101 was in the range from 89.7–94.8% at the nuclear acid level. In addition, their gp85 genes were quite varied, with identities of 92–98% with themselves at the nuclear acid level. There were several snp and indel sites in the amino acid sequence of gp85 genes after comparison with other reference strains of ALV. Interestingly, a novel insertion in the gp85 region was found in two strains, JS16JH01 and JS16JH07, compared with NX0101 and HPRS-103. Discussion At present, owing to the large-scale purification of ALV in China, laying hens and broiler chickens with ALV infection are rarely detected, but ALVs are still frequently detected in the local chickens, which suggests that more efforts should be applied to the purification of ALV from indigenous chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanfeng Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Qiuchen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Yawen Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Zhihui Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Sibao Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Zhizhong Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Shuang Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China. .,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China. .,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China.
| | - Peng Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China. .,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China. .,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China.
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7
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Zhang X, Jia R, Zhou J, Wang M, Yin Z, Cheng A. Capsid-Targeted Viral Inactivation: A Novel Tactic for Inhibiting Replication in Viral Infections. Viruses 2016; 8:E258. [PMID: 27657114 PMCID: PMC5035972 DOI: 10.3390/v8090258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Capsid-targeted viral inactivation (CTVI), a conceptually powerful new antiviral strategy, is attracting increasing attention from researchers. Specifically, this strategy is based on fusion between the capsid protein of a virus and a crucial effector molecule, such as a nuclease (e.g., staphylococcal nuclease, Barrase, RNase HI), lipase, protease, or single-chain antibody (scAb). In general, capsid proteins have a major role in viral integration and assembly, and the effector molecule used in CTVI functions to degrade viral DNA/RNA or interfere with proper folding of viral key proteins, thereby affecting the infectivity of progeny viruses. Interestingly, such a capsid-enzyme fusion protein is incorporated into virions during packaging. CTVI is more efficient compared to other antiviral methods, and this approach is promising for antiviral prophylaxis and therapy. This review summarizes the mechanism and utility of CTVI and provides some successful applications of this strategy, with the ultimate goal of widely implementing CTVI in antiviral research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingcui Zhang
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan Province, China.
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Renyong Jia
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan Province, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan Province, China.
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Jiakun Zhou
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan Province, China.
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan Province, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan Province, China.
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Zhongqiong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan Province, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan Province, China.
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan Province, China.
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8
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Molecular epidemiology of J-subgroup avian leukosis virus isolated from meat-type chickens in southern China between 2013 and 2014. Arch Virol 2016; 161:3039-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Luz-Madrigal A, Grajales-Esquivel E, Del Rio-Tsonis K. Electroporation of Embryonic Chick Eyes. Bio Protoc 2015; 5:e1498. [PMID: 27054146 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.1498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The chick embryo has prevailed as one of the major models to study developmental biology, cell biology and regeneration. From all the anatomical features of the chick embryo, the eye is one of the most studied. In the chick embryo, the eye develops between 26 and 33 h after incubation (Stages 8-9, Hamburger and Hamilton, 1951). It originates from the posterior region of the forebrain, called the diencephalon. However, the vertebrate eye includes tissues from different origins including surface ectoderm (lens and cornea), anterior neural plate (retina, iris, ciliary body and retinal pigmented epithelium) and neural crest/head mesoderm (stroma of the iris and of the ciliary body as well as choroid, sclera and part of the cornea). After gastrulation, a single eye field originates from the anterior neural plate and is characterized by the expression of eye field transcriptional factors (EFTFs) that orchestrate the program for eye development. Later in development, the eye field separates in two and the optic vesicles form. After several inductive interactions with the lens placode, the optic cup forms. At Stages 14-15, the outer layer of the optic cup becomes the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) while the inner layer forms the neuroepithelium that eventually differentiates into the retina. One main advantage of the chick embryo, is the possibility to perform experiments to over-express or to down-regulate gene expression in a place and time specific manner to explore gene function and regulation. The aim of this protocol is to describe the electroporation techniques at Stages 8-12 (anterior neural fold and optic vesicle stages) and Stages 19-26 (eye cup, RPE and neuroepithelium). We provide a full description of the equipment, materials and electrode set up as well as a detailed description of the highly reproducible protocol including some representative results. This protocol has been adapted from our previous publications Luz-Madrigal et al. (2014) and Zhu et al. (2014).
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Luz-Madrigal
- Department of Biology, Miami University and Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University (CVSMU), Oxford, USA; Department of Biology, University of Dayton and Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at the University of Dayton (TREND), Dayton, USA
| | - Erika Grajales-Esquivel
- Department of Biology, Miami University and Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University (CVSMU), Oxford, USA
| | - Katia Del Rio-Tsonis
- Department of Biology, Miami University and Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University (CVSMU), Oxford, USA
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10
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Han C, Hao R, Liu L, Zeng X. Molecular characterization of 3'UTRs of J subgroup avian leukosis virus in passerine birds in China. Arch Virol 2015; 160:845-9. [PMID: 25577165 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2321-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To assess the status of avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) infection in passerine birds in China, 365 passerine birds collected from northeast China from 2011 to 2013 were tested, and two ALV-J strains were isolated from yellow-browed warbler and marsh tit. The 3'untranslated regions (3'UTRs) of the two strains were amplified, cloned, and sequenced, with the results showing that the 3'UTRs of the two strains contained multiple mutations and deletions, which are similar to viral strains isolated from Chinese layer chickens. These results demonstrate the presence of ALV-J in passerine birds and reveal the molecular characteristics of the 3'UTRs of ALV-J from passerine birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Han
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, No. 26. Hexing Street, Harbin, 150040, China
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11
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Hao R, Han C, Liu L, Zeng X. First finding of subgroup-E avian leukosis virus from wild ducks in China. Vet Microbiol 2014; 173:366-70. [PMID: 25213232 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
To analyze the status of avian leukosis virus subgroup E (ALV-E) in wild ducks in China, we collected 276 wild ducks, including 12 species, from four provinces of China. The PCR detection for ALV-E identified four samples as positive samples and the detection rate was 1.45%. The env sequences of ALV-E were cloned and sequenced. In gp85, genes of the four ALV-E strains showed a high homology (98.1-99.5%) with ev-1, ev-3, and SD0501 and more than 90% homology with other subgroup-A and subgroup-B avian leukosis viruses. However, they showed a slightly lower identity with subgroup-J (NX0101 and HPRS103), from 47.5 to 48.1%. Simultaneously, a further comparison with ALV-E representative isolates indicated that the amino acid substitutions of the four wild duck strains were distributed throughout the gp85. In total, these results suggested that the subgroup-E avian leukosis virus has been found in wild ducks in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijun Hao
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Chunyan Han
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Lanlan Liu
- College of Basic Medical Science, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xiangwei Zeng
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
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12
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Gagnieur L, Cheval J, Cochet M, Breard E, Gratigny M, Hébert C, Muth E, Viarouge C, Dumarest M, Coulpier M, Eloit M. Analysis by high throughput sequencing of Specific Pathogen Free eggs. Biologicals 2014; 42:218-9. [PMID: 24930452 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) embryonated eggs are used for the production of many veterinary and human vaccines. We have used High Throughput Sequencing to screen allantoic fluids and embryos for the presence of encapsidated viral genomes and viral transcripts, respectively. SPF eggs from two different producers were tested. We evidenced sequences corresponding to known endogenous retroviruses and sequences of Avian Leukosis Virus, but no sequence that might suggest a productive infection of eggs with a virus even distant from known viruses. Our results strongly suggest that SPF eggs such as those used for this study represent a safe substrate for the production of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Gagnieur
- Institut Pasteur, Laboratory of Pathogen Discovery, Department of Virology, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, F-75724 Paris, France
| | - Justine Cheval
- PathoQuest, Bâtiment François Jacob, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Marielle Cochet
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR 1161 Virologie ENVA, INRA, ANSES, 7 Avenue Général de Gaulle, F-94704 Maisons Alfort, France
| | - Emmanuel Breard
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR 1161 Virologie ENVA, INRA, ANSES, 7 Avenue Général de Gaulle, F-94704 Maisons Alfort, France
| | - Marlène Gratigny
- PathoQuest, Bâtiment François Jacob, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Charles Hébert
- PathoQuest, Bâtiment François Jacob, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Erika Muth
- PathoQuest, Bâtiment François Jacob, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Cyril Viarouge
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR 1161 Virologie ENVA, INRA, ANSES, 7 Avenue Général de Gaulle, F-94704 Maisons Alfort, France
| | - Marine Dumarest
- Institut Pasteur, Laboratory of Pathogen Discovery, Department of Virology, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, F-75724 Paris, France
| | - Muriel Coulpier
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR 1161 Virologie ENVA, INRA, ANSES, 7 Avenue Général de Gaulle, F-94704 Maisons Alfort, France
| | - Marc Eloit
- Institut Pasteur, Laboratory of Pathogen Discovery, Department of Virology, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, F-75724 Paris, France; PathoQuest, Bâtiment François Jacob, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015, Paris, France; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR 1161 Virologie ENVA, INRA, ANSES, 7 Avenue Général de Gaulle, F-94704 Maisons Alfort, France.
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Development and application of a multiplex PCR method for rapid differential detection of subgroup A, B, and J avian leukosis viruses. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 52:37-44. [PMID: 24131697 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02200-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian leukosis virus (ALV) subgroups A, B, and J are very common in poultry flocks and have caused serious economic losses in recent years. A multiplex PCR (mPCR) method for the detection of these three subgroups was developed and optimized in this study. We first designed a common forward primer, PF, and three downstream primers, AR, BR, and JR, which can amplify 715 bp for subgroup A, 515 bp for subgroup B, and 422 bp for subgroup J simultaneously in one reaction. The mPCR method produced neither cross-reactions with other subgroups of ALVs nor nonspecific reactions with other common avian viruses. The detection limit of the mPCR was as low as 1 × 10(3) viral DNA copies of each of the three subgroups. In animal experiments, the mPCR detected ALVs 2 to 4 days earlier than did virus isolation from whole-blood samples and cloaca swabs. Furthermore, a total of 346 clinical samples (including 127 tissue samples, 86 cloaca swabs, 59 albumen samples, and 74 whole-blood samples) from poultry flocks with suspected ALV infection were examined by mPCR, routine PCR, and virus isolation. The positive sample/total sample ratios for ALV-A, ALV-B, and ALV-J were 48% (166/346) as detected by mPCR and 48% (166/346) as detected by routine PCR. However, the positive sample/total sample ratio detected by virus isolation was 40% (138/346). The results of the mPCR and routine PCR were confirmed by sequencing the specific fragments. These results indicate that the mPCR method is rapid, specific, sensitive, and convenient for use in epidemiological studies of ALV, clinical detection of ALV, and ALV eradication programs.
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Yun B, Li D, Zhu H, Liu W, Qin L, Liu Z, Wu G, Wang Y, Qi X, Gao H, Wang X, Gao Y. Development of an antigen-capture ELISA for the detection of avian leukosis virus p27 antigen. J Virol Methods 2012. [PMID: 23201286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
An antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (AC-ELISA) employing monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against p27 was developed for the detection of the avian leukosis virus (ALV). The specificity of the optimized AC-ELISA was evaluated using avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J), avian leukosis virus subgroup A (ALV-A), avian leukosis virus subgroup B (ALV-B), avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), Marek's disease virus (MDV), avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), Fowlpox virus (FPV), infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), avian reovirus (ARV), reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV), avian influenza virus (AIV) and Escherichia coli. The only specimens that yielded a strong signal were ALV-J, ALV-A and ALV-B, indicating that this assay is suitable for the detection of ALV. The limit of detection of this assay was 1.25 ng/ml of rp27 protein and 10(1.79)TCID(50) units of HLJ09MDJ-1 (ALV-J). Moreover, this AC-ELISA can detect ALV in cloacal swabs of chickens experimentally infected as early as 12 days post-infection. The AC-ELISA detected the virus in the albumin and cloacal swabs of naturally infected chickens, and the results were confirmed by PCR, indicating that the AC-ELISA was a suitable method for the detection of ALV. This test is rapid and sensitive and could be convenient for epidemiological studies and eradication programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingling Yun
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
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Vergara MN, Canto-Soler MV. Rediscovering the chick embryo as a model to study retinal development. Neural Dev 2012; 7:22. [PMID: 22738172 PMCID: PMC3541172 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8104-7-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The embryonic chick occupies a privileged place among animal models used in developmental studies. Its rapid development and accessibility for visualization and experimental manipulation are just some of the characteristics that have made it a vertebrate model of choice for more than two millennia. Until a few years ago, the inability to perform genetic manipulations constituted a major drawback of this system. However, the completion of the chicken genome project and the development of techniques to manipulate gene expression have allowed this classic animal model to enter the molecular age. Such techniques, combined with the embryological manipulations that this system is well known for, provide a unique toolkit to study the genetic basis of neural development. A major advantage of these approaches is that they permit targeted gene misexpression with extremely high spatiotemporal resolution and over a large range of developmental stages, allowing functional analysis at a level, speed and ease that is difficult to achieve in other systems. This article provides a general overview of the chick as a developmental model focusing more specifically on its application to the study of eye development. Special emphasis is given to the state of the art of the techniques that have made gene gain- and loss-of-function studies in this model a reality. In addition, we discuss some methodological considerations derived from our own experience that we believe will be beneficial to researchers working with this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Natalia Vergara
- Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Smith Building 3023, 400 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21287-9257, USA
| | - M Valeria Canto-Soler
- Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Smith Building 3023, 400 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21287-9257, USA
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Abstract
Electroporation has been used successfully to introduce macromolecules such as DNA into the chick embryo for at least 15 years. Purified plasmid DNA is microinjected into embryo and then a series of low voltage electrical pulses are applied to the embryo which allows naked DNA to enter cells. Following entrance into the cytoplasm, the DNA is transported to the nucleus where it is transiently expressed. This powerful technique is useful for studies involving overexpression, misexpression, and knockdown of genes of interest at a variety of developmental timepoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teri L Belecky-Adams
- Department of Biology & Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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