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Deepa S, Senthilkumaran B. Interactive role of Wnt signaling and Zn in regulating testicular function of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Theriogenology 2020; 161:161-175. [PMID: 33333442 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Wnt signaling is conserved among all species and plays a significant role in various cellular processes including reproduction. The present study identified significant involvement of wnt4a, wnt5b, and wnt8a signaling in the testicular growth of common carp,Cyprinus carpio. Predominant expression of wnt4a, wnt5b, and wnt8a was found in the gonads and Wnt4a was localized in spermatocytes and interstitial cells. Ontogeny and testicular phase-wise analysis signified the importance of wnt isofoms analyzed in this study. Specific pathway activation of Wnt signaling revealed that Wnt4a and Wnt5b act through non-canonical while Wnt8a prefers the canonical pathway. The Wnt signaling regulates several steroidogenic enzyme and testis-related genes which was confirmed by the Wnt blockade experiments. Incidentally, zinc (Zn) is an essential trace element involved in the progression of spermatogenesis in teleosts. In adult male carp, a single administration of Zn at different doses elevated the expression of Wnt and Zn transporter genes and a single-dose (30 μg/g body weight [BW]) of Zn treatment elevated steroidogenic enzyme and testis-related genes which coincided with elevated androgens. Conversely, single-dose administration of Zn chelator to the Zn administered (30 μg/g BW) fish reversed the effects emphasizing a prominent role of Zn in the testicular function perhaps through Wnt signaling. Similar effects were observed in the in vitro experiments using the Zn chelator. Bioaccumulation of Zn and histological analysis revealed the importance of Zn in progression of spermatogenesis and sperm motility. Various assays related to cell viability and proliferation exhibited the role of Zn in promoting spermatogenic cell progression. Flow cytometric analysis confirmed Zn-induced elevation of Wnt and Zn transporter genes in germ and supporting cells. Furthermore, the effects of Zn are dose-related in carp. Taken together, it seems wnt4a, wnt5b, and wnt8a play an important role in testis and exposure of Wnt inhibitor, canonical as well as non-canonical activators, and Zn confirmed that Zn regulates Wnt signaling vis-à-vis promoting spermatogenesis in the common carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seetharam Deepa
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad, 500046, Telangana, India.
| | - Balasubramanian Senthilkumaran
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad, 500046, Telangana, India.
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Xu R, Pan L, Yang Y, Zhou Y. Characterizing transcriptome in female scallop Chlamys farreri provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms of reproductive regulation during ovarian development and spawn. Gene 2020; 758:144967. [PMID: 32707299 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Bivalve mollusks are descendants of an early-Cambrian lineage and have successfully evolved unique strategies for reproduction. Nonetheless, the molecular mechanisms underlying reproductive regulation in mollusks remain to be elucidated. In this study, transcriptomes of ovary at four reproductive stages in female Chlamys farreri were characterized by RNA-Seq. Regarding signaling pathways, ECM-receptor interaction pathway, mTOR signaling pathway, Fanconi anemia pathway, FoxO signaling pathway, Wnt signaling pathway and Hedgehog signaling pathway were enriched during ovarian development processes. In addition, pathways related to energy metabolism such as Nitrogen metabolism and Arachidonic acid metabolism were enriched at spawn stage. Interestingly, Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction was significantly enriched involved in ovarian development and spawn, and indicated the potential functions of nervous system on reproductive regulation in C. farreri. What's more, this study identified and characterized fourteen genes involved in "sex hormones synthesis and regulation", "ovarian development and spawn" and "maternal immunity" during the four reproductive stages in C. farreri. We determined that CYP17 uniquely affected gamete release by influencing the physiological balance among the steroid hormones and showed that receptors of the 5-HT and GABA neurotransmitters were tightly associated with ovarian maturation. Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report the maternal effect gene Zar1 in bivalve mollusks, likewise the maternal immunity genes displayed coordinated and cooperative expression during reproductive periods, which strengthened the environmental adaptation mechanisms of bivalves. Taken together, this study provides the first dynamic transcriptomic analysis of C. farreri at four key reproductive stages, which will assist in revealing the molecular mechanisms underlying bivalves on reproductive regulation in ovarian development and spawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyi Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Luqing Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Yingying Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yueyao Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
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Paranjpe M, Yu H, Frankenberg S, Pask AJ, Shaw G, Renfree MB. Transcriptomic Analysis of MAP3K1 and MAP3K4 in the Developing Marsupial Gonad. Sex Dev 2020; 13:195-204. [DOI: 10.1159/000505799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Wu L, Li Y, Xu Y, Li Y, Wang L, Ma X, Liu H, Li X, Zhou L. Cloning and characterization of wnt4a gene in a natural triploid teleost, Qi river crucian carp (Carassius auratus). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2019; 277:104-111. [PMID: 30923007 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
WNT4 (wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 4) plays a key role in the ovarian differentiation and development in mammals. However, the possible roles of Wnt4 during gonadal differentiation and development need further clarification in teleosts. In this study, we cloned and characterized the full-length cDNA of Qi river crucian carp (Carassius auratus) wnt4a gene (CA-wnt4a). The cDNA of CA-wnt4a is 2337 bp, including the ORF of 1059 bp, encoding a putative protein with a transmembrane domain and a WNT family domain. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses revealed that the CA-Wnt4a identified is a genuine Wnt4a. Tissue distribution analysis showed that CA-wnt4a is expressed in all the tissues examined, including ovary. CA-wnt4a undergoes a stepwise increase in the embryonic stages, suggesting that CA-wnt4a might be involved in the early developmental stage. Ontogenic analysis demonstrated that CA-wnt4a expression is upregulated in the ovaries at 30-50 days after hatching (dah), the critical period of sex determination/differentiation in Qi river crucian carp. From 90 dah, the expression of CA-wnt4a was gradually downregulated in the developing ovaries. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that CA-Wnt4a was expressed in the somatic and germ cells of the ovary by 30 dah, thereafter, positive signals of Wnt4a were detected in the somatic cells, oogonia and primary growth oocytes from 60 dah. In the sex-reversed testis induced by letrozole treatment, the expression level of CA-wnt4a was significantly downregulated. When CA-wnt4a expression was inhibited by injection of FH535 (an inhibitor of canonical Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway) in the ovaries, levels of cyp19a1a, foxl2 mRNA were significantly downregulated, while sox9b and cyp11c1 were upregulated, which suggested that together with Foxl2-leading estrogen pathway, CA-wnt4a signaling pathway might be involved in ovarian differentiation and repression of the male pathway gene expression in Qi river crucian carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Wu
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, PR China
| | - Yongjing Li
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, PR China
| | - Yufeng Xu
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, PR China
| | - Yanfeng Li
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, PR China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, PR China
| | - Xiao Ma
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, PR China
| | - Huifen Liu
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, PR China
| | - Xuejun Li
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, PR China
| | - Linyan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
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Ong OTW, Young LJ, Old JM. Evaluation of reference genes for gene expression in red-tailed phascogale ( Phascogale calura) liver, lung, small intestine and spleen. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2552. [PMID: 27761339 PMCID: PMC5068414 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reference genes serve an important role as an endogenous control/standard for data normalisation in gene expression studies. Although reference genes have recently been suggested for marsupials, independent analysis of reference genes on different immune tissues is yet to be tested. Therefore, an assessment of reference genes is needed for the selection of stable, expressed genes across different marsupial tissues. Methods The study was conducted on red-tailed phascogales (Phascogale calura) using five juvenile and five adult males. The stability of five reference genes (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, GAPDH; β-actin, ACTB; 18S rRNA, 18S; 28S rRNA, 28S; and ribosomal protein L13A, RPL13A) was investigated using SYBR Green and analysed with the geNorm application available in qBasePLUS software. Results Gene stability for juvenile and adult tissue samples combined show that GAPDH was most stable in liver and lung tissue, and 18S in small intestine and spleen. While all reference genes were suitable for small intestine and spleen tissues, all reference genes except 28S were stable for lung and only 18S and 28S were stable for liver tissue. Separating the two age groups, we found that two different reference genes were considered stable in juveniles (ACTB and GAPDH) and adults (18S and 28S), and RPL13A was not stable for juvenile small intestine tissue. Except for 28S, all reference genes were stable in juvenile and adult lungs, and all five reference genes were stable in spleen tissue. Discussion Based on expression stability, ACTB and GAPDH are suitable for all tissues when studying the expression of marsupials in two age groups, except for adult liver tissues. The expression stability between juvenile and adult liver tissue was most unstable, as the stable reference genes for juveniles and adults were different. Juvenile and adult lung, small intestine and spleen share similar stable reference genes, except for small intestine tissues where all reference genes were stable in adults but RPL13A was not suitable in juveniles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oselyne T W Ong
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University , Richmond , New South Wales , Australia
| | - Lauren J Young
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University , Richmond , New South Wales , Australia
| | - Julie M Old
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University , Richmond , New South Wales , Australia
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Weng S, You F, Fan Z, Wang L, Wu Z, Zou Y. Molecular cloning and sexually dimorphic expression of wnt4 in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2016; 42:1167-1176. [PMID: 26920537 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-016-0206-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
WNT4 (wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 4) is regarded as a key regulator of gonad differentiation in mammalians. However, the potential role of wnt4 in teleosts during gonad differentiation and development is still unclear. The full-length cDNA sequence of wnt4 in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) was obtained using RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends) technique. The wnt4 ORF contains 1059 nucleotides, encoding a protein with a signal peptide domain and a wnt family domain. Expression in tissues of adult flounders was analyzed by real-time RT-PCR. The results showed that wnt4 was widely expressed in multiple tissues of flounders, and the expression level was significantly higher in ovary than in testis. Then wnt4 expression pattern was investigated during gonadal differentiation period and at gonadal development stages (I-V). The results showed the expression levels were significantly higher in testis than in ovary during gonadal differentiation. Notably, wnt4 expression had a very significant increase before testis differentiation. At gonad different developmental stages, there was no expression signal at stage I or stage II, and the expression of wnt4 was much stronger in ovary than in testis at stage III and stage IV, followed by a faint expression in stage V in both sexes. Our results imply that cloned wnt4 could be wnt4a. It is a sex-related gene and its expression pattern in gonadal differentiation period of flounder is different from that in mammalians or other teleosts. Flounder wnt4 might play more important role in testis than in ovary during gonadal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenda Weng
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10049, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng You
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China.
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhaofei Fan
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10049, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10049, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxia Zou
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China.
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China.
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Heule C, Göppert C, Salzburger W, Böhne A. Genetics and timing of sex determination in the East African cichlid fish Astatotilapia burtoni. BMC Genet 2014; 15:140. [PMID: 25494637 PMCID: PMC4278230 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-014-0140-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The factors determining sex are diverse in vertebrates and especially so in teleost fishes. Only a handful of master sex-determining genes have been identified, however great efforts have been undertaken to characterize the subsequent genetic network of sex differentiation in various organisms. East African cichlids offer an ideal model system to study the complexity of sexual development, since many different sex-determining mechanisms occur in closely related species of this fish family. Here, we investigated the sex-determining system and gene expression profiles during male development of Astatotilapia burtoni, a member of the rapidly radiating and exceptionally species-rich haplochromine lineage. Results Crossing experiments with hormonally sex-reversed fish provided evidence for an XX-XY sex determination system in A. burtoni. Resultant all-male broods were used to assess gene expression patterns throughout development of a set of candidate genes, previously characterized in adult cichlids only. Conclusions We could identify the onset of gonad sexual differentiation at 11–12 dpf. The expression profiles identified wnt4B and wt1A as the earliest gonad markers in A. burtoni. Furthermore we identified late testis genes (cyp19a1A, gsdf, dmrt1 and gata4), and brain markers (ctnnb1A, ctnnb1B, dax1A, foxl2, foxl3, nanos1A, nanos1B, rspo1, sf-1, sox9A and sox9B). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12863-014-0140-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Heule
- Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, 4051, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Carolin Göppert
- Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, 4051, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Walter Salzburger
- Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, 4051, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Astrid Böhne
- Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, 4051, Basel, Switzerland.
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Hu Q, Zhu Y, Liu Y, Wang N, Chen S. Cloning and characterization of wnt4a gene and evidence for positive selection in half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis). Sci Rep 2014; 4:7167. [PMID: 25418599 PMCID: PMC4241513 DOI: 10.1038/srep07167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt4 gene plays a role in developmental processes in mammals. However, little is known regarding its function in teleosts. We cloned and characterized the full-length half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) wnt4a gene (CS-wnt4a). CS-wnt4a cDNA was 1746 bp in length encoding 353aa. CS-wnt4a expression level was highest in the testis, and gradually increased in the developing gonads until 1 year of age. In situ hybridization revealed that CS-wnt4a expression level was highest in stage II oocytes and sperm in the adult ovary and testis, respectively. CS-wnt4a expression level was significantly up-regulated in the gonads after exposure to high temperature. The level of methylation of the CS-wnt4a first exon was negatively correlated with the expression of CS-wnt4a. The branch-site model suggested that vertebrate wnt4a differed significantly from that of wnt4b, and that the selective pressures differed between ancestral aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Two positively selected sites were found in the ancestral lineages of teleost fish, but none in the ancestral lineages of mammals. One positively selected site was located on the α-helices of the 3D structure, the other on the random coil. Our results are of value for further study of the function of wnt4 and the mechanism of selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaomu Hu
- 1] Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao 266071, China [2] Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Na Wang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Songlin Chen
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao 266071, China
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Chassot AA, Gillot I, Chaboissier MC. R-spondin1, WNT4, and the CTNNB1 signaling pathway: strict control over ovarian differentiation. Reproduction 2014; 148:R97-110. [PMID: 25187620 DOI: 10.1530/rep-14-0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Sex differentiation is a unique developmental process. Starting from a bipotential gonad, it gives rise to the ovary and the testis, two highly specialized organs that differ morphologically and physiologically despite sharing common reproductive and endocrine functions. This highlights the specific plasticity of the gonadal precursors and the existence of complex antagonistic genetic regulation. Mammalian sex determination is controlled by paternal transmission of the Y-linked gene, sex-determining region Y (SRY). Using mouse models, it has been shown that the main role of Sry is to activate the expression of the transcription factor Sox9; either one of these two genes is necessary and sufficient to allow testicular development through Sertoli cell differentiation. Thus, defects in SRY/Sry and/or SOX9/Sox9 expression result in male-to-female sex reversal of XY individuals. Molecular mechanisms governing ovarian differentiation remained unknown for a long time, until the discovery of the roles of R-spondin1 (RSPO1) and WNT4. In XX individuals, activation of the β-catenin signaling pathway by the secreted proteins RSPO1 and WNT4 is required to allow granulosa cell differentiation and, in turn, ovarian differentiation. Thus, mutations in RSPO1 result in female-to-male sex reversal of XX patients, and mouse models have allowed the identification of genetic cascades activated by RSPO1 and WNT4 to regulate ovarian development. In this review, we will discuss the respective roles of RSPO1, WNT4, and the β-catenin signaling pathway during ovarian differentiation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Amandine Chassot
- University of Nice-Sophia AntipolisParc Valrose, F-06108 Nice, FranceUMR-INSERM1091IBV, F-06108 Nice, France University of Nice-Sophia AntipolisParc Valrose, F-06108 Nice, FranceUMR-INSERM1091IBV, F-06108 Nice, France
| | - Isabelle Gillot
- University of Nice-Sophia AntipolisParc Valrose, F-06108 Nice, FranceUMR-INSERM1091IBV, F-06108 Nice, France University of Nice-Sophia AntipolisParc Valrose, F-06108 Nice, FranceUMR-INSERM1091IBV, F-06108 Nice, France
| | - Marie-Christine Chaboissier
- University of Nice-Sophia AntipolisParc Valrose, F-06108 Nice, FranceUMR-INSERM1091IBV, F-06108 Nice, France University of Nice-Sophia AntipolisParc Valrose, F-06108 Nice, FranceUMR-INSERM1091IBV, F-06108 Nice, France
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Ipulan LA, Suzuki K, Sakamoto Y, Murashima A, Imai Y, Omori A, Nakagata N, Nishinakamura R, Valasek P, Yamada G. Nonmyocytic androgen receptor regulates the sexually dimorphic development of the embryonic bulbocavernosus muscle. Endocrinology 2014; 155:2467-79. [PMID: 24742196 PMCID: PMC4060183 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The bulbocavernosus (BC) is a sexually dimorphic muscle observed only in males. Androgen receptor knockout mouse studies show the loss of BC formation. This suggests that androgen signaling plays a vital role in its development. Androgen has been known to induce muscle hypertrophy through satellite cell activation and myonuclei accretion during muscle regeneration and growth. Whether the same mechanism is present during embryonic development is not yet elucidated. To identify the mechanism of sexual dimorphism during BC development, the timing of morphological differences was first established. It was revealed that the BC was morphologically different between male and female mice at embryonic day (E) 16.5. Differences in the myogenic process were detected at E15.5. The male BC possesses a higher number of proliferating undifferentiated myoblasts. To identify the role of androgen signaling in this process, muscle-specific androgen receptor (AR) mutation was introduced, which resulted in no observable phenotypes. Hence, the expression of AR in the BC was examined and found that the AR did not colocalize with any muscle markers such as Myogenic differentiation 1, Myogenin, and paired box transcription factor 7. It was revealed that the mesenchyme surrounding the BC expressed AR and the BC started to express AR at E15.5. AR mutation on the nonmyocytic cells using spalt-like transcription factor 1 (Sall1) Cre driver mouse was performed, which resulted in defective BC formation. It was revealed that the number of proliferating undifferentiated myoblasts was reduced in the Sall1 Cre:AR(L-/Y) mutant embryos, and the adult mutants were devoid of BC. The transition of myoblasts from proliferation to differentiation is mediated by cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. An increased expression of p21 was observed in the BC myoblast of the Sall1 Cre:AR(L-/Y) mutant and wild-type female. Altogether this study suggests that the nonmyocytic AR may paracrinely regulate the proliferation of myoblast possibly through inhibiting p21 expression in myoblasts of the BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lerrie Ann Ipulan
- Department of Developmental Genetics (L.A.I., K.S., Y.S., A.M., A.O., G.Y.), Institute of Advanced Medicine, and Department of Biology, Wakayama Medical University (WMU), Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (L.A.I., Y.S.), Division of Reproductive Engineering (N.N.), Center for Animal Resources and Development, Department of Kidney Development (R.N.), Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan; Division of Integrative Pathophysiology (Y.I.), Proteo-Science Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Ehime 791-0295, Japan; School of Biological Sciences and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (P.V.), University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UR, United Kingdom; and Institute of Anatomy (P.V.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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Wnt family genes and their modulation in the ovary-independent and persistent vaginal epithelial cell proliferation and keratinization induced by neonatal diethylstilbestrol exposure in mice. Toxicology 2012; 296:13-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Nicol B, Guerin A, Fostier A, Guiguen Y. Ovary-predominant wnt4
expression during gonadal differentiation is not conserved in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss
). Mol Reprod Dev 2011; 79:51-63. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.21404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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13
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Chung JW, Pask AJ, Yu H, Renfree MB. Fibroblast growth factor-9 in marsupial testicular development. Sex Dev 2011; 5:131-40. [PMID: 21540568 DOI: 10.1159/000327327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
FGF9 is a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family and is critical for early testicular development and germ cell survival in the mouse. Fgf9 reinforces the testis determinant Sox9 and antagonizes Wnt4, an ovarian factor. To determine whether FGF9 has a conserved role in the mammalian gonad, we examined its expression in the gonads of a marsupial, the tammar wallaby Macropus eugenii, and compared it to WNT4 expression. Marsupial FGF9 is highly conserved with orthologues from eutherian mammals, including humans. FGF9 protein was detected in both the testis and ovary before sexual differentiation, but it subsequently became sexually dimorphic during the period of testicular differentiation. The protein was specifically enriched in the seminiferous cords of the developing testis in the Sertoli and germ cells. FGF9 mRNA expression was upregulated in the tammar testis at the time of seminiferous cord formation and downregulated in the developing ovary in an opposite profile to that of marsupial WNT4. These observations suggest that FGF9 promotes male fate in the early gonad of marsupials through an antagonistic relationship with WNT4 as it does in eutherian mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Chung
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Kangaroo Genomics, University of Melbourne,Vic., Australia
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14
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The unappreciated Wnt-4 gene. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2010; 23:187-91. [PMID: 20060343 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2009.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2009] [Revised: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/01/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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15
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Miyakoshi T, Kajiya H, Miyajima K, Takei M, Tobita M, Takekoshi S, Osamura RY. The expression of Wnt4 is regulated by estrogen via an estrogen receptor alpha-dependent pathway in rat pituitary growth hormone-producing cells. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2009; 42:205-13. [PMID: 20126574 PMCID: PMC2808504 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.09033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 10/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling is important in many aspects of cell biology and development. In the mouse female reproductive tract, Wnt4, Wnt5a, and Wnt7a show differential expression during the estrus cycle, suggesting that they participate in female reproductive physiology. Although the pituitary is a major gland regulating reproduction, the molecular mechanism of Wnt signaling here is unclear. We elucidated the subcellular distribution of Wnt4 in the pituitary of estrogen-treated ovariectomized female rats. Expression of Wnt4 mRNA increased dramatically, particularly in proestrus compared with estrus and metestrus. Wnt4 protein was observed in the cytoplasm of almost all growth hormone (GH)-producing cells and in only a few thyroid-stimulating hormone β (TSHβ)-producing cells. In rat GH-producing pituitary tumor (MtT/S) cells, estrogen-induced expression of Wnt4 mRNA was completely inhibited by estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182,780 in vitro. Thus, rat pituitary GH cells synthesize Wnt4 and this is induced by estrogen mediated via an estrogen receptor alpha-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanako Kajiya
- Department of Pathology, Tokai University School of Medicine
| | | | - Mao Takei
- Department of Pathology, Tokai University School of Medicine
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nippon Medical School
| | - Maya Tobita
- Department of Pathology, Tokai University School of Medicine
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Jikei University School of Medicine
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16
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Wu GC, Chang CF. wnt4 Is Associated with the Development of Ovarian Tissue in the Protandrous Black Porgy, Acanthopagrus schlegeli1. Biol Reprod 2009; 81:1073-82. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.109.077362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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Yu H, Pask AJ, Shaw G, Renfree MB. Comparative analysis of the mammalian WNT4 promoter. BMC Genomics 2009; 10:416. [PMID: 19732466 PMCID: PMC2758904 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 09/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background WNT4 is a critical signalling molecule in embryogenesis and homeostasis, but the elements that control its transcriptional regulation are largely unknown. This study uses comparative cross species sequence and functional analyses between humans and a marsupial (the tammar wallaby,Macropus eugenii) to refine the mammalian Wnt4 promoter. Results We have defined a highly conserved 89 bp minimal promoter region in human WNT4 by comparative analysis with the tammar wallaby. There are many conserved transcription factor binding sites in the proximal promoter region, including SP1, MyoD, NFκB and AP2, as well as highly conserved CpG islands within the human, mouse and marsupial promoters, suggesting that DNA methylation may play an important role in WNT4 transcriptional regulation. Conclusion Using a marsupial model, we have been able to provide new information on the transcriptional regulators in the promoter of this essential mammalian developmental gene, WNT4. These transcription factor binding sites and CpG islands are highly conserved in two disparate mammals, and are likely key controlling elements in the regulation of this essential developmental gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongshi Yu
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Kangaroo Genomics, Department of Zoology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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18
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Deakin JE, Koina E, Waters PD, Doherty R, Patel VS, Delbridge ML, Dobson B, Fong J, Hu Y, van den Hurk C, Pask AJ, Shaw G, Smith C, Thompson K, Wakefield MJ, Yu H, Renfree MB, Graves JAM. Physical map of two tammar wallaby chromosomes: a strategy for mapping in non-model mammals. Chromosome Res 2008; 16:1159-75. [PMID: 18987984 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-008-1266-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Revised: 09/02/2008] [Accepted: 09/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Marsupials are especially valuable for comparative genomic studies of mammals. Two distantly related model marsupials have been sequenced: the South American opossum (Monodelphis domestica) and the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii), which last shared a common ancestor about 70 Mya. The six-fold opossum genome sequence has been assembled and assigned to chromosomes with the help of a cytogenetic map. A good cytogenetic map will be even more essential for assembly and anchoring of the two-fold wallaby genome. As a start to generating a physical map of gene locations on wallaby chromosomes, we focused on two chromosomes sharing homology with the human X, wallaby chromosomes X and 5. We devised an efficient strategy for mapping large conserved synteny blocks in non-model mammals, and applied this to generate dense maps of the X and 'neo-X' regions and to determine the arrangement of large conserved synteny blocks on chromosome 5. Comparisons between the wallaby and opossum chromosome maps revealed many rearrangements, highlighting the need for comparative gene mapping between South American and Australian marsupials. Frequent rearrangement of the X, along with the absence of a marsupial XIST gene, suggests that inactivation of the marsupial X chromosome does not depend on a whole-chromosome repression by a control locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine E Deakin
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Kangaroo Genomics, Research School of Biological Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
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19
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Kocer A, Pinheiro I, Pannetier M, Renault L, Parma P, Radi O, Kim KA, Camerino G, Pailhoux E. R-spondin1 and FOXL2 act into two distinct cellular types during goat ovarian differentiation. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2008; 8:36. [PMID: 18384673 PMCID: PMC2329615 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-8-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2007] [Accepted: 04/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Background Up to now, two loci have been involved in XX sex-reversal in mammals following loss-of-function mutations, PIS (Polled Intersex Syndrome) in goats and R-spondin1 (RSPO1) in humans. Here, we analyze the possible interaction between these two factors during goat gonad development. Furthermore, since functional redundancy between different R-spondins may influence gonad development, we also studied the expression patterns of RSPO2, 3 and 4. Results Similarly to the mouse, RSPO1 shows a sex-dimorphic expression pattern during goat gonad development with higher levels in the ovaries. Interestingly, the PIS mutation does not seem to influence its level of expression. Moreover, using an RSPO1 specific antibody, the RSPO1 protein was localized in the cortical area of early differentiating ovaries (36 and 40 dpc). This cortical area contains the majority of germ cell that are surrounded by FOXL2 negative somatic cells. At latter stages (50 and 60 dpc) RSPO1 protein remains specifically localized on the germ cell membranes. Interestingly, a time-specific relocation of RSPO1 on the germ cell membrane was noticed, moving from a uniform distribution at 40 dpc to a punctuated staining before and during meiosis (50 and 60 dpc respectively). Interestingly, also RSPO2 and RSPO4 show a sex-dimorphic expression pattern with higher levels in the ovaries. Although RSPO4 was found to be faintly and belatedly expressed, the expression of RSPO2 increases at the crucial 36 dpc stage, as does that of FOXL2. Importantly, RSPO2 expression appears dramatically decreased in XX PIS-/- gonads at all three tested stages (36, 40 and 50 dpc). Conclusion During goat ovarian development, the pattern of expression of RSPO1 is in agreement with its possible anti-testis function but is not influenced by the PIS mutation. Moreover, our data suggest that RSPO1 may be associated with germ cell development and meiosis. Interestingly, another RSPO gene, RSPO2 shows a sex-dimorphic pattern of expression that is dramatically influenced by the PIS mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayhan Kocer
- INRA, UMR 1198, ENVA, CNRS, FRE 2857, Biologie du Développement et de la Reproduction, Jouy-en-Josas, F-78350, France.
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20
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Miyakoshi T, Takei M, Kajiya H, Egashira N, Takekoshi S, Teramoto A, Osamura RY. Expression of Wnt4 in human pituitary adenomas regulates activation of the beta-catenin-independent pathway. Endocr Pathol 2008; 19:261-73. [PMID: 19034702 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-008-9048-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway has been implicated in the genesis of numerous human cancers. A member of the Wnt family of genes, Wnt4, has been known to regulate proliferation of anterior pituitary cell types in the mouse during embryonic development. In order to elucidate the roles of Wnt signaling in human pituitary adenomas, we examined the expression of Wnt4 and its putative receptor Frizzled6 (Fzd6) by immunohistochemistry in pituitary adenomas and normal pituitaries. Expression of Wnt4 was higher in growth hormone-producing adenomas (GHomas), prolactin-producing adenomas (PRLomas), and thyroid-stimulating hormone-producing adenomas (TSHomas) than in the normal pituitary. Fzd6 was widely expressed in GHomas, PRLomas, TSHomas, and gonadotropin subunit (GnSU)-positive adenomas. In normal pituitary glands, Wnt4 and Fzd6 were colocalized predominantly in follicle-stimulating hormone-, luteinizing hormone-, and alpha-subunits of glycoprotein hormone-positive cells. The canonical Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway was analyzed by beta-catenin immunohistochemistry. beta-Catenin was localized at the cell membrane in all pituitary adenomas, but not in the nuclei. On the other hand, Erk1/2 was highly activated in GHomas and TSHomas. These results suggested that activation of Wnt4/Fzd6 signaling through a "beta-catenin-independent" pathway played a role in proliferation and survival of the pituitary adenoma cells. Detailed involvement of transcription factors including Pit-1 remains to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Miyakoshi
- Department of Pathology, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
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O'Shaughnessy PJ, Baker PJ, Monteiro A, Cassie S, Bhattacharya S, Fowler PA. Developmental changes in human fetal testicular cell numbers and messenger ribonucleic acid levels during the second trimester. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92:4792-801. [PMID: 17848411 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2007-1690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Normal fetal testis development is essential for masculinization and subsequent adult fertility. The second trimester is a critical period of human testicular development and masculinization, but there is a paucity of reliable developmental data. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to analyze second-trimester human testicular morphology and function. DESIGN This was an observational study of second-trimester testis development. SETTING The study was conducted at the Universities of Glasgow and Aberdeen. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS Testes were collected from 57 morphologically normal fetuses of women undergoing elective termination of normally progressing pregnancies (11-19 wk gestation). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Testicular morphology, cell numbers, and quantitative expression of 22 key testicular genes were determined. RESULTS Sertoli cell and germ cell number increased exponentially throughout the second trimester. Leydig cell number initially increased exponentially but slowed toward 19 wk. Transcripts encoding Sertoli (KITL, FGF9, SOX9, FSHR, WT1) and germ (CKIT, TFAP2C) cell-specific products increased per testis through the second trimester, but expression per cell was static apart from TFAP2C, which declined. Leydig cell transcripts (HSD17B3, CYP11A1, PTC1, CYP17, LHR, INSL3) also remained static per cell. Testicular expression of adrenal transcripts MC2R, CYP11B1, and CYP21 was detectable but unchanged. Expression of other transcripts known or postulated to be involved in testicular development (GATA4, GATA6, CXORF6, WNT2B, WNT4, WNT5A) increased significantly per testis during the second trimester. CONCLUSIONS The second trimester is essential for the establishment of Sertoli and germ cell numbers. Sertoli and Leydig cells are active throughout the period, but there is no evidence of changing transcript levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J O'Shaughnessy
- Division of Cell Sciences, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom. p.j.o'
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Fujino A, Pieretti-Vanmarcke R, Wong A, Donahoe PK, Arango NA. Sexual dimorphism of G-protein subunit Gng13 expression in the cortical region of the developing mouse ovary. Dev Dyn 2007; 236:1991-6. [PMID: 17497668 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In our search for genes required for the development and function of mouse gonads, we identified Gng13 (guanine nucleotide binding protein 13, gamma), a gene with an embryonic expression pattern highly restricted to the ovary. Based on reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and whole-mount in situ hybridization, Gng13 is expressed in both XX and XY gonads at embryonic day (E) 11.5, but becomes up-regulated in the XX gonad by E12.5. Expression is retained after treatment with busulfan, a chemical known to eliminate germ cells, pointing to the soma as a site of Gng13 transcription. In situ hybridization of embryonic ovarian tissue sections further localized the expression to the cortex of the developing XX gonad. Gng13 expression in the adult is also highly restricted. Northern blot analyses and Genomic Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation expression profiling of adult tissues detected very high expression in the cerebrum and cerebellum, in addition to, a weaker signal in the ovary. Gng13 belongs to a well-known family of signal transduction molecules with functions in many aspects of development and organ physiology. Here, we report that, in the developing mouse embryo, expression of Gng13 mRNA is highly restricted to the cortex of the XX gonad during sexual differentiation, suggesting a role for this gene during ovarian development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Fujino
- Pediatric Surgical Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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