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Hu L, Chen W, Qian A, Li YP. Wnt/β-catenin signaling components and mechanisms in bone formation, homeostasis, and disease. Bone Res 2024; 12:39. [PMID: 38987555 PMCID: PMC11237130 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-024-00342-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Wnts are secreted, lipid-modified proteins that bind to different receptors on the cell surface to activate canonical or non-canonical Wnt signaling pathways, which control various biological processes throughout embryonic development and adult life. Aberrant Wnt signaling pathway underlies a wide range of human disease pathogeneses. In this review, we provide an update of Wnt/β-catenin signaling components and mechanisms in bone formation, homeostasis, and diseases. The Wnt proteins, receptors, activators, inhibitors, and the crosstalk of Wnt signaling pathways with other signaling pathways are summarized and discussed. We mainly review Wnt signaling functions in bone formation, homeostasis, and related diseases, and summarize mouse models carrying genetic modifications of Wnt signaling components. Moreover, the therapeutic strategies for treating bone diseases by targeting Wnt signaling, including the extracellular molecules, cytosol components, and nuclear components of Wnt signaling are reviewed. In summary, this paper reviews our current understanding of the mechanisms by which Wnt signaling regulates bone formation, homeostasis, and the efforts targeting Wnt signaling for treating bone diseases. Finally, the paper evaluates the important questions in Wnt signaling to be further explored based on the progress of new biological analytical technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Hu
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Division in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Airong Qian
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China.
| | - Yi-Ping Li
- Division in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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Kawaue H, Rojasawasthien T, Dusadeemeelap C, Matsubara T, Kokabu S, Addison WN. PI15, a novel secreted WNT-signaling antagonist, regulates chondrocyte differentiation. Connect Tissue Res 2024; 65:237-252. [PMID: 38739041 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2024.2349818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE/AIM OF STUDY During the development of the vertebrate skeleton, the progressive differentiation and maturation of chondrocytes from mesenchymal progenitors is precisely coordinated by multiple secreted factors and signaling pathways. The WNT signaling pathway has been demonstrated to play a major role in chondrogenesis. However, the identification of secreted factors that fine-tune WNT activity has remained elusive. Here, in this study, we have identified PI15 (peptidase inhibitor 15, protease Inhibitor 15, SugarCrisp), a member of the CAP (cysteine rich secretory proteins, antigen 5, and pathogenesis related 1 proteins) protein superfamily, as a novel secreted WNT antagonist dynamically upregulated during chondrocyte differentiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS ATDC5 cells, C3H10T1/2 micromass cultures and primary chondrocyte cells were used as in vitro models of chondrogenesis. PI15 levels were stably depleted or overexpressed by viral shRNA or expression vectors. Chondrogenesis was evaluated by qPCR gene expression analysis and Alcian blue staining. Protein interactions were determined by coimmunoprecipitation assays. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS shRNA-mediated knockdown of PI15 in ATDC5 cells, C3H10T1/2 cells or primary chondrocytes inhibits chondrogenesis, whereas the overexpression of PI15 strongly enhances chondrogenic potential. Mechanistically, PI15 binds to the LRP6 WNT co-receptor and blocks WNT-induced LRP6 phosphorylation, thus repressing WNT-induced transcriptional activity and alleviating the inhibitory effect of WNT signaling on chondrogenesis. Altogether, our findings suggest that PI15 acts as a key regulator of chondrogenesis and unveils a mechanism through which chondrocyte-derived molecules can modulate WNT activity as differentiation proceeds, thereby creating a positive feedback loop that further drives differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroka Kawaue
- Division of Molecular Signaling and Biochemistry, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
- Division of Oral Functional Development, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Thira Rojasawasthien
- Division of Molecular Signaling and Biochemistry, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Chirada Dusadeemeelap
- Division of Molecular Signaling and Biochemistry, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takuma Matsubara
- Division of Molecular Signaling and Biochemistry, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Kokabu
- Division of Molecular Signaling and Biochemistry, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - William N Addison
- Division of Molecular Signaling and Biochemistry, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
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Kuroda A, Mineo A, Shoji S, Inoue G, Saito W, Sekiguchi H, Takaso M, Uchida K. Effect of spheroid size on gene expression profiles of a mouse mesenchymal stem cell line in spheroid culture. Biomed Mater Eng 2023; 34:67-76. [PMID: 35694914 DOI: 10.3233/bme-221406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based therapies offer potential for bone repair. MSC spheroid cultures may harbor enhanced therapeutic potential over MSC monolayers through increased secretion of trophic factors. However, the impact of spheroid size on trophic factor expression is unclear. OBJECTIVE We investigated the effect of spheroid size on trophic factor-related gene expression. METHODS KUM10, a murine MSC line was used. RNA-seq was used to screen the transcriptional profiles of MSC monolayer and spheroid cultures. Differentially expressed genes identified in RNA-seq were evaluated by q-PCR in cultures of 5 × 104 (S group), 5 × 105 (M group), 5 × 106 (L group) cells/well. RESULTS Comparison of expression levels between KUM10 monolayer and spheroid cultures identified 2140 differentially expressed genes, of which 1047 were upregulated and 1093 were downregulated in KUM10 spheroids. Among these, 12 upregulated genes (Bmp2, Fgf9, Fgf18, Ngf, Pdgfa, Pdgfb, Tgfb1, Vegfa, Vegfc, Wnt4, Wnt5a, Wnt10a) were associated with secretory growth factors. Of these, expression of Fgf9, Fgf18, Vegfa and Vegfc was elevated in the L group, and Pdgfb and Tgfb1 was elevated in the S group. CONCLUSIONS Spheroid size may impact trophic factor expression. Our results will be useful for future studies assessing the utility of MSC spheroids for treating bone injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiyoshi Kuroda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Minami ku, Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ayumi Mineo
- Department of Medical Engineering and Technology, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shintaro Shoji
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Minami ku, Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Gen Inoue
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Minami ku, Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Wataru Saito
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Minami ku, Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sekiguchi
- Shonan University of Medical Sciences Research Institute, Chigasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masashi Takaso
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Minami ku, Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kentaro Uchida
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Minami ku, Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan.,Shonan University of Medical Sciences Research Institute, Chigasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
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Vlashi R, Zhang X, Wu M, Chen G. Wnt signaling: essential roles in osteoblast differentiation, bone metabolism and therapeutic implications for bone and skeletal disorders. Genes Dis 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2022.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
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Alibardi L. Immunolocalization of Adenomatous Polyposis Coli protein (apc) in the regenerating lizard tail suggests involvement in tissue differentiation and regulation of growth. J Morphol 2022; 283:677-688. [PMID: 35195910 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Lizard tail regeneration is likely regulated by the balanced activity of oncogenes and tumor suppressors that control cell proliferation avoiding tumorigenic degeneration. One of the main tumor suppressor genes present in the regenerating tail is the "adenomatous polyposis coli (apc)" but the localization of its coded protein (apc) is not known. This protein may be involved in regulation of apical-basal tail regeneration in lizards. The present immunohistochemical study shows that apc is localized in apical wound epidermis and regenerating ependyme, two tissues that proliferate and also express onco-genes. Apc is not present in blastema cells but localizes in differentiating cells of regenerating scales, muscles and less intensely in the non-apical ependymal epithelium and cartilage. This suggests that apc is involved in the induction of their differentiation. The apc immunolabeling is mainly nuclear in the basal epidermal layer of the apical wound epidermis where it may be involved in modulating keratinocytes proliferation, like in the forming scales. In regenerating muscle and cartilage apc is mainly cytoplasmic while sparse labeled nuclei are seen in proliferative areas of these tissues. In the regenerating spinal cord, the nuclear and cytoplasmic apc labeling is present in ependymal cells of the distal-most ependymal ampulla but the labeling fades in more proximal regions and mainly remains in the cytoplasm facing the central canal and in sparse nuclei. It is suggested that the pattern of immunolabeling for apc indicates that this tumor suppressor may contribute to tissue differentiation within the regenerating tail. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Alibardi
- Comparative Histolab Padova and Department of Biology of the University of Bologna
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Marini F, Giusti F, Iantomasi T, Brandi ML. Genetic Determinants of Inherited Endocrine Tumors: Do They Have a Direct Role in Bone Metabolism Regulation and Osteoporosis? Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12081286. [PMID: 34440460 PMCID: PMC8393565 DOI: 10.3390/genes12081286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocrine tumors are neoplasms originating from specialized hormone-secreting cells. They can develop as sporadic tumors, caused by somatic mutations, or in the context of familial Mendelian inherited diseases. Congenital forms, manifesting as syndromic or non-syndromic diseases, are caused by germinal heterozygote autosomal dominant mutations in oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. The genetic defect leads to a loss of cell growth control in target endocrine tissues and to tumor development. In addition to the classical cancer manifestations, some affected patients can manifest alterations of bone and mineral metabolism, presenting both as pathognomonic and/or non-specific skeletal clinical features, which can be either secondary complications of endocrine functioning primary tumors and/or a direct consequence of the gene mutation. Here, we specifically review the current knowledge on possible direct roles of the genes that cause inherited endocrine tumors in the regulation of bone modeling and remodeling by exploring functional in vitro and in vivo studies highlighting how some of these genes participate in the regulation of molecular pathways involved in bone and mineral metabolism homeostasis, and by describing the potential direct effects of gene mutations on the development of skeletal and mineral metabolism clinical features in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Marini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (F.M.); (F.G.); (T.I.)
- Fondazione Italiana Ricerca sulle Malattie dell’Osso, Italian Foundation for the Research on Bone Diseases, 50141 Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Giusti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (F.M.); (F.G.); (T.I.)
| | - Teresa Iantomasi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (F.M.); (F.G.); (T.I.)
| | - Maria Luisa Brandi
- Fondazione Italiana Ricerca sulle Malattie dell’Osso, Italian Foundation for the Research on Bone Diseases, 50141 Florence, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-055-2336663
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He S, Guan Y, Wu Y, Zhu L, Yan B, Honda H, Yang J, Liu W. DEC1 deficiency results in accelerated osteopenia through enhanced DKK1 activity and attenuated PI3KCA/Akt/GSK3β signaling. Metabolism 2021; 118:154730. [PMID: 33607194 PMCID: PMC8311383 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human differentiated embryonic chondrocyte expressed gene 1 (DEC1) has been implicated in enhancing osteogenesis, a desirable outcome to counteract against deregulated bone formation such as retarded bone development, osteopenia and osteoporosis. METHODS AND RESULTS DEC1 knockout (KO) and the age-matched wild-type (WT) mice were tested for the impact of DEC1 deficiency on bone development and osteopenia as a function of age. DEC1 deficiency exhibited retarded bone development at the age of 4 weeks and osteopenic phenotype in both 4- and 24-week old mice. However, the osteopenia was more severe in the 24-week age groups. Mechanistically, DEC1 deficiency downregulated the expression of bone-enhancing genes such as Runx2 and β-catenin accompanied by upregulating DKK1, an inhibitor of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Consistently, DEC1 deficiency favored the attenuation of the integrated PI3KCA/Akt/GSK3β signaling, a pathway targeting β-catenin for degradation. Likewise, the attenuation was greater in the 24-week age group. These changes, however, were reversed by in vivo treatment with lithium chloride, a stabilizer of β-catenin, and confirmed by gain-of-function study with DEC1 transfection into DEC1 KO bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and loss-of-function study with siDEC1 lentiviral infection into the corresponding WT cells. CONCLUSION DEC1 is a positive regulator with a broad activity spectrum in both bone development and maintenance, and the osteopenic phenotype accelerated by DEC1 deficiency is achieved by enhanced DKK1 activity and attenuated PI3KCA/Akt/GSK3β signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangcheng He
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Yu Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Yichen Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Bingfang Yan
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Hiroaki Honda
- Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, China
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Dento-osseous anomalies in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis: A follow-up study. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 24:3501-3511. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03220-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Regulation of Hedgehog signaling Offers A Novel Perspective for Bone Homeostasis Disorder Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20163981. [PMID: 31426273 PMCID: PMC6719140 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway is central to the regulation of bone development and homeostasis. HH signaling is not only involved in osteoblast differentiation from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs), but also acts upstream within osteoblasts via the OPG/RANK/RANKL axis to control the expression of RANKL. HH signaling has been found to up-regulate parathyroid hormone related protein (PTHrP) expression in osteoblasts, which in turn activates its downstream targets nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) and cAMP responsive element binding protein (CREB), and as a result CREB and NFAT cooperatively increase RANKL expression and osteoclastogenesis. Osteoblasts must remain in balance with osteoclasts in order to avoid excessive bone formation or resorption, thereby maintaining bone homeostasis. This review systemically summarizes the mechanisms whereby HH signaling induces osteoblast development and controls RANKL expression through PTHrP in osteoblasts. Proper targeting of HH signaling may offer a therapeutic option for treating bone homeostasis disorders.
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Al-Qattan MM, Alkuraya FS. Cenani-Lenz syndrome and other related syndactyly disorders due to variants in LRP4, GREM1/FMN1, and APC: Insight into the pathogenesis and the relationship to polyposis through the WNT and BMP antagonistic pathways. Am J Med Genet A 2018; 179:266-279. [PMID: 30569497 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.60694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cenani-Lenz (C-L) syndrome is characterized by oligosyndactyly, metacarpal synostosis, phalangeal disorganization, and other variable facial and systemic features. Most cases are caused by homozygous and compound heterozygous missense and splice mutations of the LRP4 gene. Currently, the syndrome carries one OMIM number (212780). However, C-L syndrome-like phenotypes as well as other syndactyly disorders with or without metacarpal synostosis/phalangeal disorganization are also known to be associated with specific LRP4 mutations, adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) truncating mutations, genomic rearrangements of the GREM1-FMN1 locus, as well as FMN1 mutations. Surprisingly, patients with C-L syndrome-like phenotype caused by APC truncating mutations have no polyposis despite the increased levels of β catenin. The LRP4 and APC proteins act on the WNT (wingless-type integration site family) canonical pathway, whereas the GREM-1 and FMN1 proteins act on the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway. In this review, we discuss the different mutations associated with C-L syndrome, classify its clinical features, review familial adenomatous polyposis caused by truncating APC mutations and compare these mutations to the splicing APC mutation associated with syndactyly, and finally, explore the pathophysiology through a review of the cross talks between the WNT canonical and the BMP antagonistic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M Al-Qattan
- Division of Plastic Surgery, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Division of Plastic Surgery, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fowzan S Alkuraya
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Aslani S, Abhari A, Sakhinia E, Sanajou D, Rajabi H, Rahimzadeh S. Interplay between microRNAs and Wnt, transforming growth factor-β, and bone morphogenic protein signaling pathways promote osteoblastic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:8082-8093. [PMID: 30548580 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Osteoblasts are terminally differentiated cells with mesenchymal origins, known to possess pivotal roles in sustaining bone microstructure and homeostasis. These cells are implicated in the pathophysiology of various bone disorders, especially osteoporosis. Over the last few decades, strategies to impede bone resorption, principally by bisphosphonates, have been mainstay of treatment of osteoporosis; however, in recent years more attention has been drawn on bone-forming approaches for managing osteoporosis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a broad category of noncoding short sequence RNA fragments that posttranscriptionally regulate the expression of diverse functional and structural genes in a negative manner. An accumulating body of evidence signifies that miRNAs direct mesenchymal stem cells toward osteoblast differentiation and bone formation through bone morphogenic protein, transforming growth factor-β, and Wnt signaling pathways. MiRNAs are regarded as excellent future therapeutic candidates because of their small size and ease of delivery into the cells. Considering their novel therapeutic significance, this review discusses the main miRNAs contributing to the anabolic aspects of bone formation and illustrates their interactions with corresponding signaling pathways involved in osteoblastic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Aslani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Abhari
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Sakhinia
- Deparment of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Davoud Sanajou
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hadi Rajabi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sevda Rahimzadeh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Sun J, Ermann J, Niu N, Yan G, Yang Y, Shi Y, Zou W. Histone demethylase LSD1 regulates bone mass by controlling WNT7B and BMP2 signaling in osteoblasts. Bone Res 2018; 6:14. [PMID: 29707403 PMCID: PMC5916912 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-018-0015-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple regulatory mechanisms control osteoblast differentiation and function to ensure unperturbed skeletal formation and remodeling. In this study we identify histone lysine-specific demethylase 1(LSD1/KDM1A) as a key epigenetic regulator of osteoblast differentiation. Knockdown of LSD1 promoted osteoblast differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) in vitro and mice lacking LSD1 in mesenchymal cells displayed increased bone mass secondary to accelerated osteoblast differentiation. Mechanistic in vitro studies revealed that LSD1 epigenetically regulates the expression of WNT7B and BMP2. LSD1 deficiency resulted in increased BMP2 and WNT7B expression in osteoblasts and enhanced bone formation, while downregulation of WNT7B- and BMP2-related signaling using genetic mouse model or small-molecule inhibitors attenuated bone phenotype in vivo. Furthermore, the LSD1 inhibitor tranylcypromine (TCP) could increase bone mass in mice. These data identify LSD1 as a novel regulator of osteoblast activity and suggest LSD1 inhibition as a potential therapeutic target for treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sun
- 1State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Joerg Ermann
- 2Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Ningning Niu
- 1State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Guang Yan
- 1State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Yang Yang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Yujiang Shi
- 3Newborn Medicine Division, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Weiguo Zou
- 1State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031 China
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Ma Y, Zheng W, Chen H, Shao X, Lin P, Liu X, Li X, Ye H. Glucosamine promotes chondrocyte proliferation via the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:61-70. [PMID: 29568900 PMCID: PMC5979785 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the mechanism underlying the effects of glucosamine (GlcN) on the proliferation of chondrocytes isolated from the knee cartilage of Sprague-Dawley rats. Chondrocytes were treated with various concentrations of GlcN or without GlcN. The effects of GlcN on chondrocyte proliferation were determined using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. The results indicated that GlcN significantly improved chondrocyte viability, accelerated G1/S transition during progression of the cell cycle and promoted the expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins, including cyclin D1, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)4 and CDK6, thus indicating that GlcN may promote chondrocyte proliferation. Furthermore, GlcN upregulated the expression levels of Wnt-4, Frizzled-2 and β-catenin, and downregulated the expression of glycogen synthase kinase-3. GlcN also promoted β-catenin translocation; β-catenin is able to activate numerous downstream target genes, including cyclin D1. To determine the role of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in chondrocyte proliferation, the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway was inhibited using Dickkopf-1 (DKK-1), after which chondrocytes were treated with GlcN. The results demonstrated that the expression levels of β-catenin and cyclin D1 were decreased in chondrocytes treated with DKK-1 and GlcN. These results suggested that GlcN may promote chondrocyte proliferation via the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhuan Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Wenwei Zheng
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Houhuang Chen
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Shao
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Pingdong Lin
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Xianxiang Liu
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Xihai Li
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Hongzhi Ye
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
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Huang X, Zhong L, Hendriks J, Post JN, Karperien M. The Effects of the WNT-Signaling Modulators BIO and PKF118-310 on the Chondrogenic Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020561. [PMID: 29438298 PMCID: PMC5855783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells, mainly from bone marrow, and an ideal source of cells in bone and cartilage tissue engineering. A study of the chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs is of particular interest for MSCs-based cartilage regeneration. In this study, we aimed to optimize the conditions for the chrondogenic differentiation of MSCs by regulating WNT signaling using the small molecule WNT inhibitor PKF118-310 and activator BIO. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were isolated from bone marrow aspirates and cultured in hMSCs proliferation medium. Pellet culture was subsequently established for three-dimensional chondrogenic differentiation of 5 weeks. WNT signaling was increased by the small molecule glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitor 6-bromoindirubin-3-oxim (BIO) and decreased by the WNT inhibitor PKF118-310 (PKF). The effects of BIO and PKF on the chondrogenesis of hMSCs was examined by real-time PCR, histological methods, and ELISA. We found that activation of canonical WNT-signaling by BIO significantly downregulated the expression of cartilage-specific genes SOX9, COL2A1, and ACAN, and matrix metalloproteinase genes MMP1/3/9/13, but increased ADAMTS 4/5. Inhibition of WNT signaling by PKF increased the expression of SOX9, COL2A1, ACAN, and MMP9, but decreased MMP13 and ADAMTS4/5. In addition, a high level of WNT signaling induced the expression of hypertrophic markers COL10A1, ALPL, and RUNX2, the dedifferentiation marker COL1A1, and glycolysis genes GULT1 and PGK1. Deposition of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen type II in the pellet matrix was significantly lost in the BIO-treated group and increased in the PKF-treated group. The protein level of COL10A1 was also highly induced in the BIO group. Interestingly, BIO decreased the number of apoptotic cells while PKF significantly induced apoptosis during chondrogenesis. The natural WNT antagonist DKK1 and the protein level of MMP1 in the pellet culture medium were decreased after PKF treatment. All of these chondrogenic effects appeared to be mediated through the canonical WNT signaling pathway, since the target gene Axin2 and other WNT members, such as TCF4 and β-catenin, were upregulated by BIO and downregulated by PKF, respectively, and BIO induced nuclear translocation of β-catenin while PKF inhibited β-catenin translocation into the nucleus. We concluded that addition of BIO to a chondrogenic medium of hMSCs resulted in a loss of cartilage formation, while PKF induced chondrogenic differentiation and cartilage matrix deposition and inhibited hypertrophic differentiation. However, BIO promoted cell survival by inhibiting apoptosis while PKF induced cell apoptosis. This result indicates that either an overexpression or overinhibition of WNT signaling to some extent causes harmful effects on chondrogenic differentiation. Cartilage tissue engineering could benefit from the adjustment of the critical level of WNT signaling during chondrogenesis of hMSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Huang
- Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands.
| | - Leilei Zhong
- Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan Hendriks
- Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands.
| | - Janine N Post
- Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands.
| | - Marcel Karperien
- Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands.
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Medina-Gomez C, Kemp JP, Trajanoska K, Luan J, Chesi A, Ahluwalia TS, Mook-Kanamori DO, Ham A, Hartwig FP, Evans DS, Joro R, Nedeljkovic I, Zheng HF, Zhu K, Atalay M, Liu CT, Nethander M, Broer L, Porleifsson G, Mullin BH, Handelman SK, Nalls MA, Jessen LE, Heppe DH, Richards JB, Wang C, Chawes B, Schraut KE, Amin N, Wareham N, Karasik D, Van der Velde N, Ikram MA, Zemel BS, Zhou Y, Carlsson CJ, Liu Y, McGuigan FE, Boer CG, Bønnelykke K, Ralston SH, Robbins JA, Walsh JP, Zillikens MC, Langenberg C, Li-Gao R, Williams FM, Harris TB, Akesson K, Jackson RD, Sigurdsson G, den Heijer M, van der Eerden BC, van de Peppel J, Spector TD, Pennell C, Horta BL, Felix JF, Zhao JH, Wilson SG, de Mutsert R, Bisgaard H, Styrkársdóttir U, Jaddoe VW, Orwoll E, Lakka TA, Scott R, Grant SF, Lorentzon M, van Duijn CM, Wilson JF, Stefansson K, Psaty BM, Kiel DP, Ohlsson C, Ntzani E, van Wijnen AJ, Forgetta V, Ghanbari M, Logan JG, Williams GR, Bassett JD, Croucher PI, Evangelou E, Uitterlinden AG, Ackert-Bicknell CL, Tobias JH, Evans DM, Rivadeneira F. Life-Course Genome-wide Association Study Meta-analysis of Total Body BMD and Assessment of Age-Specific Effects. Am J Hum Genet 2018; 102:88-102. [PMID: 29304378 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone mineral density (BMD) assessed by DXA is used to evaluate bone health. In children, total body (TB) measurements are commonly used; in older individuals, BMD at the lumbar spine (LS) and femoral neck (FN) is used to diagnose osteoporosis. To date, genetic variants in more than 60 loci have been identified as associated with BMD. To investigate the genetic determinants of TB-BMD variation along the life course and test for age-specific effects, we performed a meta-analysis of 30 genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of TB-BMD including 66,628 individuals overall and divided across five age strata, each spanning 15 years. We identified variants associated with TB-BMD at 80 loci, of which 36 have not been previously identified; overall, they explain approximately 10% of the TB-BMD variance when combining all age groups and influence the risk of fracture. Pathway and enrichment analysis of the association signals showed clustering within gene sets implicated in the regulation of cell growth and SMAD proteins, overexpressed in the musculoskeletal system, and enriched in enhancer and promoter regions. These findings reveal TB-BMD as a relevant trait for genetic studies of osteoporosis, enabling the identification of variants and pathways influencing different bone compartments. Only variants in ESR1 and close proximity to RANKL showed a clear effect dependency on age. This most likely indicates that the majority of genetic variants identified influence BMD early in life and that their effect can be captured throughout the life course.
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17
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Zhou J, Wang S, Qi Q, Yang X, Zhu E, Yuan H, Li X, Liu Y, Li X, Wang B. Nuclear factor I‐C reciprocally regulates adipocyte and osteoblast differentiation
via
control of canonical Wnt signaling. FASEB J 2017; 31:1939-1952. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600975rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and DevelopmentMinistry of HealthTianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic DiseasesTianjinChina
- 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center for Metabolic DiseasesMetabolic Diseases Hospital and Institute of EndocrinologyTianjinChina
| | - Shan Wang
- College of Basic Medical SciencesTianjinChina
| | - Qi Qi
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and DevelopmentMinistry of HealthTianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic DiseasesTianjinChina
| | - Xiaoyue Yang
- Stomatological HospitalTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Endong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and DevelopmentMinistry of HealthTianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic DiseasesTianjinChina
| | - Hairui Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and DevelopmentMinistry of HealthTianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic DiseasesTianjinChina
| | - Xuemei Li
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and DevelopmentMinistry of HealthTianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic DiseasesTianjinChina
| | - Ying Liu
- Stomatological HospitalTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- College of Basic Medical SciencesTianjinChina
| | - Baoli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and DevelopmentMinistry of HealthTianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic DiseasesTianjinChina
- 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center for Metabolic DiseasesMetabolic Diseases Hospital and Institute of EndocrinologyTianjinChina
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18
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Zhong L, Huang X, Rodrigues ED, Leijten JCH, Verrips T, El Khattabi M, Karperien M, Post JN. Endogenous DKK1 and FRZB Regulate Chondrogenesis and Hypertrophy in Three-Dimensional Cultures of Human Chondrocytes and Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:1808-1817. [PMID: 27733096 PMCID: PMC5124737 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2016.0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic differentiation occurs during in vitro chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), decreasing the quality of the cartilage construct. Previously we identified WNT pathway antagonists Dickkopf 1 homolog (DKK1) and frizzled-related protein (FRZB) as key factors in blocking hypertrophic differentiation of human MSCs (hMSCs). In this study, we investigated the role of endogenously expressed DKK1 and FRZB in chondrogenesis of hMSC and chondrocyte redifferentiation and in preventing cell hypertrophy using three relevant human cell based systems, isolated hMSCs, isolated primary human chondrocytes (hChs), and cocultures of hMSCs with hChs for which we specifically designed neutralizing nano-antibodies. We selected and tested variable domain of single chain heavy chain only antibodies (VHH) for their ability to neutralize the function of DKK1 or FRZB. In the presence of DKK1 and FRZB neutralizing VHH, glycosaminoglycan and collagen type II staining were significantly reduced in monocultured hMSCs and monocultured chondrocytes. Furthermore, in cocultures, cells in pellets showed hypertrophic differentiation. In conclusion, endogenous expression of the WNT antagonists DKK1 and FRZB is necessary for multiple steps during chondrogenesis: first DKK1 and FRZB are indispensable for the initial steps of chondrogenic differentiation of hMSCs, second they are necessary for chondrocyte redifferentiation, and finally in preventing hypertrophic differentiation of articular chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Zhong
- 1 Department of Developmental BioEngineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, MIRA-Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente , Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Xiaobin Huang
- 1 Department of Developmental BioEngineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, MIRA-Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente , Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Emilie Dooms Rodrigues
- 1 Department of Developmental BioEngineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, MIRA-Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente , Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen C H Leijten
- 1 Department of Developmental BioEngineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, MIRA-Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente , Enschede, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Marcel Karperien
- 1 Department of Developmental BioEngineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, MIRA-Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente , Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Janine N Post
- 1 Department of Developmental BioEngineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, MIRA-Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente , Enschede, the Netherlands
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Houben A, Kostanova-Poliakova D, Weissenböck M, Graf J, Teufel S, von der Mark K, Hartmann C. β-catenin activity in late hypertrophic chondrocytes locally orchestrates osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis. Development 2016; 143:3826-3838. [PMID: 27621061 PMCID: PMC5087647 DOI: 10.1242/dev.137489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Trabecular bone formation is the last step in endochondral ossification. This remodeling process of cartilage into bone involves blood vessel invasion and removal of hypertrophic chondrocytes (HTCs) by chondroclasts and osteoclasts. Periosteal- and chondrocyte-derived osteoprogenitors utilize the leftover mineralized HTC matrix as a scaffold for primary spongiosa formation. Here, we show genetically that β-catenin (encoded by Ctnnb1), a key component of the canonical Wnt pathway, orchestrates this remodeling process at multiple levels. Conditional inactivation or stabilization of β-catenin in HTCs by a Col10a1-Cre line locally modulated osteoclastogenesis by altering the Rankl:Opg ratio in HTCs. Lack of β-catenin resulted in a severe decrease of trabecular bone in the embryonic long bones. Gain of β-catenin activity interfered with removal of late HTCs and bone marrow formation, leading to a continuous mineralized hypertrophic core in the embryo and resulting in an osteopetrotic-like phenotype in adult mice. Furthermore, β-catenin activity in late HTCs is required for chondrocyte-derived osteoblastogenesis at the chondro-osseous junction. The latter contributes to the severe trabecular bone phenotype in mutants lacking β-catenin activity in HTCs. Summary: The conditional modulation of β-catenin activity in late hypertrophic chondrocytes locally regulates osteoclast differentiation and the transdifferentiation of chondrocytes into osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Houben
- Institute of Experimental Musculoskeletal Medicine, Medical Faculty of the University of Münster, Domagkstrasse 3, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Martina Weissenböck
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Julian Graf
- Institute of Experimental Musculoskeletal Medicine, Medical Faculty of the University of Münster, Domagkstrasse 3, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Teufel
- Institute of Experimental Musculoskeletal Medicine, Medical Faculty of the University of Münster, Domagkstrasse 3, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus von der Mark
- Dept. of Experimental Medicine I, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Glückstrasse 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christine Hartmann
- Institute of Experimental Musculoskeletal Medicine, Medical Faculty of the University of Münster, Domagkstrasse 3, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Wu S, Liu W, Zhou L. MiR-590-3p regulates osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells by regulating APC gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 478:1582-7. [PMID: 27586273 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.08.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate miR-590-3p's role in osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC). HMSC were cultured and transfected with empty vector, miR-590-3p vector to construct control hMSC and miR-590-3p overexpression hMSC. MiR-590-3p suppressed hMSC was created with oligonucleotide transient transfection. All 3 groups of cells were analyzed for their osteogenic level as well as Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway activities. The results of alizarin red staining indicated that overexpression of miR-590-3p significantly enhanced mineralized deposition. Osteogenic markers including ALP, OC and SOST were also up-regulated. The result of dual-luciferase and western blot analysis indicated that miR-590-3p bound to 3'UTR of APC mRNA selectively. By suppressing mRNA level of APC, over-expressed miR-590-3p stabilized β-catenin and increased the transcription activities of downstream target genes. These result suggested that miR-590-3p can promote osteogenic differentiation via suppressing APC expression and stabilizing β-catenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 366, Jiangnan Avenue South, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China; Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Foshan University, No. 5, Hebin Road, Chancheng District, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, China
| | - Weizhen Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 366, Jiangnan Avenue South, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 366, Jiangnan Avenue South, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China.
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21
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TCF-1 participates in the occurrence of dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:14129-14140. [PMID: 27522523 PMCID: PMC5097086 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5235-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study demonstrated that T cell factor 1 (TCF-1) protein, a component of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, can regulate the expression of runt-related transcription factor 2 (runx2) gene and Sry-related HMG box 9 (sox9) gene, which may participate in the differentiation of chondrosarcoma. Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma (DDCS) is a special variant of conventional chondrosarcoma (CCS), associated with poor survival and high metastasis rate. However, little is known about the mechanism of its occurrence; thus, no effective treatment is available except surgery. Earlier, high expression of runx2 and low expression of sox9 were found in DDCS compared with CCS. Using Western blot to detect clinical tissue samples (including 8 CCS samples and 8 DDCS samples) and immunohistochemistry to detect 85 different-grade chondrosarcoma specimens, a high expression of TCF-1 in DDCS tissues was found compared with CCS tissues. This difference in expression was related to patients' prognosis. Results of luciferase, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and gel electrophoresis mobility shift assays demonstrated that TCF-1 protein could bind to the promoter of runx2 gene directly and sox9 gene indirectly. Hence, it could regulate expression of runx2 gene positively and sox9 gene negatively. Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo experiments showed that TCF-1 protein was closely related to the phenotype and aggressiveness of chondrosarcoma. In conclusion, this study proved that TCF-1 participates in the dedifferentiation of DDCS, which may be mediated by runx2 gene and sox9 gene. Also, TCF-1 can be of important prognostic value and a promising therapeutic target for DDCS patients.
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22
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Almeida FT, Pachêco-Pereira C, Porporatti AL, Flores-Mir C, Leite AF, De Luca Canto G, Guerra ENS. Oral manifestations in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 31:527-40. [PMID: 26331960 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.13149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The oral manifestations of familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) have been reported in the recent literature. Therefore, there has been growing interest in the characterization of the dento-osseous anomalies because they may precede colorectal cancer and may be used as a diagnostic marker. This systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the published evidence for what are the oral manifestations of FAP and their frequency in affected individuals. METHODS The search was performed at Cochrane Library, EMBASE, LILACS, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for articles published up to March 2015. A grey literature search was conducted through Google Scholar. Reference lists of the included articles and additional studies identified by expert were screened for potential relevant studies. The methodology of selected studies was evaluated using the risk of bias checklist of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. RESULTS Twenty observational studies totalizing 1635 individuals affected by FAP met the inclusion criteria. Osseous, dental, and oral mucosa alterations were observed in FAP patients. The meta-analysis showed the frequency of osseous jaw lesions, and the dental anomalies were 65.35% and 30.48%, respectively, and two studies suggested that oral mucosa vascular density is a phenotypic manifestation in patients with FAP. Most of the studies were evaluated as moderate risk of bias. CONCLUSION The most frequent oral manifestation on FAP patients is osseous jaw alterations. In the future, well-designed studies are necessary to classify osseous and dental anomalies in order to demonstrate the true prevalence of each alteration separately.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Camila Pachêco-Pereira
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta,, Canada
| | - André Luís Porporatti
- Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil.,Department of Prosthodontics, Section of Orofacial Pain, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP,, Brazil
| | - Carlos Flores-Mir
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta,, Canada
| | - André Ferreira Leite
- Oral Histopathology Laboratory, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Graziela De Luca Canto
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta,, Canada.,Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
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LIU SHENSHEN, ZHOU PU, ZHANG YANQIU. Abnormal expression of key genes and proteins in the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway of articular cartilage in a rat model of exercise-induced osteoarthritis. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:1999-2006. [PMID: 26794964 PMCID: PMC4768959 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.4798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the molecular pathogenesis of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway in exercise-induced osteoarthritis (OA), 30 male healthy Sprague Dawley rats were divided into three groups (control, normal exercise‑induced OA and injured exercise‑induced OA groups) in order to establish the exercise‑induced OA rat model. The mRNA and protein expression levels of Runx‑2, BMP‑2, Ctnnb1, Sox‑9, collagen Ⅱ, Mmp‑13, Wnt‑3a and β‑catenin in chondrocytes were detected by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blotting and immunohistochemical staining. The mRNA levels of Runx‑2, BMP‑2 and Ctnnb1 were upregulated in the normal exercise‑induced OA and injured exercise‑induced OA groups; while Runx‑2 and BMP‑2 were upregulated in the injured exercise‑induced OA group when compared with the normal exercise‑induced OA group. The protein levels of Mmp‑13, Wnt‑3a and β‑catenin were increased and collagen Ⅱ was reduced in the normal exercise‑induced OA and injured exercise‑induced OA groups. Ctnnb1, Wnt‑3a and β‑catenin, which are key genes and proteins in the canonical Wnt/β‑catenin pathway, were abnormally expressed in chondrocytes of the exercise‑induced OA rat model. Ctnnb1, β‑catenin and Wnt‑3a were suggested to participate in the pathogenesis of exercise‑induced OA by abnormally activating the Wnt/β‑catenin pathway during physical exercise due to excessive pressure. The results of the present study may provide an improved understanding of the pathogenesis of exercise-induced OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- SHEN-SHEN LIU
- College of Physical Education, Langfang Teachers University, Langfang, Hebei 065000, P.R. China
| | - PU ZHOU
- College of Physical Education, Langfang Teachers University, Langfang, Hebei 065000, P.R. China
| | - YANQIU ZHANG
- Department of Physical Education, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710065, P.R. China
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24
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Schumacher CA, Joiner DM, Less KD, Drewry MO, Williams BO. Characterization of genetically engineered mouse models carrying Col2a1-cre-induced deletions of Lrp5 and/or Lrp6. Bone Res 2016; 4:15042. [PMID: 26962465 PMCID: PMC4772748 DOI: 10.1038/boneres.2015.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice carrying Collagen2a1-cre-mediated deletions of Lrp5 and/or Lrp6 were created and characterized. Mice lacking either gene alone were viable and fertile with normal knee morphology. Mice in which both Lrp5 and Lrp6 were conditionally ablated via Collagen2a1-cre-mediated deletion displayed severe defects in skeletal development during embryogenesis. In addition, adult mice carrying Collagen2a1-cre-mediated deletions of Lrp5 and/or Lrp6 displayed low bone mass suggesting that the Collagen2a1-cre transgene was active in cells that subsequently differentiated into osteoblasts. In both embryonic skeletal development and establishment of adult bone mass, Lrp5 and Lrp6 carry out redundant functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassie A Schumacher
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Program in Skeletal Disease and Tumor Microenvironment, Van Andel Research Institute , Grand Rapids MI 49503, USA
| | - Danese M Joiner
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Program in Skeletal Disease and Tumor Microenvironment, Van Andel Research Institute , Grand Rapids MI 49503, USA
| | - Kennen D Less
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Program in Skeletal Disease and Tumor Microenvironment, Van Andel Research Institute , Grand Rapids MI 49503, USA
| | - Melissa Oosterhouse Drewry
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Program in Skeletal Disease and Tumor Microenvironment, Van Andel Research Institute , Grand Rapids MI 49503, USA
| | - Bart O Williams
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Program in Skeletal Disease and Tumor Microenvironment, Van Andel Research Institute , Grand Rapids MI 49503, USA
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26
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Zhang F, Zhang Z, Sun D, Dong S, Xu J, Dai F. EphB4 Promotes Osteogenesis of CTLA4-Modified Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Through Cross Talk with Wnt Pathway in Xenotransplantation. Tissue Eng Part A 2015; 21:2404-16. [PMID: 26132739 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2015.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4-Ig (CTLA4-Ig)-modified bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs-CTLA4) have excellent osteogenic function in xenografts, but their mechanism of action remains to be elucidated. As bidirectional signaling between erythropoietin-producing hepatocyte receptors B4 (EphB4) and ephrinB2 is vital for bone remodeling, this study aimed to fully characterize the role of MSCs-CTLA4 in promoting bone regeneration in xenotransplantation through EphB4/ephrinB2 and their cross talk with the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway. METHODS MSCs-CTLA4 were investigated for their osteogenic capacity through xenotransplantation in vivo. MSCs-CTLA4 were treated with ephrinB2-FC or FC under conditions of osteogenic induction and cultured with or without immune activation conditions established by phytohemagglutinin and peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. Osteogenesis markers and the Wnt pathway-related molecules such as EphB4, runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), collagen 1 (COL1), osteocalcin (OCN), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), calcium nodus, β-catenin, phospho-glycogen synthase kinase 3-beta (p-GSK-3β)-Ser9, and glycogen synthase kinase 3-beta (GSK-3β) were detected. RESULTS MSCs-CTLA4-based xenografts show better osteogenic capacity compared with MSC-based xenografts. EphB4 expression was reduced in MSCs compared with MSCs-CTLA4 under immune activation conditions. In ephrinB2-FC-treated cells, levels of osteogenesis markers were increased compared with FC-treated cells. The activity of GSK-3 was inhibited and the expression of β-catenin in MSCs was increased by ephrinB2-FC treatment. CONCLUSIONS CTLA4 modification maintains EphB4 expression in MSCs under immune activation conditions, and EphB4 cross talk with the Wnt pathway promotes osteogenic differentiation of MSCs-CTLA4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhang
- 1 National & Regional United Engineering Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, People's Republic of China .,2 Department of Orthopaedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zehua Zhang
- 1 National & Regional United Engineering Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, People's Republic of China .,2 Department of Orthopaedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Sun
- 1 National & Regional United Engineering Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, People's Republic of China .,2 Department of Orthopaedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiwu Dong
- 1 National & Regional United Engineering Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, People's Republic of China .,3 Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhong Xu
- 1 National & Regional United Engineering Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, People's Republic of China .,2 Department of Orthopaedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Dai
- 1 National & Regional United Engineering Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, People's Republic of China .,2 Department of Orthopaedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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Chen S, Feng J, Bao Q, Li A, Zhang B, Shen Y, Zhao Y, Guo Q, Jing J, Lin S, Zong Z. Adverse Effects of Osteocytic Constitutive Activation of ß-Catenin on Bone Strength and Bone Growth. J Bone Miner Res 2015; 30:1184-94. [PMID: 25639729 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The activation of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in both mesenchymal stem cells and osteoblasts has been demonstrated to increase bone mass, showing promise for the treatment of low bone volume conditions such as osteoporosis. However, the possible side effects of manipulating this pathway have not been fully addressed. Previously, we reported that the constitutive activation of ß-catenin in osteoblasts impaired vertebral linear growth. In the present study, β-catenin was constitutively activated in osteocytes by crossing Catnb+/lox(exon 3) mice with dentin matrix protein 1(DMP1)-Cre transgenic mice, and the effects of this activation on bone mass, bone growth and bone strength were then observed. DMP1-Cre was found to be predominantly expressed in osteocytes, with weak expression in a small portion of osteoblasts and growth plate chondrocytes. After the activation, the cancellous bone mass was dramatically increased, almost filling the entire bone marrow cavity in long bones. However, bone strength decreased significantly. Thinner and more porous cortical bone along with impaired mineralization were responsible for the decrease in bone strength. Furthermore, the mice showed shorter stature with impaired linear growth of the long bones. Moreover, the concentration of serum phosphate decreased significantly after the activation of ß-catenin, and a high inorganic phosphate (Pi) diet could partially rescue the phenotype of decreased mineralization level and impaired linear growth. Taken together, the constitutive activation of β-catenin in osteocytes may increase cancellous bone mass; however, the activation also had adverse effects on bone strength and bone growth. These adverse effects should be addressed before the adoption of any therapeutic clinical application involving adjustment of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sixu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn, and Combined Injury, Department of Trauma Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, China.,Department of Orthopedics, the 118th Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jianquan Feng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Quanwei Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn, and Combined Injury, Department of Trauma Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, China
| | - Ang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn, and Combined Injury, Department of Trauma Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn, and Combined Injury, Department of Trauma Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, China
| | - Yue Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn, and Combined Injury, Department of Trauma Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, China
| | - Yufeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn, and Combined Injury, Department of Trauma Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, China
| | - Qingshan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn, and Combined Injury, Department of Trauma Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, China
| | - Junjun Jing
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Shuxian Lin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Zhaowen Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn, and Combined Injury, Department of Trauma Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, China
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Patel N, Faqeih E, Anazi S, Alfawareh M, Wakil SM, Colak D, Alkuraya FS. A novel APC mutation defines a second locus for Cenani-Lenz syndrome. J Med Genet 2015; 52:317-21. [PMID: 25676610 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2014-102850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cenani-Lenz syndrome (CLS) is an autosomal recessive condition characterised by a unique pattern of syndactyly, and variable penetrance of renal agenesis and facial dysmorphism. LRP4 mutations were identified in most, but not all patients with this syndrome, suggesting the presence of at least one additional locus. MATERIALS AND METHODS Clinical characterisation of a new CLS family followed by autozygosity mapping, whole-exome sequencing and global gene expression profiling. RESULTS We describe an extended consanguineous Saudi family with typical CLS features in addition to significant scoliosis. The disease in this family maps to a single autozygous interval on 5q22.2, in which whole-exome sequencing revealed the presence of a novel splicing mutation in APC that results in ∼ 80% reduction of the wild-type transcript and the creation of an aberrant transcript that predicts a severely truncated APC. This was found to be associated with upregulation of Wnt/β-catenin signalling. CONCLUSIONS In a pattern similar to how LRP4 mutations are predicted to negate the protein's antagonistic effect on Wnt/β-catenin signalling, we propose that reduction of APC may increase the availability of β-catenin by virtue of impaired degradation, leading to a similar phenotypic outcome. This is the first time APC is linked to a human phenotype distinct from its established role in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Patel
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eissa Faqeih
- Department of Pediatrics, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shams Anazi
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Salma M Wakil
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dilek Colak
- Department of Biostatistics and Scientific Computing, Epidemiology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fowzan S Alkuraya
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Osteoblast-derived WNT16 represses osteoclastogenesis and prevents cortical bone fragility fractures. Nat Med 2014; 20:1279-88. [PMID: 25306233 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The WNT16 locus is a major determinant of cortical bone thickness and nonvertebral fracture risk in humans. The disability, mortality and costs caused by osteoporosis-induced nonvertebral fractures are enormous. We demonstrate here that Wnt16-deficient mice develop spontaneous fractures as a result of low cortical thickness and high cortical porosity. In contrast, trabecular bone volume is not altered in these mice. Mechanistic studies revealed that WNT16 is osteoblast derived and inhibits human and mouse osteoclastogenesis both directly by acting on osteoclast progenitors and indirectly by increasing expression of osteoprotegerin (Opg) in osteoblasts. The signaling pathway activated by WNT16 in osteoclast progenitors is noncanonical, whereas the pathway activated in osteoblasts is both canonical and noncanonical. Conditional Wnt16 inactivation revealed that osteoblast-lineage cells are the principal source of WNT16, and its targeted deletion in osteoblasts increases fracture susceptibility. Thus, osteoblast-derived WNT16 is a previously unreported key regulator of osteoclastogenesis and fracture susceptibility. These findings open new avenues for the specific prevention or treatment of nonvertebral fractures, a substantial unmet medical need.
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Knight MN, Hankenson KD. R-spondins: novel matricellular regulators of the skeleton. Matrix Biol 2014; 37:157-61. [PMID: 24980904 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
R-spondins are a family of four matricellular proteins produced by a variety of cell-types. Structurally, R-spondins contain a TSR1 domain that retains the tryptophan structure and a modified cysteine-rich CSVCTG region. In addition, the R-spondins contain two furin repeats implicated in canonical Wnt signaling. R-spondins positively regulate canonical Wnt signaling by reducing Wnt receptor turnover and thereby increasing beta-catenin stabilization. R-spondins are prominently expressed in the developing skeleton and contribute to limb formation, particularly of the distal digit. Additionally, results suggest that R-spondins may contribute to the maintenance of adult bone mass by regulating osteoblastogenesis and bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Noelle Knight
- Department of Clinical Studies-New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, United States; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Kurt D Hankenson
- Department of Clinical Studies-New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, United States; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, United States.
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Joiner DM, Less KD, Van Wieren EM, Hess D, Williams BO. Heterozygosity for an inactivating mutation in low-density lipoprotein-related receptor 6 (Lrp6) increases osteoarthritis severity in mice after ligament and meniscus injury. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2013; 21:1576-85. [PMID: 23756208 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2013.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays an integral and complex role in cartilage development and maintenance. β-catenin signaling has been linked to osteoarthritis (OA), but the role of Lrp6-mediated Wnt/β-catenin signaling during OA remains unexplored. Mutations in the Wnt/β-catenin co-receptors LRP5 and LRP6 (low-density lipoprotein-related receptors 5 and 6) result in skeletal abnormalities, which tend to be more severe in Lrp6 mutant mice. We examined OA development, chondrocyte and osteoblast behavior, and β-catenin signaling after ligament and meniscus damage in mice with global heterozygous deletion of Lrp6. DESIGN Ligament and meniscus damage was surgically induced in Lrp6(+/-) and wild-type (WT) mice, and evidence of joint disease was assessed by Microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) and histology. Wnt/β-catenin signaling, proliferation, apoptosis, chondrogenesis, osteogenesis, and catabolic enzyme activity were measured. RESULTS Relative to WT mice, Lrp6(+/-) mice had lower nuclear β-catenin signaling within articular cartilage. After surgery, osteophytes and reduced articular cartilage were apparent in WT mice, but more severe in Lrp6(+/-) animals. Impairments to trabecular bone geometry occurred for WT and Lrp6(+/-) mice after surgery. Relative to WT mice, Lrp6(+/-) mice had reduced trabecular BMD and thickness, and Cyclin D1 and Lrp6 gene expression after surgery. There was an increase in apoptotic cells and serum matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) for Lrp6(+/-) mice after surgery, but no differences in cell proliferation occurred. CONCLUSIONS Heterozygous loss-of-function mutation in Lrp6 leads to less β-catenin signaling within articular cartilage and to increased degenerative joint disease after ligament and meniscus injury. Modulation of Lrp6 function could attenuate joint disease after damage to ligaments and the meniscus.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Joiner
- Center for Skeletal Disease Research, Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA.
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Ma B, Landman EBM, Miclea RL, Wit JM, Robanus-Maandag EC, Post JN, Karperien M. WNT signaling and cartilage: of mice and men. Calcif Tissue Int 2013; 92:399-411. [PMID: 23212543 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-012-9675-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In adult articular cartilage, the extracellular matrix is maintained by a balance between the degradation and the synthesis of matrix components. Chondrocytes that sparsely reside in the matrix and rarely proliferate are the key cellular mediators for cartilage homeostasis. There are indications for the involvement of the WNT signaling pathway in maintaining articular cartilage. Various WNTs are involved in the subsequent stages of chondrocyte differentiation during development, and deregulation of WNT signaling was observed in cartilage degeneration. Even though gene expression and protein synthesis can be activated upon injury, articular cartilage has a limited ability of self-repair and efforts to regenerate articular cartilage have so far not been successful. Because WNT signaling was found to be involved in the development and maintenance of cartilage as well as in the degeneration of cartilage, interfering with this pathway might contribute to improving cartilage regeneration. However, most of the studies on elucidating the role of WNT signaling in these processes were conducted using in vitro or in vivo animal models. Discrepancies have been found in the role of WNT signaling between chondrocytes of mouse and human origin, and extrapolation of results from mouse models to the human situation remains a challenge. Elucidation of detailed WNT signaling functions will provide knowledge to improve cartilage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ma
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522NB, Enschede, The Netherlands
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Maupin KA, Droscha CJ, Williams BO. A Comprehensive Overview of Skeletal Phenotypes Associated with Alterations in Wnt/β-catenin Signaling in Humans and Mice. Bone Res 2013; 1:27-71. [PMID: 26273492 DOI: 10.4248/br201301004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway plays key roles in differentiation and development and alterations in this signaling pathway are causally associated with numerous human diseases. While several laboratories were examining roles for Wnt signaling in skeletal development during the 1990s, interest in the pathway rose exponentially when three key papers were published in 2001-2002. One report found that loss of the Wnt co-receptor, Low-density lipoprotein related protein-5 (LRP5), was the underlying genetic cause of the syndrome Osteoporosis pseudoglioma (OPPG). OPPG is characterized by early-onset osteoporosis causing increased susceptibility to debilitating fractures. Shortly thereafter, two groups reported that individuals carrying a specific point mutation in LRP5 (G171V) develop high-bone mass. Subsequent to this, the causative mechanisms for these observations heightened the need to understand the mechanisms by which Wnt signaling controlled bone development and homeostasis and encouraged significant investment from biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies to develop methods to activate Wnt signaling to increase bone mass to treat osteoporosis and other bone disease. In this review, we will briefly summarize the cellular mechanisms underlying Wnt signaling and discuss the observations related to OPPG and the high-bone mass disorders that heightened the appreciation of the role of Wnt signaling in normal bone development and homeostasis. We will then present a comprehensive overview of the core components of the pathway with an emphasis on the phenotypes associated with mice carrying genetically engineered mutations in these genes and clinical observations that further link alterations in the pathway to changes in human bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Maupin
- Program for Skeletal Pathobiology and Center for Tumor Metastasis, Van Andel Research Institute , 333 Bostwick NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Casey J Droscha
- Program for Skeletal Pathobiology and Center for Tumor Metastasis, Van Andel Research Institute , 333 Bostwick NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Bart O Williams
- Program for Skeletal Pathobiology and Center for Tumor Metastasis, Van Andel Research Institute , 333 Bostwick NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
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Kim JH, Liu X, Wang J, Chen X, Zhang H, Kim SH, Cui J, Li R, Zhang W, Kong Y, Zhang J, Shui W, Lamplot J, Rogers MR, Zhao C, Wang N, Rajan P, Tomal J, Statz J, Wu N, Luu HH, Haydon RC, He TC. Wnt signaling in bone formation and its therapeutic potential for bone diseases. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis 2013; 5:13-31. [PMID: 23514963 DOI: 10.1177/1759720x12466608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway plays an important role not only in embryonic development but also in the maintenance and differentiation of the stem cells in adulthood. In particular, Wnt signaling has been shown as an important regulatory pathway in the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Induction of the Wnt signaling pathway promotes bone formation while inactivation of the pathway leads to osteopenic states. Our current understanding of Wnt signaling in osteogenesis elucidates the molecular mechanisms of classic osteogenic pathologies. Activating and inactivating aberrations of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway in osteogenesis results in sclerosteosis and osteoporosis respectively. Recent studies have sought to target the Wnt signaling pathway to treat osteogenic disorders. Potential therapeutic approaches attempt to stimulate the Wnt signaling pathway by upregulating the intracellular mediators of the Wnt signaling cascade and inhibiting the endogenous antagonists of the pathway. Antibodies against endogenous antagonists, such as sclerostin and dickkopf-1, have demonstrated promising results in promoting bone formation and fracture healing. Lithium, an inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3β, has also been reported to stimulate osteogenesis by stabilizing β catenin. Although manipulating the Wnt signaling pathway has abundant therapeutic potential, it requires cautious approach due to risks of tumorigenesis. The present review discusses the role of the Wnt signaling pathway in osteogenesis and examines its targeted therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hwan Kim
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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WNT signaling in bone homeostasis and disease: from human mutations to treatments. Nat Med 2013; 19:179-92. [PMID: 23389618 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1434] [Impact Index Per Article: 130.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Low bone mass and strength lead to fragility fractures, for example, in elderly individuals affected by osteoporosis or children with osteogenesis imperfecta. A decade ago, rare human mutations affecting bone negatively (osteoporosis-pseudoglioma syndrome) or positively (high-bone mass phenotype, sclerosteosis and Van Buchem disease) have been identified and found to all reside in components of the canonical WNT signaling machinery. Mouse genetics confirmed the importance of canonical Wnt signaling in the regulation of bone homeostasis, with activation of the pathway leading to increased, and inhibition leading to decreased, bone mass and strength. The importance of WNT signaling for bone has also been highlighted since then in the general population in numerous genome-wide association studies. The pathway is now the target for therapeutic intervention to restore bone strength in millions of patients at risk for fracture. This paper reviews our current understanding of the mechanisms by which WNT signalng regulates bone homeostasis.
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Zeineldin M, Neufeld KL. More than two decades of Apc modeling in rodents. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2013; 1836:80-9. [PMID: 23333833 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mutation of tumor suppressor gene adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) is an initiating step in most colon cancers. This review summarizes Apc models in mice and rats, with particular concentration on those most recently developed, phenotypic variation among different models, and genotype/phenotype correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maged Zeineldin
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, 1200 Sunnyside Ave., Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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Almeida FT, Leite AF, de Souza Figueiredo PT, Melo NS, Sousa JB, Almeida R, Acevedo AC, Silva Guerra EN. Dento-osseous anomalies associated to familial adenomatous polyposis mimicking florid cemento-osseous dysplasia. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2012; 40:e498-502. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2012.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Lauing KL, Roper PM, Nauer RK, Callaci JJ. Acute alcohol exposure impairs fracture healing and deregulates β-catenin signaling in the fracture callus. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2012; 36:2095-103. [PMID: 22691115 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012.01830.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol abuse is a risk factor for bone damage and fracture-related complications. Through precise β-catenin signaling, canonical Wnt signaling plays a key role in fracture repair by promoting the differentiation of new bone and cartilage cells. In this study, we examined the effects of alcohol on the Wnt pathway in injured bone using a murine model of alcohol-induced impaired fracture healing. METHODS Male C57Bl/6 or T cell factor (TCF)-transgenic mice were administered 3 daily intraperitoneal doses of alcohol or saline. One hour following the final injection, mice were subjected to a stabilized, mid-shaft tibial fracture. Injured and contralateral tibias were harvested at 6, 9, or 14 days post-fracture for the analysis of biomechanical strength, callus tissue composition, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. RESULTS Acute alcohol treatment was associated with a significant decrease in fracture callus volume, diameter, and biomechanical strength at day 14 post-fracture. Histology revealed an alcohol-related reduction in cartilage and bone formation at the fracture site, and that alcohol inhibited normal cartilage maturation. Acute alcohol exposure caused a significant 2.3-fold increase in total β-catenin protein at day 6 and a significant decrease of 53 and 56% at days 9 and 14, respectively. lacZ staining in β-galactosidase-expressing TCF-transgenic mice revealed spatial and quantitative differences in Wnt-specific transcriptional activation at day 6 in the alcohol group. Days 9 and 14 post-fracture showed that acute alcohol exposure decreased Wnt transcriptional activation, which correlates with the modulation of total β-catenin protein levels observed at these time points. CONCLUSIONS Acute alcohol exposure resulted in significant impairment of fracture callus tissue formation, perturbation of the key Wnt pathway protein β-catenin, and disruption of normal Wnt-mediated transcription. These data suggest that the canonical Wnt pathway is a target for alcohol in bone and may partially explain why impaired fracture healing is observed in alcohol-abusing individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen L Lauing
- Burn and Shock Trauma Institute, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA.
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Update on Wnt signaling in bone cell biology and bone disease. Gene 2011; 492:1-18. [PMID: 22079544 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
For more than a decade, Wnt signaling pathways have been the focus of intense research activity in bone biology laboratories because of their importance in skeletal development, bone mass maintenance, and therapeutic potential for regenerative medicine. It is evident that even subtle alterations in the intensity, amplitude, location, and duration of Wnt signaling pathways affects skeletal development, as well as bone remodeling, regeneration, and repair during a lifespan. Here we review recent advances and discrepancies in how Wnt/Lrp5 signaling regulates osteoblasts and osteocytes, introduce new players in Wnt signaling pathways that have important roles in bone development, discuss emerging areas such as the role of Wnt signaling in osteoclastogenesis, and summarize progress made in translating basic studies to clinical therapeutics and diagnostics centered around inhibiting Wnt pathway antagonists, such as sclerostin, Dkk1 and Sfrp1. Emphasis is placed on the plethora of genetic studies in mouse models and genome wide association studies that reveal the requirement for and crucial roles of Wnt pathway components during skeletal development and disease.
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Miclea RL, Siebelt M, Finos L, Goeman JJ, Löwik CWGM, Oostdijk W, Weinans H, Wit JM, Robanus-Maandag EC, Karperien M. Inhibition of Gsk3β in cartilage induces osteoarthritic features through activation of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2011; 19:1363-72. [PMID: 21911068 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2011.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2010] [Revised: 07/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the past years, the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway has emerged as a critical regulator of cartilage development and homeostasis. In this pathway, glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) down-regulates transduction of the canonical Wnt signal by promoting degradation of β-catenin. In this study we wanted to further investigate the role of Gsk3β in cartilage maintenance. DESIGN Therefore, we have treated chondrocytes ex vivo and in vivo with GIN, a selective GSK3β inhibitor. RESULTS In E17.5 fetal mouse metatarsals, GIN treatment resulted in loss of expression of cartilage markers and decreased chondrocyte proliferation from day 1 onward. Late (3 days) effects of GIN included cartilage matrix degradation and increased apoptosis. Prolonged (7 days) GIN treatment resulted in resorption of the metatarsal. These changes were confirmed by microarray analysis showing a decrease in expression of typical chondrocyte markers and induction of expression of proteinases involved in cartilage matrix degradation. An intra-articular injection of GIN in rat knee joints induced nuclear accumulation of β-catenin in chondrocytes 72 h later. Three intra-articular GIN injections with a 2 days interval were associated with surface fibrillation, a decrease in glycosaminoglycan expression and chondrocyte hypocellularity 6 weeks later. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that, by down-regulating β-catenin, Gsk3β preserves the chondrocytic phenotype, and is involved in maintenance of the cartilage extracellular matrix. Short term β-catenin up-regulation in cartilage secondary to Gsk3β inhibition may be sufficient to induce osteoarthritis-like features in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Miclea
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
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41
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Wang Y, Jia Y, Franken P, Smits R, Ewing PC, Lydon JP, DeMayo FJ, Burger CW, Anton Grootegoed J, Fodde R, Blok LJ. Loss of APC function in mesenchymal cells surrounding the Müllerian duct leads to myometrial defects in adult mice. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 341:48-54. [PMID: 21664244 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The WNT signal transduction pathway plays a rate limiting role in early development of many different organs. To study the functional consequences of constitutive activation of the canonical WNT pathway in the developing uterus, we generated a novel mouse model where loss of the tumor suppressor gene Apc was induced. A mouse model was generated and evaluated where Amhr2(Cre/+) driven loss of Apc exon 15 was induced. The Apc recombination was detected mainly in the myometrial layer of the adult uterus. A significant loss of muscle fibers in myometrium was apparent, though with very few muscle cells earmarked by nuclear β-catenin. The finding was confirmed in the Pgr(Cre/+);Apc(15lox/15lox) mouse model. Loss of APC function in mesenchymal cells surrounding the fetal Müllerian ducts results in severe defects in the myometrial layers of the uterus in adult mice, suggesting that the WNT signaling pathway plays important roles in maintaining myometrial integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyi Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Severe alterations of cerebellar cortical development after constitutive activation of Wnt signaling in granule neuron precursors. Mol Cell Biol 2011; 31:3326-38. [PMID: 21690300 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.05718-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays crucial roles in early hindbrain formation, and its constitutive activity is associated with a subset of human medulloblastoma, a malignant childhood tumor of the posterior fossa. However, the precise function of Wnt/β-catenin signaling during cerebellar development is still elusive. We generated Math1-cre::Apc(Fl/Fl) mice with a conditional knockout for the Adenomatosis polyposis coli (Apc) gene that displayed a constitutive activity of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in cerebellar granule neuron precursors. Such mice showed normal survival without any tumor formation but had a significantly smaller cerebellum with a complete disruption of its cortical histoarchitecture. The activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway resulted in a severely inhibited proliferation and premature differentiation of cerebellar granule neuron precursors in vitro and in vivo. Mutant mice hardly developed an internal granular layer, and layering of Purkinje neurons was disorganized. Clinically, these mice presented with significantly impaired motor coordination and ataxia. In summary, we conclude that cerebellar granule neurons essentially require appropriate levels of Wnt signaling to balance their proliferation and differentiation.
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Premsrirut PK, Dow LE, Kim SY, Camiolo M, Malone CD, Miething C, Scuoppo C, Zuber J, Dickins RA, Kogan SC, Shroyer KR, Sordella R, Hannon GJ, Lowe SW. A rapid and scalable system for studying gene function in mice using conditional RNA interference. Cell 2011; 145:145-58. [PMID: 21458673 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Revised: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference is a powerful tool for studying gene function, however, the reproducible generation of RNAi transgenic mice remains a significant limitation. By combining optimized fluorescence-coupled miR30-based shRNAs with high efficiency ES cell targeting, we developed a fast, scalable pipeline for the production of shRNA transgenic mice. Using this system, we generated eight tet-regulated shRNA transgenic lines targeting Firefly and Renilla luciferases, Oct4 and tumor suppressors p53, p16(INK4a), p19(ARF) and APC and demonstrate potent gene silencing and GFP-tracked knockdown in a broad range of tissues in vivo. Further, using an shRNA targeting APC, we illustrate how this approach can identify predicted phenotypes and also unknown functions for a well-studied gene. In addition, through regulated gene silencing we validate APC/Wnt and p19(ARF) as potential therapeutic targets in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma and lung adenocarcinoma, respectively. This system provides a cost-effective and scalable platform for the production of RNAi transgenic mice targeting any mammalian gene. PAPERCLIP:
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Miclea RL, van der Horst G, Robanus-Maandag EC, Löwik CWGM, Oostdijk W, Wit JM, Karperien M. Apc bridges Wnt/β-catenin and BMP signaling during osteoblast differentiation of KS483 cells. Exp Cell Res 2011; 317:1411-21. [PMID: 21402068 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2011.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 02/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The canonical Wnt signaling pathway influences the differentiation of mesenchymal cell lineages in a quantitative and qualitative fashion depending on the dose of β-catenin signaling. Adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc) is the critical intracellular regulator of β-catenin turnover. To better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of Apc in regulating the differentiation capacity of skeletal progenitor cells, we have knocked down Apc in the murine mesenchymal stem cell-like KS483 cells by stable expression of Apc-specific small interfering RNA. In routine culture, KSFrt-Apc(si) cells displayed a mesenchymal-like spindle shape morphology, exhibited markedly decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis. Apc knockdown resulted in upregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin and the BMP/Smad signaling pathways, but osteogenic differentiation was completely inhibited. This effect could be rescued by adding high concentrations of BMP-7 to the differentiation medium. Furthermore, KSFrt-Apc(si) cells showed no potential to differentiate into chondrocytes or adipocytes. These results demonstrate that Apc is essential for the proliferation, survival and differentiation of KS483 cells. Apc knockdown blocks the osteogenic differentiation of skeletal progenitor cells, a process that can be overruled by high BMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razvan L Miclea
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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Galli C, Passeri G, Ravanetti F, Elezi E, Pedrazzoni M, Macaluso GM. Rough surface topography enhances the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in mesenchymal cells. J Biomed Mater Res A 2011; 95:682-90. [PMID: 20725985 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
It is known that the roughness of titanium surfaces affects cell proliferation and differentiation. However, the mechanisms mediating the cellular responses to surface topography are only partially understood. The present study investigated whether Wnt canonical signaling, an important pathway in determining cell fate, is modulated by surface roughness. This study analyzed the behavior of the murine C2C12 mesenchymal cell line on polished or acid-etched, sand-blasted (SLA) commercially pure titanium. When we transfected cells with Wnt3a or wild-type β-catenin and a reporter construct, we found that stimulation of Wnt canonical signaling was enhanced in cells on SLA surfaces. Moreover, more β-catenin translocated to the nucleus in cells on SLA surfaces after stimulation with Wnt3a as evidenced by immunofluorescence. However, when cells were transfected with constitutively active S33Y β-catenin mutant, no difference was observed between the groups. Higher levels of transcripts of Wnt target genes were detected in C2C12 cells cultured on SLA surfaces following transfection with Wnt3a, but the expression of a gene regulating β-catenin degradation, Axin 2, was reduced on SLA surfaces. Inhibition of β-catenin mediated transcription by dnTCF in murine osteoblastic MC3T3 cells, reversed the effects of topography on cell differentiation. Taken together, these results show that surface roughness modulates the responsiveness of mesenchymal cells to Wnt3a, that this requires the control of β-catenin degradation, and that the control of β-catenin signaling by surface topography is accountable for at least part of the effects of surface on cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Galli
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Unit of Periodontology, University of Parma, Parma 43100, Italy.
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Miclea RL, Karperien M, Langers AM, Robanus-Maandag EC, van Lierop A, van der Hiel B, Stokkel MP, Ballieux BE, Oostdijk W, Wit JM, Vasen HF, Hamdy NA. APC mutations are associated with increased bone mineral density in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. J Bone Miner Res 2010; 25:2624-32. [PMID: 20564245 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The canonical Wnt pathway plays a key regulatory role in osteoblastogenesis and bone mass acquisition through its main effector, β-catenin. Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) represents the key intracellular gatekeeper of β-catenin turnover, and heterozygous germ-line mutations in the APC gene cause familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). Whether APC mutations affect bone mass has not been previously investigated. We conducted a cross-sectional study evaluating skeletal status in FAP patients with a documented APC mutation. Twenty-two FAP patients with a mean age of 42 years (54.5% women) were included in this study. Mean bone mineral density (BMD) Z-scores were significantly increased above normal at all measured sites: lumbar spine (p < .01), total hip (p < .01), femoral neck (p < .05), and trochanter (p < .01). Z-scores were +1 or greater in 14 patients (63.6%) and +2 or greater in 5 (22.7%). Mean values of bone turnover markers were within normal ranges. There was a significant positive correlation between procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide (P1NP) and β-crosslaps (β-CTX) (r = 0.70, p < .001) and between these markers and sclerostin and BMD measurements. We demonstrate that FAP patients display a significantly higher than normal mean BMD compared with age- and sex-matched healthy controls in the presence of a balanced bone turnover. Our data suggest a state of "controlled" activation of the Wnt signaling pathway in heterozygous carriers of APC mutations, most likely owing to upregulation of cytoplasmic β-catenin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razvan L Miclea
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Abstract
In the last 5 years a role for beta-catenin in the skeleton has been cemented. Beginning with mutations in the Lrp5 receptor that control beta-catenin canonical downstream signals, and progressing to transgenic models with bone-specific alteration of beta-catenin, research has shown that beta-catenin is required for normal bone development. A cell critical to bone in which beta-catenin activity determines function is the marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell (MSC), where sustained beta-catenin prevents its distribution into adipogenic lineage. beta-Catenin actions are less well understood in mature osteoblasts: while beta-catenin contributes to control of osteoclastic bone resorption via alteration of the osteoprotegerin/RANKL ratio, a specific regulatory role during osteoblast bone synthesis has not yet been determined. The proven ability of mechanical factors to prevent beta-catenin degradation and induce nuclear translocation through Lrp-independent mechanisms suggests processes by which exercise might modulate bone mass via control of lineage allocation, in particular, by preventing precursor distribution into the adipocyte pool. Effects resulting from mechanical activation of beta-catenin in mature osteoblasts and osteocytes likely modulate bone resorption, but whether beta-catenin is involved in osteoblast synthetic function remains to be proven for both mechanical and soluble mediators. As beta-catenin appears to support the downstream effects of multiple osteogenic factors, studies clarifying when and where beta-catenin effects occur will be relevant for translational approaches aimed at preventing bone loss and terminal adipogenic conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Case
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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Robanus-Maandag EC, Koelink PJ, Breukel C, Salvatori DCF, Jagmohan-Changur SC, Bosch CAJ, Verspaget HW, Devilee P, Fodde R, Smits R. A new conditional Apc-mutant mouse model for colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis 2010; 31:946-52. [PMID: 20176656 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgq046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene predispose individuals to familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), characterized by multiple tumours in the large intestine. Most mouse models heterozygous for truncating mutant Apc alleles mimic FAP, however, the intestinal tumours occur mainly in the small intestine. To model large intestinal tumours, we generated a new conditional Apc-mutant allele, Apc(15lox), with exon 15 flanked by loxP sites. Similar survival of Apc(1638N/15lox) and Apc(1638N/+) mice indicated that the normal function of Apc was not impaired by the loxP sites. Deletion of exon 15, encoding nearly all functional Apc domains and containing the polyadenylation signal, resulted in a mutant allele expressing low levels of a 74 kDa truncated Apc protein. Germ line Cre-mediated deletion of exon 15 resulted in Apc(Delta15/+) mice, showing a severe Apc(Min/+)-like phenotype characterized by multiple tumours in the small intestine and early lethality. In contrast, conditional Cre-mediated deletion of exon 15 specifically directed to the epithelia of distal small and large intestine of FabplCre;Apc(15lox/+) mice led to longer survival and to tumours that developed predominantly in the large intestine, mimicking human FAP-associated colorectal cancer and sporadic colorectal cancer. We conclude that the FabplCre;Apc(15lox/+) mouse should be an attractive model for studies on prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Els C Robanus-Maandag
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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