1
|
Kala M, Babok S, Mikhailava N, Piirsoo M, Piirsoo A. The POU-HD TFs impede the replication efficiency of several human papillomavirus genomes. Virol J 2024; 21:54. [PMID: 38444021 PMCID: PMC10916165 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02334-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a double-stranded DNA virus that infects cutaneous and mucosal epithelial cells. HPV replication initiates at the origin (ori), located within a noncoding region near the major early promoter. Only two viral proteins, E1 and E2, are essential for replication, with the host cell contributing other necessary factors. However, the role of host cell proteins in regulating HPV replication remains poorly understood. While several binding sites for cellular transcription factors (TFs), such as POU-HD proteins, have been mapped in the regulatory region, their functional importance is unclear. Some POU-HD TFs have been shown to influence replication in a system where E1 and E2 are provided exogenously. In this study, we investigated the impact of several POU-HD TFs on the replication of the HPV5, HPV11, and HPV18 genomes in U2OS cells and human primary keratinocytes. We demonstrated that OCT1, OCT6, BRN5A, and SKN1A are expressed in HPV host cells and that their overexpression inhibits HPV genome replication, whereas knocking down OCT1 had a positive effect. Using the replication-deficient HPV18-E1- genome, we demonstrated that OCT1-mediated inhibition of HPV replication involves modulation of HPV early promoters controlling E1 and E2 expression. Moreover, using Oct6 mutants deficient either in DNA binding or transcriptional regulation, we showed that the inhibition of HPV18 replication is solely dependent on Oct6's DNA binding activity. Our study highlights the complex regulatory roles of POU-HD factors in the HPV replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kala
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sofiya Babok
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Nika Mikhailava
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Marko Piirsoo
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Alla Piirsoo
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shimazaki Y, Yoneya S, Fujita S, Nakashima T, Nabeshima K, Sudoh S, Matsubara K, Okumura N, Kondo H, Nishifuji K, Koba R, Tohya Y. Identification and characterization of the genome of a papillomavirus from skin lesions of four-toed hedgehogs (Atelerix albiventris). Virus Genes 2023; 59:234-239. [PMID: 36626061 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-022-01965-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study describes the clinical and pathological characteristics of skin lesions in two four-toed hedgehogs (Atelerix albiventris). We performed inverse PCR to identify the genome of papillomavirus (PV) in the skin lesions and subsequently sequenced the full genome of the virus, which was tentatively named Atelerix albiventris papillomavirus 1 (AalbPV1). The overall sequences of the viral genomes of both four-toed hedgehogs were identical. This study first identified the presence of a novel PV in Japanese four-toed hedgehogs and provided genetic information about this virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yotaro Shimazaki
- Faculty of Agriculture, Animal Medical Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Shion Yoneya
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Shigeru Fujita
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
- Division of Systems Virology, Department of Infectious Disease Control, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomomi Nakashima
- IDEXX Laboratories, K.K., 5-8-18 Kajinocho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo, 184-8515, Japan
| | - Kei Nabeshima
- Ecological Risk Assessment and Control Section Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Sumire Sudoh
- Banquet Animal Hospital, 1-3-23 Mishuku, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 154-0005, Japan
| | - Katsuki Matsubara
- Banquet Animal Hospital, 1-3-23 Mishuku, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 154-0005, Japan
| | - Naka Okumura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kondo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Koji Nishifuji
- Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Ryota Koba
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan.
| | - Yukinobu Tohya
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hu J, Zhang W, Chauhan SS, Shi C, Song Y, Zhao Y, Wang Z, Cheng L, Zhang Y. Complete genome and phylogenetic analysis of bovine papillomavirus type 15 in Southern Xinjiang dairy cow. J Vet Sci 2021; 21:e73. [PMID: 33263226 PMCID: PMC7710463 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2020.21.e73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine papilloma is a neoplastic disease caused by bovine papillomaviruses (BPVs), which were recently divided into 5 genera and at least 24 genotypes. Objectives The complete genome sequence of BPV type 15 (BPV Aks-02), a novel putative BPV type from skin samples from infected cows in Southern Xinjiang China, was determined by collecting warty lesions, followed by DNA extraction and amplicon sequencing. Methods DNA was analyzed initially by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the degenerate primers FAP59 and FAP64. The complete genome sequences of the BPV Aks-02 were amplified by PCR using the amplification primers and sequencing primers. Sequence analysis and phylogenetic analysis were performed using bio-informatic software. Results The nucleotide sequence of the L1 open reading frame (ORF) of BPV Aks-02 was 75% identity to the L1 ORF of BPV-9 reference strain from GenBank. The complete genome consisted of 7,189 base pairs (G + C content of 42.50%) that encoded 5 early (E8, E7, E1, E2, and E4) and 2 late (L1 and L2) genes. The E7 protein contained a consensus CX2CX29CX2C zinc-binding domain and a LxCxE motif. Among the different members of this group, the percentages of the complete genome and ORFs (including 5 early and 2 late ORFs) sequence identity of BPV Aks-02 were closer to the genus Xipapillomavirus 1 of the Xipapillomavirus genus. Phylogenetic analysis and sequence similarities based on the L1 ORF of BPV Aks-02 revealed the same cluster. Conclusions The results suggest that BPV type (BPV Aks-02) clustered with members of the Xipapillomavirus genus as BPV 15 and were closely related to Xipapillomavirus 1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Hu
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China.
| | - Wanqi Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China
| | - Surinder Singh Chauhan
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Dookie Campus, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3647, Australia.
| | - Changqing Shi
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China
| | - Yumeng Song
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Dookie Campus, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3647, Australia
| | - Yubing Zhao
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China
| | - Zhehong Wang
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China
| | - Long Cheng
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Dookie Campus, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3647, Australia
| | - Yingyu Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Human papillomavirus infection is associated with the development of malignant and benign neoplasms. Approximately 40 viral types can infect the anogenital mucosa and are categorized into high- and low-risk oncogenic human papillomavirus, depending on their association with the development of cervical carcinoma. High-risk human papillomavirus 16 and 18 are detected in 55% and 15% of all invasive cervical squamous cell carcinomas worldwide, respectively. Low-risk human papillomavirus 6 and 11 are responsible for 90% of genital warts and are also associated with the development of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Human papillomavirus preferentially infects mitotic active cells of the basal layer from both mucosal and cutaneous epithelium through microabrasions. The viral life cycle synchronizes with the epithelial differentiation program, which may be due, in part, to the binding of differentially expressed cellular transcription factors to the long control region throughout the various epithelial layers. This review aimed to summarize the current knowledge regarding the mechanisms by which viral gene expression is regulated and the influence of human papillomavirus heterogeneity upon this phenomenon. A better understanding of the regulatory mechanisms may elucidate the particularities of human papillomavirus-associated pathogenesis and may provide new tools for antiviral therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aline Lopes Ribeiro
- Centro de Pesquisa Translacional em Oncologia, Instituto do Cancer do Estado de Sao Paulo (ICESP), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- *Corresponding author. E-mail:
| | - Amanda Schiersner Caodaglio
- Centro de Pesquisa Translacional em Oncologia, Instituto do Cancer do Estado de Sao Paulo (ICESP), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Laura Sichero
- Centro de Pesquisa Translacional em Oncologia, Instituto do Cancer do Estado de Sao Paulo (ICESP), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Martínez-Ramírez I, Del-Castillo-Falconi V, Mitre-Aguilar IB, Amador-Molina A, Carrillo-García A, Langley E, Zentella-Dehesa A, Soto-Reyes E, García-Carrancá A, Herrera LA, Lizano M. SOX2 as a New Regulator of HPV16 Transcription. Viruses 2017; 9:v9070175. [PMID: 28678184 PMCID: PMC5537667 DOI: 10.3390/v9070175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent infections with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) constitute the main risk factor for cervical cancer development. HPV16 is the most frequent type associated to squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), followed by HPV18. The long control region (LCR) in the HPV genome contains the replication origin and sequences recognized by cellular transcription factors (TFs) controlling viral transcription. Altered expression of E6 and E7 viral oncogenes, modulated by the LCR, causes modifications in cellular pathways such as proliferation, leading to malignant transformation. The aim of this study was to identify specific TFs that could contribute to the modulation of high-risk HPV transcriptional activity, related to the cellular histological origin. We identified sex determining region Y (SRY)-box 2 (SOX2) response elements present in HPV16-LCR. SOX2 binding to the LCR was demonstrated by in vivo and in vitro assays. The overexpression of this TF repressed HPV16-LCR transcriptional activity, as shown through reporter plasmid assays and by the down-regulation of endogenous HPV oncogenes. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed that three putative SOX2 binding sites are involved in the repression of the LCR activity. We propose that SOX2 acts as a transcriptional repressor of HPV16-LCR, decreasing the expression of E6 and E7 oncogenes in a SCC context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Imelda Martínez-Ramírez
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan)/Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico.
| | - Víctor Del-Castillo-Falconi
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan)/Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico.
| | - Irma B Mitre-Aguilar
- Unidad de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ)/Unidad Periférica del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico.
| | - Alfredo Amador-Molina
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan)/Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico.
| | - Adela Carrillo-García
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan)/Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico.
| | - Elizabeth Langley
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan)/Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico.
| | - Alejandro Zentella-Dehesa
- Unidad de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ)/Unidad Periférica del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico.
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico.
| | - Ernesto Soto-Reyes
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan)/Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico.
| | - Alejandro García-Carrancá
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan)/Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico.
| | - Luis A Herrera
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan)/Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico.
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico.
| | - Marcela Lizano
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan)/Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico.
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Daudt C, Silva FRCD, Cibulski SP, Weber MN, Mayer FQ, Varela APM, Roehe PM, Canal CW. Complete genome sequence of Deltapapillomavirus 4 (bovine papillomavirus 2) from a bovine papillomavirus lesion in Amazon Region, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2016; 111:277-9. [PMID: 27074259 PMCID: PMC4830119 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760160047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The complete genome sequence of bovine papillomavirus 2 (BPV2) from Brazilian Amazon
Region was determined using multiple-primed rolling circle amplification followed by
Illumina sequencing. The genome is 7,947 bp long, with 45.9% GC content. It encodes
seven early (E1, E2,E4,
E5, E6,E7, and
E8) and two late (L1 and L2)
genes. The complete genome of a BPV2 can help in future studies since this BPV type
is highly reported worldwide although the lack of complete genome sequences
available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cíntia Daudt
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Flavio R C da Silva
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Samuel P Cibulski
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Matheus N Weber
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Fabiana Q Mayer
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, Fundação Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brasil
| | - Ana Paula M Varela
- Laboratório de Virologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Paulo M Roehe
- Laboratório de Virologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Cláudio W Canal
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
da Silva FRC, Daudt C, Cibulski SP, Weber MN, Varela APM, Mayer FQ, Roehe PM, Canal CW. Genome characterization of a bovine papillomavirus type 5 from cattle in the Amazon region, Brazil. Virus Genes 2016; 53:130-133. [PMID: 27817150 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-016-1406-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Papillomaviruses are small and complex viruses with circular DNA genome that belongs to the Papillomavirus family, which comprises at least 39 genera. The bovine papillomavirus (BPV) causes an infectious disease that is characterized by chronic and proliferative benign tumors that affect cattle worldwide. In the present work, the full genome sequence of BPV type 5, an Epsilonpapillomavirus, is reported. The genome was recovered from papillomatous lesions excised from cattle raised in the Amazon region, Northern Brazil. The genome comprises 7836 base pairs and exhibits the archetypal organization of the Papillomaviridae. This is of significance for the study of BPV biology, since currently available full BPV genome sequences are scarce. The availability of genomic information of BPVs can provide better understanding of the differences in genetics and biology of papillomaviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flavio R C da Silva
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090, Prédio 42.602, Porto Alegre, CEP 91540-000, Brazil.,Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal do Acre, Campus Universitário, BR 364, Km 04 - Distrito Industrial, Rio Branco, 69920-900, Brazil
| | - Cíntia Daudt
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090, Prédio 42.602, Porto Alegre, CEP 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Samuel P Cibulski
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090, Prédio 42.602, Porto Alegre, CEP 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Matheus N Weber
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090, Prédio 42.602, Porto Alegre, CEP 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula M Varela
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Fundação Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Q Mayer
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Fundação Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Paulo M Roehe
- Laboratório de Virologia, Departamento de Microbiologia Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cláudio W Canal
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090, Prédio 42.602, Porto Alegre, CEP 91540-000, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mendes de Oliveira C, Levi JE. The Biological Impact of Genomic Diversity in Cervical Cancer Development. Acta Cytol 2016; 60:513-517. [PMID: 27771695 DOI: 10.1159/000449401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are the etiologic agents of cervical cancer, the unique human neoplasia that has one single necessary cause. The diversity of HPVs is well described, with 200 HPV types existing as distinct taxonomic units and each receiving an Arabic number. On a clinical basis, they are usually grouped by their site of occurrence and disease associations. Those types inhabiting the anogenital mucosa are more intensively studied and further divided into cancer-associated HPVs, which are termed 'high risk', while those linked to benign proliferative lesions are assigned as 'low risk'. HPV16 is responsible for approximately 50% of all ICC cases, and paradoxically is one of the most prevalent types among healthy women. Longitudinal studies have shown that when an incidental HPV16 infection becomes persistent it will result in an enhanced risk for the development of high-grade lesions. However, it is unknown why some persistent, HPV16 infections (or infections by other HR-HPV types) progress to CIN3+ while most clear spontaneously. Several epidemiological investigations have focused on cofactors, from the most obvious such as cigarette and other carcinogenic exposures, to coinfections by other STDs such as chlamydia, with no significant findings. Thus, the current focus is on genomic variation from both virus and host. Such studies have been potentialized by the enormous technical advances in nucleic acid sequencing, allowing this relationship to be broadly interrogated. Corroborating subgenomic data from decades ago, an association between HPV16 lineages and carcinogenesis is being revealed. However, this effect does not seem to apply across female populations from different continents/ethnicities, again highlighting a role played by HPV16 adaptation and evasion from the host over time.
Collapse
|
9
|
Measso do Bonfim C, Simão Sobrinho J, Lacerda Nogueira R, Salgado Kupper D, Cardoso Pereira Valera F, Lacerda Nogueira M, Villa LL, Rahal P, Sichero L. Differences in Transcriptional Activity of Human Papillomavirus Type 6 Molecular Variants in Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132325. [PMID: 26151558 PMCID: PMC4494706 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant proportion of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is caused by human papillomavirus type 6 (HPV-6). The long control region (LCR) contains cis-elements for regulation of transcription. Our aim was to characterize LCR HPV-6 variants in RRP cases, compare promoter activity of these isolates and search for cellular transcription factors (TFs) that could explain the differences observed. The complete LCR from 13 RRP was analyzed. Transcriptional activity of 5 variants was compared using luciferase assays. Differences in putative TFs binding sites among variants were revealed using the TRANSFAC database. Chromatin immunoprecipation (CHIP) and luciferase assays were used to evaluate TF binding and impact upon transcription, respectively. Juvenile-onset RRP cases harbored exclusively HPV-6vc related variants, whereas among adult-onset cases HPV-6a variants were more prevalent. The HPV-6vc reference was more transcriptionally active than the HPV-6a reference. Active FOXA1, ELF1 and GATA1 binding sites overlap variable nucleotide positions among isolates and influenced LCR activity. Furthermore, our results support a crucial role for ELF1 on transcriptional downregulation. We identified TFs implicated in the regulation of HPV-6 early gene expression. Many of these factors are mutated in cancer or are putative cancer biomarkers, and must be further studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Measso do Bonfim
- Laboratory of Genomic Studies, Universidade do Estado de São Paulo, UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - João Simão Sobrinho
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Center of Translational Oncology, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, ICESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Lacerda Nogueira
- Department of Ophthalmology/Otorhinolaryngology and Head/Neck Surgery, Discipline Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Salgado Kupper
- Department of Ophthalmology/Otorhinolaryngology and Head/Neck Surgery, Discipline Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Cardoso Pereira Valera
- Department of Ophthalmology/Otorhinolaryngology and Head/Neck Surgery, Discipline Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maurício Lacerda Nogueira
- Laboratory of Research in Virology, Faculty of Medicine of São José do Rio Preto, FAMERP, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Luisa Lina Villa
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Center of Translational Oncology, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, ICESP, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Radiology and Oncology, School of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, São Paulo, Brazil
- School of Medicine, Santa Casa de São Paulo and HPV Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula Rahal
- Laboratory of Genomic Studies, Universidade do Estado de São Paulo, UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Laura Sichero
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Center of Translational Oncology, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, ICESP, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bravo IG, Félez-Sánchez M. Papillomaviruses: Viral evolution, cancer and evolutionary medicine. EVOLUTION MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 2015:32-51. [PMID: 25634317 PMCID: PMC4356112 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eov003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Papillomaviruses (PVs) are a numerous family of small dsDNA viruses infecting virtually all mammals. PVs cause infections without triggering a strong immune response, and natural infection provides only limited protection against reinfection. Most PVs are part and parcel of the skin microbiota. In some cases, infections by certain PVs take diverse clinical presentations from highly productive self-limited warts to invasive cancers. We propose PVs as an excellent model system to study the evolutionary interactions between the immune system and pathogens causing chronic infections: genotypically, PVs are very diverse, with hundreds of different genotypes infecting skin and mucosa; phenotypically, they display extremely broad gradients and trade-offs between key phenotypic traits, namely productivity, immunogenicity, prevalence, oncogenicity and clinical presentation. Public health interventions have been launched to decrease the burden of PV-associated cancers, including massive vaccination against the most oncogenic human PVs, as well as systematic screening for PV chronic anogenital infections. Anti-PVs vaccines elicit protection against infection, induce cross-protection against closely related viruses and result in herd immunity. However, our knowledge on the ecological and intrapatient dynamics of PV infections remains fragmentary. We still need to understand how the novel anthropogenic selection pressures posed by vaccination and screening will affect viral circulation and epidemiology. We present here an overview of PV evolution and the connection between PV genotypes and the phenotypic, clinical manifestations of the diseases they cause. This differential link between viral evolution and the gradient cancer-warts-asymptomatic infections makes PVs a privileged playground for evolutionary medicine research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio G Bravo
- Infections and Cancer Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Barcelona, Spain; Bellvitge Institute of Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain Infections and Cancer Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Barcelona, Spain; Bellvitge Institute of Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain Infections and Cancer Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Barcelona, Spain; Bellvitge Institute of Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Félez-Sánchez
- Infections and Cancer Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Barcelona, Spain; Bellvitge Institute of Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain Infections and Cancer Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Barcelona, Spain; Bellvitge Institute of Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Godínez J, Nicolás-Párraga S, Pimenoff V, Mengual-Chuliá B, Muñoz N, Bosch F, Sánchez G, McCloskey J, Bravo I. Phylogenetically related, clinically different: human papillomaviruses 6 and 11 variants distribution in genital warts and in laryngeal papillomatosis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014; 20:O406-13. [DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
12
|
Ruhfel BR, Gitzendanner MA, Soltis PS, Soltis DE, Burleigh JG. From algae to angiosperms-inferring the phylogeny of green plants (Viridiplantae) from 360 plastid genomes. BMC Evol Biol 2014; 14:23. [PMID: 24533922 PMCID: PMC3933183 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-14-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Next-generation sequencing has provided a wealth of plastid genome sequence data from an increasingly diverse set of green plants (Viridiplantae). Although these data have helped resolve the phylogeny of numerous clades (e.g., green algae, angiosperms, and gymnosperms), their utility for inferring relationships across all green plants is uncertain. Viridiplantae originated 700-1500 million years ago and may comprise as many as 500,000 species. This clade represents a major source of photosynthetic carbon and contains an immense diversity of life forms, including some of the smallest and largest eukaryotes. Here we explore the limits and challenges of inferring a comprehensive green plant phylogeny from available complete or nearly complete plastid genome sequence data. RESULTS We assembled protein-coding sequence data for 78 genes from 360 diverse green plant taxa with complete or nearly complete plastid genome sequences available from GenBank. Phylogenetic analyses of the plastid data recovered well-supported backbone relationships and strong support for relationships that were not observed in previous analyses of major subclades within Viridiplantae. However, there also is evidence of systematic error in some analyses. In several instances we obtained strongly supported but conflicting topologies from analyses of nucleotides versus amino acid characters, and the considerable variation in GC content among lineages and within single genomes affected the phylogenetic placement of several taxa. CONCLUSIONS Analyses of the plastid sequence data recovered a strongly supported framework of relationships for green plants. This framework includes: i) the placement of Zygnematophyceace as sister to land plants (Embryophyta), ii) a clade of extant gymnosperms (Acrogymnospermae) with cycads + Ginkgo sister to remaining extant gymnosperms and with gnetophytes (Gnetophyta) sister to non-Pinaceae conifers (Gnecup trees), and iii) within the monilophyte clade (Monilophyta), Equisetales + Psilotales are sister to Marattiales + leptosporangiate ferns. Our analyses also highlight the challenges of using plastid genome sequences in deep-level phylogenomic analyses, and we provide suggestions for future analyses that will likely incorporate plastid genome sequence data for thousands of species. We particularly emphasize the importance of exploring the effects of different partitioning and character coding strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brad R Ruhfel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, KY 40475, USA
| | - Matthew A Gitzendanner
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-8525, USA
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7800, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Pamela S Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7800, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Douglas E Soltis
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-8525, USA
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7800, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - J Gordon Burleigh
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-8525, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
García-Pérez R, Gottschling M, Wibbelt G, Bravo IG. Multiple evolutionary origins of bat papillomaviruses. Vet Microbiol 2013; 165:51-60. [PMID: 23481575 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 12/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Infection by papillomaviruses (PVs) has been linked to different types of neoplasias, in both human and non-human hosts. Knowledge about PV diversity is essential to reliably infer the evolutionary history of these pathogens and to elucidate the link between infection and disease. We cloned and sequenced the complete genome of a novel PV, EhelPV1, isolated from hair bulbs from a captive straw-colored fruit bat Eidolon helvum (Pteropodidae, Chiroptera). We also retrieved partial sequences of the E1 and L1 genes from hair bulbs from a captive Indian flying fox Pteropus giganteus (Pteropodidae, Chiroptera). The detected virus (PgigPV1) presumably corresponded to a novel type as well. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses were conducted using a representative collection of 132 PVs. EhelPV1 belonged to the Lambda+Mu-PV crown group and was most closely related to another bat PV, MschPV2. Both fragments of PgigPV1 were placed alongside with EhelPV1. The novel PVs were phylogenetically distant from other previously described bat PVs, namely MrPV1, MschPV1 and RaPV1. We have further characterized the sequence patterns of the E2-binding sites occurring in the upstream regulatory region of Lambda+Mu-PVs. Common fingerprints within this region are shared by certain PVs. However, there is not a sharp correspondence between the repertoire of transcription factor binding sites in the viral regulatory region and host range, tissue tropism or viral life style. Our results reinforce the hypothesis that PVs have undergone an initial radiation prior to the divergence of the mammalian hosts, giving rise to the present-day PV crown groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel García-Pérez
- Infections and Cancer, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO)
- Bellvitge Institute of Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Handisurya A, Day PM, Thompson CD, Buck CB, Kwak K, Roden RBS, Lowy DR, Schiller JT. Murine skin and vaginal mucosa are similarly susceptible to infection by pseudovirions of different papillomavirus classifications and species. Virology 2012; 433:385-94. [PMID: 22985477 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Depending upon viral genotype, productive papillomavirus infection and disease display preferential tropism for cutaneous or mucosal stratified squamous epithelia, although the mechanisms are unclear. To investigate papillomavirus entry tropism, we used reporter pseudovirions based on various cutaneous and mucosal papillomavirus species, including the recently identified murine papillomavirus. Pseudovirus transduction of BALB/c mice was examined using an improved murine skin infection protocol and a previously developed cervicovaginal challenge model. In the skin, HPV5, HPV6, HPV16, BPV1 and MusPV1 pseudovirions preferentially transduced keratinocytes at sites of trauma, similar to the genital tract. Skin infection, visualized by in vivo imaging using a luciferase reporter gene, peaked between days 2-3 and rapidly diminished for all pseudovirion types. Murine cutaneous and genital tissues were similarily permissive for pseudovirions of HPV types 5, 6, 8, 16, 18, 26, 44, 45, 51, 58 and animal papillomaviruses BPV1 and MusPV1, implying that papillomavirus' tissue and host tropism is governed primarily by post-entry regulatory events in the mouse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Handisurya
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sichero L, Sobrinho JS, Villa LL. Identification of novel cellular transcription factors that regulate early promoters of human papillomavirus types 18 and 16. J Infect Dis 2012; 206:867-74. [PMID: 22740717 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The long control region (LCR) of human papillomavirus (HPV) regulates early gene transcription by interaction with several viral and cellular transcription factors (TFs). METHODS To identify novel TFs that could influence early expression of HPV type 18 (HPV-18) and HPV type 16 (HPV-16), a high-throughput transfection array was used. RESULTS Among the 704 TFs tested, 28 activated and 36 inhibited the LCR of HPV-18 by more than 2-fold. For validation, C33 cells were cotransfected with increasing amounts of selected TF expression plasmids in addition to LCR-luciferase vectors of different molecular variants of HPV-18 and HPV-16. Among the TFs identified, only GATA3, FOXA1, and MYC have putative binding sites within the LCR sequence, as indicated using the TRANSFAC database. Furthermore, we demonstrated FOXA1 and MYC in vivo binding to the LCR of both HPV types using chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. CONCLUSIONS We identified new TFs implicated in the regulation of the LCR of HPV-18 and HPV-16. Many of these factors are mutated in cancer or are putative cancer biomarkers and could potentially be involved in the regulation of HPV early gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sichero
- Department of Virology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bogaert L, Willemsen A, Vanderstraeten E, Bracho MA, De Baere C, Bravo IG, Martens A. EcPV2 DNA in equine genital squamous cell carcinomas and normal genital mucosa. Vet Microbiol 2012; 158:33-41. [PMID: 22397936 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) represents the most common genital malignant tumor in horses. Similar to humans, papillomaviruses (PVs) have been proposed as etiological agents and recently Equine papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV2) has been identified in a subset of genital SCCs. The goals of this study were (1) to determine the prevalence of EcPV2 DNA in tissue samples from equine genital SCCs, penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and penile papillomas, using EcPV2-specific PCR, (2) to examine the prevalence of latent EcPV2 infection in healthy genital mucosa and (3) to determine genetic variability within EcPV2 and to disentangle phylogenetic relationships of EcPV2 among PVs. EcPV2 DNA was detected in all but one penile SCC (15/16), in all PIN lesions (8/8) and penile papillomas (4/4). Additionally, EcPV2 DNA was demonstrated in one of two metastasized lymph nodes, one contact metastasis in the mouth, two vaginal and one anal lesion. In healthy horses, EcPV2 DNA was detected in 10% (4/39) of penile swabs but in none of vulvovaginal swabs (0/20). This study confirms the presence of EcPV2 DNA in equine genital SCCs and shows its involvement in anal lesions, a lymph node and contact metastases. Latent EcPV2 presence was also shown in normal male genital mucosa. We found that different EcPV2 variants cocirculate among horses and that EcPV2 is related to the Delta+Zeta PVs and is only a very distant relative of high-risk human PVs causing genital cancer. Thus, similar viral tropism and similar malignant outcome of the infection do not imply close evolutionary relationship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lies Bogaert
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Rivera R, Robles-Sikisaka R, Hoffman EM, Stacy BA, Jensen ED, Nollens HH, Wellehan JFX. Characterization of a novel papillomavirus species (ZcPV1) from two California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Vet Microbiol 2011; 155:257-66. [PMID: 22005176 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A seven-year old California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) presented with focally extensive, bilaterally symmetric, proliferative axillary skin lesions and preputial lesions. A second California sea lion in the same population presented with similar proliferative lesions on the underside of the tail. Histopathology revealed epidermal hyperplasia with severe hyperkeratosis, with proliferating keratinocytes forming broad, branching pegs that extended into the dermis. Pan-papillomaviral consensus PCR was used to obtain initial E1 sequence template and the complete genome was determined using a combination of rolling circle amplification and specific-primer PCR. Analysis revealed a novel papillomavirus, Zalophus californianus papillomavirus 1 (ZcPV1), with seven open reading frames encoding five early proteins (E6, E7, E1, E2 and E4) and two late proteins (L1 and L2). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that (ZcPV1) is most closely related to Equine papillomavirus 1 (EcPV1) in the genus Zetapapillomavirus, and Canine papillomaviruses 3 and 4 (CPV3, CPV4) in the genus Chipapillomavirus. The lesions regressed without intervention over a period of several months.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Rivera
- Hubbs-SeaWorld Research Institute, Center for Marine Veterinary Virology, 2595 Ingraham St., San Diego, CA 92109, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bravo IG, de Sanjosé S, Gottschling M. The clinical importance of understanding the evolution of papillomaviruses. Trends Microbiol 2010; 18:432-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2010.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Revised: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
19
|
Weiner CM, Rosenbaum MD, Fox K, Mason G, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, Veeramachaneni DNR, Vandewoude S. Cottontail rabbit papillomavirus in Langerhans cells in Sylvilagus spp. J Vet Diagn Invest 2010; 22:451-4. [PMID: 20453226 DOI: 10.1177/104063871002200321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A wildlife sanctuary presented an adult female cottontail rabbit (Sylvilagus spp.), age unknown, to the Colorado State University Pathology service for postmortem examination. Gross examination revealed numerous pigmented wartlike lesions arising from the skin of the head surrounding the ears, eyes, nares, mouth, and dorsum. Masses were firm, friable, and easily detached from the underlying skin. Differential diagnoses included Cottontail rabbit papillomavirus, Rabbit fibroma virus, and Myxoma virus. Histological examination revealed multiple papillary masses lined by stratified squamous epithelial cells with central cores of fibrovascular connective tissue and parakeratotic hyperkeratosis. Cells of the Stratum spinosum were frequently swollen with abundant perinuclear, cytoplasmic, clearing, and occasional intranuclear basophilic, glassy, spherical inclusions up to 3 microm in diameter. The lesions were consistent with Cottontail rabbit papillomavirus infection. Papilloma virus antigens were identified by immunohistochemistry. In addition, papillomavirus particles were identified by transmission electron microscopy within Langerhans cells of the epidermis, suggesting a unique mechanism for systemic dissemination of the virus. The present case report highlights the finding of viral particles within the Langerhans cells and suggests a novel mechanism of pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M Weiner
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 1619 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Schulz E, Gottschling M, Bravo IG, Wittstatt U, Stockfleth E, Nindl I. Genomic characterization of the first insectivoran papillomavirus reveals an unusually long, second non-coding region and indicates a close relationship to Betapapillomavirus. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:626-633. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.008011-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge about biological diversity is the prerequisite to reliably reconstruct the evolution of pathogens such as papillomaviruses (PV). However, complete genomes of non-human PV have only been cloned and sequenced from 8 out of 18 orders within the Placentalia, although the host-specific variety of PV is considered much larger. We isolated and sequenced the complete genome of the first insectivoran PV type from hair follicle cells of the European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus), designated EHPV. We conducted phylogenetic analyses (maximum-likelihood criterion and Bayesian inference) with the genomic information of a systematically representative set of 67 PV types including EHPV. As inferred from amino acid sequence data of the separate genes E1, E2 and L1 as well as of the gene combination E6–E7–E1–E2–L1, EHPV clustered within the β-γ-π-Ξ-PV supertaxon and constituted the closest relative of genus Betapapillomavirus infecting primates. Beside the typical organization of the PV genome, EHPV exhibited a 1172 bp, non-coding region between the E2 and the L2 open reading frames. This trait has been previously described for the only distantly related Lambdapapillomavirus, but a common evolutionary origin of both non-coding regions is unlikely. Our results underscore the modular organization of the PV genome and the complex natural history of PV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Schulz
- Clinic for Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Skin Cancer Center Charité (HTCC), Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marc Gottschling
- Department of Biology, Systematic Botany, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Clinic for Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Skin Cancer Center Charité (HTCC), Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ignacio G. Bravo
- Experimental Molecular Evolution, Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, Westfälische Wilhems Universität Münster, Munster, Germany
| | - Ullrich Wittstatt
- Institute für Lebensmittel, Arzneimittel und Tierseuchen, Zentrum für Infektionsdiagnostik (ZID), Berlin, Germany
| | - Eggert Stockfleth
- Clinic for Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Skin Cancer Center Charité (HTCC), Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingo Nindl
- DKFZ – Charité, Viral Skin Carcinogenesis, Viral Transformation Mechanisms, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinic for Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Skin Cancer Center Charité (HTCC), Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Differences in transcriptional activity of cutaneous human papillomaviruses. Virus Res 2008; 137:213-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2008.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Revised: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 07/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
22
|
Puigbò P, Bravo IG, Garcia-Vallve S. CAIcal: a combined set of tools to assess codon usage adaptation. Biol Direct 2008; 3:38. [PMID: 18796141 PMCID: PMC2553769 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6150-3-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Codon Adaptation Index (CAI) was first developed to measure the synonymous codon usage bias for a DNA or RNA sequence. The CAI quantifies the similarity between the synonymous codon usage of a gene and the synonymous codon frequency of a reference set. RESULTS We describe here CAIcal, a web-server available at http://genomes.urv.es/CAIcal that includes a complete set of utilities related with the CAI. The server provides useful important features, such as the calculation and graphical representation of the CAI along either an individual sequence or a protein multiple sequence alignment translated to DNA. The automated calculation of CAI and its expected value is also included as one of the CAIcal tools. The software is also free to be downloaded as a stand alone application for local use. CONCLUSION The CAIcal server provides a complete set of tools to assess codon usage adaptation and to help in genome annotation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pere Puigbò
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Rovira i Virgili University (URV), Campus Sescelades, c/Marcelli Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Nafz J, Schäfer K, Chen SF, Bravo IG, Ibberson M, Nindl I, Stockfleth E, Rösl F. A novel rodent papillomavirus isolated from anogenital lesions in its natural host. Virology 2008; 374:186-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2007] [Revised: 11/19/2007] [Accepted: 12/07/2007] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
24
|
Sánchez IE, Dellarole M, Gaston K, de Prat Gay G. Comprehensive comparison of the interaction of the E2 master regulator with its cognate target DNA sites in 73 human papillomavirus types by sequence statistics. Nucleic Acids Res 2007; 36:756-69. [PMID: 18084026 PMCID: PMC2241901 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkm1104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are etiological agents of oral, anal and genital cancer. Properties of high- and low-risk HPV types cannot be reduced to discrete molecular traits. The E2 protein regulates viral replication and transcription through a finely tuned interaction with four sites at the upstream regulatory region of the genome. A computational study of the E2–DNA interaction in all 73 types within the alpha papillomavirus genus, including all known mucosal types, indicates that E2 proteins have similar DNA discrimination properties. Differences in E2–DNA interaction among HPV types lie mostly in the target DNA sequence, as opposed to the amino acid sequence of the conserved DNA-binding alpha helix of E2. Sequence logos of natural and in vitro selected sites show an asymmetric pattern of conservation arising from indirect readout, and reveal evolutionary pressure for a putative methylation site. Based on DNA sequences only, we could predict differences in binding energies with a standard deviation of 0.64 kcal/mol. These energies cluster into six discrete affinity hierarchies and uncovered a fifth E2-binding site in the genome of six HPV types. Finally, certain distances between sites, affinity hierarchies and their eventual changes upon methylation, are statistically associated with high-risk types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio E Sánchez
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-Conicet, Patricias Argentinas 435 (1405), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bravo IG, Alonso A. Phylogeny and evolution of papillomaviruses based on the E1 and E2 proteins. Virus Genes 2007; 34:249-62. [PMID: 16927128 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-006-0017-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Accepted: 06/09/2006] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Papillomaviridae are a family of small double-stranded DNA viruses that infect stratified squamous epithelia in vertebrates. Members of this family are causative agents of malignant tumours, such as cervical cancer while others are associated with benign proliferative lesions. So far, Papillomaviruses (PVs) are classified according to the sequence identity in the capsid gene L1. However, evidence has accumulated indicating a discontinuity in the evolutionary history of the L1 and L2 genes of many PVs, giving rise to differences in the phylogenetic reconstructions of the early and of the late genes. Neither the oncogenes E5, E6 and E7 nor the upstream regulatory region are suitable for phylogenetic inference due to the poor conservation along the Papillomaviridae family. We have analysed here the evolutionary relationships of the PVs with respect to the E1 and E2 proteins, and the results provide both phylogeny and biologic behaviour of the viruses. The hierarchical taxonomic relationships can be structured as an alternative classification system in which mucosal high-risk viruses, mucosal low-risk viruses and viruses associated with cutaneous lesions are grouped separately and do not appear intermingled. Some important trends are also observed: first, evolution of the PVs has not been homogeneous, even in viruses that infect the same host, and second mucosal human PVs have evolved faster than their cutaneous counterparts. The evolutionary analysis based on the E1 and E2 proteins will allow us to better understand the generation of the diversity of the PVs and the development of malignancy associated with these viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio G Bravo
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (F050), Im Neuenheimer Feld-242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Mistry N, Simonsson M, Evander M. Transcriptional activation of the human papillomavirus type 5 and 16 long control region in cells from cutaneous and mucosal origin. Virol J 2007; 4:27. [PMID: 17352804 PMCID: PMC1828153 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-4-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2007] [Accepted: 03/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus type-16 (HPV-16) infects mucosal epithelium and is the most common type found in cervical cancer. HPV-5 infects cornified epithelium and is the most common type found on normal skin and belongs to the types frequently associated with skin cancers of Epidermodysplasia verruciformis patients. One factor by which this anatomical tropism could be determined is the regulation of HPV gene expression in the host cell. The HPV long control region (LCR) contains cis-responsive elements that regulate HPV transcription and the epithelial tropism of HPV is determined by epithelial specific constitutive enhancers in the LCR. Since HPV-16 and other types infecting the mucosa differ in host cell from HPV types infecting skin, it has been hypothesized that it is the combination of ubiquitous transcription factors working in concert in the host cell that determines the cell-type-specific expression. To study if HPV tropism could be determined by differences in transcriptional regulation we have cloned the transcriptional regulating region, LCR, from HPV-16 and HPV-5 and studied the activation of a reporter gene in cell lines with different origin. To analyse promoter activity we transfected the plasmids into four different cell lines; HaCaT, C33A, NIKS and W12E and the efficiency of HPV-5 and HPV-16 LCR in the different cell lines was compared. In HaCaT cells, with a skin origin, the HPV-5 LCR was two-fold more efficient in transcriptional activation compared to the HPV-16 LCR. In cervical W12E cells the HPV-16 LCR was almost 2-fold more effective in activating transcription compared to the HPV-5 LCR. The ability to initiate transcription in the other cell lines was independent on cell origin and HPV-type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nitesh Mistry
- Department of Virology, Umeå University, S-901 85 Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Magnus Evander
- Department of Virology, Umeå University, S-901 85 Umeå, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|