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Selvaraj U, Ganapathy S, Muthuvel A, Alex AM, Masood Khan J, Vijayalakshmi P. Evaluation of the toxicological properties of Himantura imbricata Venom using a zebrafish model (Danio rerio). Toxicon 2024; 243:107739. [PMID: 38704125 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
The stingrays of the genus Himantura imbricata are present in all of the world's oceans, but the toxicity of their venoms has not yet been thoroughly characterized. The zebrafish as a toxicology model can be used for general toxicity testing of drugs and the investigation of toxicological mechanisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of crude venom from the stingray H. imbricata on the zebrafish Danio rerio. Juvenile zebrafish were injected with different concentrations of venom from H. imbricata via subcutaneous injections. The venom's effects were established via histological examination and hemolytic activity in zebrafish. The histopathological analysis revealed significant tissue damage in the organs of the zebrafish injected with venom, including liver necrosis and kidney degeneration. A blood examination revealed echinocytes, hemolysis, and nuclear abnormalities. Bodyweight estimations and histopathological attributes of the gills, heart, muscle, liver, intestine, eye, and brain were determined. The histological staining studies of the gills, liver, and intestine were measurably higher in the venom groups compared with the other two groups. Aggregately, the result shows that zebrafish may act as a valuable biomarker for alterations impelled by H. imbricata venom. The work delivers a useful model with substantial pharmacological potential for new drugs and a better comprehension of research on stingray venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uthra Selvaraj
- CAS in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, India
| | | | | | - Asha Monica Alex
- Department of Biotechnology, St. Joseph's College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, 620 002, India
| | - Javed Masood Khan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Periyasamy Vijayalakshmi
- P.G and Research Department of Biotechnology Bioinformatics, Holy Cross College (Autonomous) Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Trichy, India.
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2
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Paolino G, Di Nicola MR, Avella I, Mercuri SR. Venomous Bites, Stings and Poisoning by European Vertebrates as an Overlooked and Emerging Medical Problem: Recognition, Clinical Aspects and Therapeutic Management. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1228. [PMID: 37374011 DOI: 10.3390/life13061228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Europe presents a high number of venomous and poisonous animals able to elicit medically relevant symptoms in humans. However, since most of the accidents involving venomous or poisonous animals in Europe are unreported, their incidence and morbidity are severely overlooked. Here we provide an overview of the European vertebrate species of greatest toxicological interest, the clinical manifestations their toxins can cause, and their treatment. We report the clinical symptoms induced by envenomations and poisoning caused by reptiles, fishes, amphibians and mammals in Europe, ranging from mild, local symptoms (e.g., erythema, edema) to systemic and potentially deadly. The present work constitutes a tool for physicians to recognize envenomation/poisoning symptoms caused by the most medically relevant European vertebrates and to decide which approach is the most appropriate to treat them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Paolino
- Unit of Dermatology and Cosmetology, I.R.C.C.S. San Raffaele Hospital, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Unit of Clinical Dermatology, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Riccardo Di Nicola
- Unit of Dermatology and Cosmetology, I.R.C.C.S. San Raffaele Hospital, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Asociación Herpetológica Española, Apartado de Correos 191, 28911 Leganés, Spain
| | - Ignazio Avella
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Santo Raffaele Mercuri
- Unit of Dermatology and Cosmetology, I.R.C.C.S. San Raffaele Hospital, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
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Xie RX, Cao L, Zhang E. Liobagrus brevispina, a new species of torrent catfish (Siluriformes: Amblycipitidae) from the upper Chang-Jiang basin, South China. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2022; 101:478-490. [PMID: 35760770 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A new species of Liobagrus is unearthed in the Nan-Jiang flowing into the Jialing-Jiang of the upper Chang-Jiang basin in which currently recognized Chinese congeners have a concentrated distribution. This small-sized (less than 100.0 mm LS ) torrent fish belongs to the species group defined by the presence of a smooth posterior edge of the pectoral-fin spine and upper and lower jaws of equal length or a lower jaw slightly longer than the upper jaw in length. It is distinct from Liobagrus aequilabris and Liobagrus formosanus by the presence of a pectoral-fin spine extending short of (vs. beyond) the vertical through the dorsal-fin origin, maxillary barbels reaching the middle of the pectoral fin (vs. pectoral-fin insertion or slightly beyond), 17-19 anal-fin rays (vs. 15-16 in L. formosanus), 39-41 (vs. 35-37 in L. aequilabris) post-Weberian vertebrae and the pectoral-fin spine length 3.6%-7.4% of LS (vs. 7.6-10.5 in L. aequilabris). It differs from Liobagrus marginatoides by the presence of upper and lower jaws of equal length (vs. a lower jaw slightly longer than the upper jaw in length) and a rounded or unevenly rounded (vs. subtruncate) caudal fin. The validity of the new species is confirmed by its monophyly recovered in a cytochrome b gene-based phylogenetic analysis and its significant genetic distance with sampled congeneric species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Xia Xie
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Chengyang No. 17 Middle School, Qingdao, China
| | - Liang Cao
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - E Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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4
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Manchanda K, Rodriguez-Materon S, Raudes A, SanGiovanni TP. Osteolytic Lesion of the First Metatarsal After Catfish Spine Injury: A Case Report. JBJS Case Connect 2022; 12:01709767-202209000-00037. [PMID: 36075017 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.cc.22.00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
CASE A 17-year-old adolescent boy complained of plantar pain at the first metatarsal 2 months after a catfish spine injury. Imaging was consistent with a retained foreign body, and surrounding osteolysis was concerning for osteomyelitis. He underwent surgical debridement and was found to have inflammation and necrosis, apparently caused by catfish spine venom. CONCLUSION Although osteolytic lesions are commonly attributed to infection or tumor, in the situation of venomous injuries, osteolysis can be a sequela of the severe local inflammatory reaction due to the toxins. Debridement is vital to remove the offending agent and the local toxins from the venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshitij Manchanda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Solangel Rodriguez-Materon
- Orthopaedic Surgery, Foot and Ankle Department, Baptist Health Orthopaedic Care, Baptist Health South Florida, Coral Gables, Florida
| | - Adrianna Raudes
- Orthopaedic Surgery, Foot and Ankle Department, Baptist Health Orthopaedic Care, Baptist Health South Florida, Coral Gables, Florida
| | - Thomas Philip SanGiovanni
- Orthopaedic Surgery, Foot and Ankle Department, Baptist Health Orthopaedic Care, Baptist Health South Florida, Coral Gables, Florida
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Arbuckle K, Harris RJ. Radiating pain: venom has contributed to the diversification of the largest radiations of vertebrate and invertebrate animals. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:150. [PMID: 34344322 PMCID: PMC8336261 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01880-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding drivers of animal biodiversity has been a longstanding aim in evolutionary biology. Insects and fishes represent the largest lineages of invertebrates and vertebrates respectively, and consequently many ideas have been proposed to explain this diversity. Natural enemy interactions are often important in diversification dynamics, and key traits that mediate such interactions may therefore have an important role in explaining organismal diversity. Venom is one such trait which is intricately bound in antagonistic coevolution and has recently been shown to be associated with increased diversification rates in tetrapods. Despite ~ 10% of fish families and ~ 16% of insect families containing venomous species, the role that venom may play in these two superradiations remains unknown. Results In this paper we take a broad family-level phylogenetic perspective and show that variation in diversification rates are the main cause of variations in species richness in both insects and fishes, and that venomous families have diversification rates twice as high as non-venomous families. Furthermore, we estimate that venom was present in ~ 10% and ~ 14% of the evolutionary history of fishes and insects respectively. Conclusions Consequently, we provide evidence that venom has played a role in generating the remarkable diversity in the largest vertebrate and invertebrate radiations. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12862-021-01880-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Arbuckle
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Richard J Harris
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
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6
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Ballen GA, De Pinna MCC. A standardized terminology of spines in the order Siluriformes (Actinopterygii: Ostariophysi). Zool J Linn Soc 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A standardized terminology for the anatomy of pectoral- and dorsal-fin spines in the order Siluriformes is proposed based on an extensive literature review and direct examination of representatives of the order. The adult anatomy of the spines is described in detail. Terminology of various spine parts are reviewed and standardized, each term provided with a synonymic list organizing previous usage. Most of the structures treated have been recorded and named in the literature, but some are herein named for the first time. A quantitative approach is proposed for orienting decisions on name usage, aiming at minimizing differences between the terminology proposed and the vast amount of pre-existing literature, herein called the cost function. It is expected that this system will aid efforts in organizing the chaotic anatomical nomenclature of the appendicular skeleton in Siluriformes, and provide a solid basis for advances in comparative anatomy and nomenclature. The proposed terminology system has potential application on a number of fields that utilize information from catfish spines, ranging from taxonomy to phylogenetic systematics to paleontology and archaeology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo A Ballen
- Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Nazaré 481, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mario C C De Pinna
- Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Nazaré 481, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Bédry R, de Haro L, Bentur Y, Senechal N, Galil BS. Toxicological risks on the human health of populations living around the Mediterranean Sea linked to the invasion of non-indigenous marine species from the Red Sea: A review. Toxicon 2021; 191:69-82. [PMID: 33359388 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The Mediterranean region is, by far, a prime travel destination, having hosted more than 330 million tourists in 2016, mostly for seaside holidays. A greatly increased influx of thermophilic Red Sea species, introduced through the Suez Canal in a process referred to as Lessepsian invasion (in honor of Ferdinand de Lesseps who instigated the building of the Suez Canal), have raised awareness among scientists, medical personnel, and the public, of health risks caused by some venomous and poisonous marine species. The main species of concern are the poisonous Lagocephalus sceleratus, and the venomous Plotosus lineatus, Siganus luridus, Siganus rivulatus, Pterois miles, Synancea verrucosa, Rhopilema nomadica, Macrorhynchia philippina and Diadema setosum. Recognizing that the main factors that drive the introduction and dispersal of Red Sea biota in the Mediterranean, i.e., Suez Canal enlargements and warming seawater, are set to increase, and international tourist arrivals are forecasted to increase as well, to 500 million in 2030, an increase in intoxications and envenomations by alien marine species is to be expected and prepared for.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bédry
- UHSI, Pellegrin University Hospital, 33000, Bordeaux, France.
| | - L de Haro
- Centre Antipoison de Marseille, Hôpital Sainte Marguerite, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Y Bentur
- Israel Poison Information Center, Rambam Health Care Campus, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - N Senechal
- Bordeaux University, UMR EPOC, 5805, Pessac, France
| | - B S Galil
- Steinhardt Museum of Natural History, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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8
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Shine R, Udyawer V, Goiran C. Antipredator tactics: a kin‐selection benefit for defensive spines in coral catfish? OIKOS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.07838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Shine
- Dept of Biological Sciences, Macquarie Univ. NSW Australia
| | - Vinay Udyawer
- Australian Inst. of Marine Science Darwin NT Australia
| | - Claire Goiran
- LabEx Corail & ISEA, Univ. de la Nouvelle‐Calédonie Nouméa Cedex New Caledonia
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9
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Assessing the Binding of Venoms from Aquatic Elapids to the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Orthosteric Site of Different Prey Models. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197377. [PMID: 33036249 PMCID: PMC7583753 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of an aquatic lifestyle from land dwelling venomous elapids is a radical ecological modification, bringing about many evolutionary changes from morphology to diet. Diet is an important ecological facet which can play a key role in regulating functional traits such as venom composition and prey-specific targeting of venom. In addition to predating upon novel prey (e.g., fish, fish eggs and invertebrates), the venoms of aquatic elapids also face the challenge of increased prey-escape potential in the aquatic environment. Thus, despite the independent radiation into an aquatic niche on four separate occasions, the venoms of aquatic elapids are evolving under convergent selection pressures. Utilising a biolayer interferometry binding assay, this study set out to elucidate whether crude venoms from representative aquatic elapids were target-specific to the orthosteric site of postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptor mimotopes of fish compared to other terrestrial prey types. Representatives of the four aquatic lineages were: aquatic coral snakes representative was Micrurus surinamensis;, sea kraits representative was Laticauda colubrina; sea snakes representatives were two Aipysurus spp. and eight Hydrophis spp; and water cobras representative was Naja annulata. No prey-specific differences in crude venom binding were observed from any species tested, except for Aipysurus laevis, which showed slight evidence of prey-potency differences. For Hydrophis caerulescens, H. peronii, H. schistosus and M. surinamensis, there was a lack of binding to the orthosteric site of any target lineage. Subsequent testing on the in vitro chick-biventer cervicis muscle preparation suggested that, while the venoms of these species bound postsynaptically, they bound to allosteric sites rather than orthosteric. Allosteric binding is potentially a weaker but faster-acting form of neurotoxicity and we hypothesise that the switch to allosteric binding is likely due to selection pressures related to prey-escape potential. This research has potentially opened up the possibility of a new functional class of toxins which have never been assessed previously while shedding light on the selection pressures shaping venom evolution.
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10
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Zancolli G, Casewell NR. Venom Systems as Models for Studying the Origin and Regulation of Evolutionary Novelties. Mol Biol Evol 2020; 37:2777-2790. [DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
A central goal in biology is to determine the ways in which evolution repeats itself. One of the most remarkable examples in nature of convergent evolutionary novelty is animal venom. Across diverse animal phyla, various specialized organs and anatomical structures have evolved from disparate developmental tissues to perform the same function, that is, produce and deliver a cocktail of potent molecules to subdue prey or predators. Venomous organisms therefore offer unique opportunities to investigate the evolutionary processes of convergence of key adaptive traits, and the molecular mechanisms underlying the emergence of novel genes, cells, and tissues. Indeed, some venomous species have already proven to be highly amenable as models for developmental studies, and recent work with venom gland organoids provides manipulatable systems for directly testing important evolutionary questions. Here, we provide a synthesis of the current knowledge that could serve as a starting point for the establishment of venom systems as new models for evolutionary and molecular biology. In particular, we highlight the potential of various venomous species for the study of cell differentiation and cell identity, and the regulatory dynamics of rapidly evolving, highly expressed, tissue-specific, gene paralogs. We hope that this review will encourage researchers to look beyond traditional study organisms and consider venom systems as useful tools to explore evolutionary novelties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Zancolli
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas R Casewell
- Centre for Snakebite Research & Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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11
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Tencatt LFC, Lima FCT, Britto MR. Deconstructing an octogenarian misconception reveals the true Corydoras arcuatus Elwin 1938 (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) and a new Corydoras species from the Amazon basin. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2019; 95:453-471. [PMID: 30968410 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
After 80 years of misidentifications, the analysis of the holotype of Corydoras arcuatus plus several non-type specimens attributed to this species allowed its recognition and also revealed a new species, both sharing the following diagnostic features: a long, arched, continuous black stripe that runs parallel to the dorsal profile of the body and extends at least from the anterior margin of the first dorsolateral body plate to the posterior portion of caudal peduncle; absence of transverse black bars on caudal fin; infraorbital 2 in contact with sphenotic and compound pterotic. In addition to these features, C. arcuatus can be distinguished from congeners by having the posterior margin of both dorsal and pectoral spines with laminar serrations directed towards their origins. The new species can be additionally distinguished from its congeners by presenting the following combination of features: ventral surface of trunk entirely or partially covered by relatively large and coalescent platelets; absence of spots or blotches on dorsal fin; and posterior margin of both dorsal and pectoral spines with serrations directed towards their tips. Finally, an identification key to all arc-striped species of Corydoras is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz F C Tencatt
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
- Unidade Universitária de Coxim, Laboratório de Biologia, Rua General Mendes de Moraes, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Flávio C T Lima
- Instituto de Biologia, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade Estadual de Campinas "Adão José Cardoso", Campinas, Brazil
| | - Marcelo R Britto
- Departamento de Vertebrados, Setor de Ictiologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Abstract
Venomous teeth are rare in fishes, which typically utilise spines for defence. A new study reveals the evolutionary origins of fangs and venom in the Nemophini blennies and shows that, in contrast to snakes and lizards, the fangs pre-date the venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin I Taylor
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
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13
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Harris RJ, Jenner RA. Evolutionary Ecology of Fish Venom: Adaptations and Consequences of Evolving a Venom System. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E60. [PMID: 30678265 PMCID: PMC6409815 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11020060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on venomous animals has mainly focused on the molecular, biochemical, and pharmacological aspects of venom toxins. However, it is the relatively neglected broader study of evolutionary ecology that is crucial for understanding the biological relevance of venom systems. As fish have convergently evolved venom systems multiple times, it makes them ideal organisms to investigate the evolutionary ecology of venom on a broader scale. This review outlines what is known about how fish venom systems evolved as a result of natural enemy interactions and about the ecological consequences of evolving a venom system. This review will show how research on the evolutionary ecology of venom in fish can aid in understanding the evolutionary ecology of animal venoms more generally. Further, understanding these broad ecological questions can shed more light on the other areas of toxinology, with applications across multiple disciplinary fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Harris
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
| | - Ronald A Jenner
- Department of Life Sciences, the Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, SW7 5BD London, UK.
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14
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Kubicek KM, Britz R, Conway KW. Ontogeny of the catfish pectoral-fin spine (Teleostei: Siluriformes). J Morphol 2019; 280:339-359. [PMID: 30667538 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The characteristic and morphologically variable pectoral-fin spine of catfishes (order Siluriformes) has been well-investigated based on later developmental stages (juveniles and adults) but information on the earliest life stages are lacking. Here, we document the ontogeny of pectoral-fin spines in four siluroid (Ictalurus punctatus, Noturus gyrinus, Silurus glanis and Akysis vespa) and two loricarioid catfishes (Corydoras panda and Ancistrus sp.). To further our understanding of pectoral-fin spine development, we also examined adult and juvenile specimens representing 41 of the currently 43 recognized families of catfishes. Development of the pectoral-fin spine is similar in all catfishes and resembles the development of a typical soft fin ray. Fusion between hemitrichia of the anteriormost lepidotrichium occurs proximally first, forming the spine proper, with growth of the spine occurring through the subsequent fusion of developing distal hemitrichial segments that comprise the spurious ray. The variation of pectoral-fin spine morphology observed is largely attributed to the presence/absence of five traits, which either develop as part of the hemitrichial segments that are added to the distal tip of the spine during growth (distal rami, anterior/posterior serrae) or develop independent of these segments (denticuli and odontodes).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kole M Kubicek
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences and Biodiversity Research and Teaching Collections, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Ralf Britz
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin W Conway
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences and Biodiversity Research and Teaching Collections, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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15
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Xie B, Yu H, Kerkkamp H, Wang M, Richardson M, Shi Q. Comparative transcriptome analyses of venom glands from three scorpionfishes. Genomics 2018; 111:231-241. [PMID: 30458272 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Scorpionfishes (Scorpaenidae) are a relatively common cause of human envenomation. They often enter coastal waters and their stings can be quite hazardous, provoking extreme pain and causing the victims to take days to recover. There are few genomic resources available for the scorpionfishes. In this study, we elucidated the transcriptomic profile of the venom glands from three different scorpionfish species, namely Scorpaenopsis cirrosa, S. neglecta and S. possi. This is the first report of scorpionfish transcriptomes. After functional and pathway annotation, we employed toxin annotation to identify many species-specific (18, 13 and 19 respectively) and overlapping putative toxins among the three species. Our study represents a significant improvement in the genetic information about the venoms from these three species. Moreover, this work also provides an archive for future studies on evolution of fish toxins and can be used for comparative studies of other fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Xie
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden 2333BE, Netherlands; BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.
| | - Huang Yu
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen 518083, China; BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518083, China.
| | - Harald Kerkkamp
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden 2333BE, Netherlands.
| | - Min Wang
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen 518083, China.
| | - Michael Richardson
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden 2333BE, Netherlands.
| | - Qiong Shi
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen 518083, China; BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518083, China.
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Bentur Y, Altunin S, Levdov I, Golani D, Spanier E, Edelist D, Lurie Y. The clinical effects of the venomous Lessepsian migrant fish Plotosus lineatus (Thunberg, 1787) in the Southeastern Mediterranean Sea. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2017; 56:327-331. [PMID: 28980497 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2017.1386308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Plotosus lineatus is a venomous fish that has migrated from the Indo-Pacific region to the Mediterranean Sea (Lessepsian migrant). Its presence in the Mediterranean Sea was first recorded in 2002 and was observed in growing schools. Its spines contain toxins with lytic, hemolytic and edematous activities. OBJECTIVE To characterize the injuries caused by Plotosus lineatus in the Southeastern Mediterranean Sea. METHODS A prospective observational case series of consultations provided by a national Poison Center pertaining to Plotosus lineatus from 2007 to 2016. Demographic and clinical data and method of fish identification were retrieved from the medical toxicological records, and described. RESULTS Eighty four cases were included; the main findings are: median age 35 (range 3-80) years, 91.7% males, 51.2% fishermen, 78.6% palm injuries, 94% and 4.8% were mildly and moderately injured, respectively. Main local manifestations included pain, puncture wound, swelling, and erythema (90.5%, 70.2%, 33.3%, and 16.7%, respectively). Systemic signs were minor and infrequent (≤7.1%), including hypertension, tachycardia, vomiting, chills, and weakness. Management included wound disinfection, immersion in hot water, tetanus prophylaxis, and analgesics. No patient required hospital admission. The fish was identified mostly by the victim with the aid of the Poison Center (mainly by typical description, and a picture), and some by marine biologists. CONCLUSIONS Plotosus lineatus is a new fish in the Southeastern Mediterranean Sea. It affects fishermen handling fishing nets, and beach hikers stepping on or holding it. Injuries caused by its spines usually result in minor effects; pain may be intense. Treatment includes disinfection, analgesics, and antitetanus and antibiotics as needed. No lethal cases were recorded, unlike exposure of animals to the venom of the Indo-Pacific species; reason is unclear. Our series illustrates the consequences of manmade disruption of ecosystem resulting in invasion of toxic species to a new environment, affecting human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yedidia Bentur
- a Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Section , Israel Poison Information Center, Rambam Health Care Campus , Haifa , Israel.,b The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine , Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa , Israel
| | - Sergey Altunin
- a Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Section , Israel Poison Information Center, Rambam Health Care Campus , Haifa , Israel
| | - Iris Levdov
- a Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Section , Israel Poison Information Center, Rambam Health Care Campus , Haifa , Israel
| | - Daniel Golani
- c Department of Evolution, Ecology & Behaviour , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem , Israel
| | - Ehud Spanier
- d The Leon Recanati Institute for Maritime Studies & Department of Maritime Civilizations , The Leon H. Charney School for Marine Sciences, University of Haifa , Haifa , Israel
| | - Dor Edelist
- d The Leon Recanati Institute for Maritime Studies & Department of Maritime Civilizations , The Leon H. Charney School for Marine Sciences, University of Haifa , Haifa , Israel
| | - Yael Lurie
- a Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Section , Israel Poison Information Center, Rambam Health Care Campus , Haifa , Israel.,b The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine , Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa , Israel
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Sáenz A, Ortiz N, Lomonte B, Rucavado A, Díaz C. Comparison of biochemical and cytotoxic activities of extracts obtained from dorsal spines and caudal fin of adult and juvenile non-native Caribbean lionfish (Pterois volitans/miles). Toxicon 2017; 137:158-167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Thalgaspitiya SPB, Wijerathne BTB, Siriwardhana NP. Freshwater Catfish Envenoming in a Tropical Country. Wilderness Environ Med 2017; 28:259-266. [PMID: 28754292 DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Freshwater catfish are known to cause painful stings in humans. Stings usually cause mild envenomation and, in some instances, can lead to severe secondary bacterial infections. Sri Lanka is a tropical country where catfish stings are not rare. However, presenting signs and symptoms, complications, and management options are scarce in the literature. METHODS A retrospective, descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted by reviewing patient records in the university surgical units and surgical clinic in the teaching hospital in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka, during 2015. RESULTS Ten patients presented to the hospital following catfish stings. The common presenting features following stings were severe pain, swelling, and lymphadenopathy followed by cellulitis. Late complication such as tenosynovitis were also observed. CONCLUSIONS Routine procedures are sufficient to reduce further complications. However, people who are at high risk of encountering catfish, and travelers visiting tropical countries, should be aware of the possibility of stings and take necessary precautions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujeewa P B Thalgaspitiya
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka (Drs Thalgaspitiya and Siriwardhana)
| | - Buddhika T B Wijerathne
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka (Dr Wijerathne).
| | - Nuwan P Siriwardhana
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka (Drs Thalgaspitiya and Siriwardhana)
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A common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) prey handling technique for marine catfish (Ariidae) in the northern Gulf of Mexico. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181179. [PMID: 28704486 PMCID: PMC5507523 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Few accounts describe predator-prey interactions between common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus Montagu 1821) and marine catfish (Ariopsis felis Linnaeus 1766, Bagre marinus Mitchill 1815). Over the course of 50,167 sightings of bottlenose dolphin groups in Mississippi Sound and along the Florida coast of the Gulf of Mexico, severed catfish heads were found floating and exhibiting movements at the surface in close proximity to 13 dolphin groups that demonstrated feeding behavior. These observations prompted a multi-disciplinary approach to study the predator-prey relationship between bottlenose dolphins and marine catfish. A review was conducted of bottlenose dolphin visual survey data and dorsal fin photographs from sightings where severed catfish heads were observed. Recovered severed catfish heads were preserved and studied, whole marine catfish were collected and examined, and stranding network pathology reports were reviewed for references to injuries related to fish spines. Photographic identification analysis confirms eight dolphins associated with severed catfish heads were present in three such sightings across an approximately 350 km expanse of coast between the Mississippi Sound and Saint Joseph Bay, FL. An examination of the severed catfish heads indicated interaction with dolphins, and fresh-caught whole hardhead catfish (A. felis) were examined to estimate the presumed total length of the catfish before decapitation. Thirty-eight instances of significant trauma or death in dolphins attributed to ingesting whole marine catfish were documented in stranding records collected from the southeastern United States of America. Bottlenose dolphins typically adhere to a ram-feeding strategy for prey capture followed by whole prey ingestion; however, marine catfish skull morphology may pose a consumption hazard due to rigid spines that can puncture and migrate through soft tissue, prompting a prey handling technique for certain dolphins, facilitating consumption of the posterior portion of the fish without the head.
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Schmidt RC, Bart HL, Pezold F, Friel JP. A Biodiversity Hotspot Heats Up: Nine New Species of Suckermouth Catfishes (Mochokidae:Chiloglanis) from Upper Guinean Forest Streams in West Africa. COPEIA 2017. [DOI: 10.1643/ci-16-474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Xie B, Huang Y, Baumann K, Fry BG, Shi Q. From Marine Venoms to Drugs: Efficiently Supported by a Combination of Transcriptomics and Proteomics. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15040103. [PMID: 28358320 PMCID: PMC5408249 DOI: 10.3390/md15040103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential of marine natural products to become new drugs is vast; however, research is still in its infancy. The chemical and biological diversity of marine toxins is immeasurable and as such an extraordinary resource for the discovery of new drugs. With the rapid development of next-generation sequencing (NGS) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), it has been much easier and faster to identify more toxins and predict their functions with bioinformatics pipelines, which pave the way for novel drug developments. Here we provide an overview of related bioinformatics pipelines that have been supported by a combination of transcriptomics and proteomics for identification and function prediction of novel marine toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Xie
- Venomics Research Group, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.
| | - Yu Huang
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI, Shenzhen 518083, China.
| | - Kate Baumann
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia.
| | - Bryan Grieg Fry
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia.
| | - Qiong Shi
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI, Shenzhen 518083, China.
- BGI Shenzhen Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Fisheries, BGI, Shenzhen 518083, China.
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The Cardiovascular and Neurotoxic Effects of the Venoms of Six Bony and Cartilaginous Fish Species. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9020067. [PMID: 28212333 PMCID: PMC5331446 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9020067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish venoms are often poorly studied, in part due to the difficulty in obtaining, extracting, and storing them. In this study, we characterize the cardiovascular and neurotoxic effects of the venoms from the following six species of fish: the cartilaginous stingrays Neotrygon kuhlii and Himantura toshi, and the bony fish Platycephalus fucus, Girella tricuspidata, Mugil cephalus, and Dentex tumifrons. All venoms (10–100 µg/kg, i.v.), except G. tricuspidata and P. fuscus, induced a biphasic response on mean arterial pressure (MAP) in the anesthetised rat. P. fucus venom exhibited a hypotensive response, while venom from G. tricuspidata displayed a single depressor response. All venoms induced cardiovascular collapse at 200 µg/kg, i.v. The in vitro neurotoxic effects of venom were examined using the chick biventer cervicis nerve-muscle (CBCNM) preparation. N. kuhlii, H. toshi, and P. fucus venoms caused concentration-dependent inhibition of indirect twitches in the CBCNM preparation. These three venoms also inhibited responses to exogenous acetylcholine (ACh) and carbachol (CCh), but not potassium chloride (KCl), indicating a post-synaptic mode of action. Venom from G. tricuspidata, M. cephalus, and D. tumifrons had no significant effect on indirect twitches or agonist responses in the CBCNM. Our results demonstrate that envenoming by these species of fish may result in moderate cardiovascular and/or neurotoxic effects. Future studies aimed at identifying the molecules responsible for these effects could uncover potentially novel lead compounds for future pharmaceuticals, in addition to generating new knowledge about the evolutionary relationships between venomous animals.
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Hardy AR, Steinworth BM, Hale ME. Touch sensation by pectoral fins of the catfish Pimelodus pictus. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2015.2652. [PMID: 26865307 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.2652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanosensation is fundamental to many tetrapod limb functions, yet it remains largely uninvestigated in the paired fins of fishes, limb homologues. Here we examine whether membranous fins may function as passive structures for touch sensation. We investigate the pectoral fins of the pictus catfish (Pimelodus pictus), a species that lives in close association with the benthic substrate and whose fins are positioned near its ventral margin. Kinematic analysis shows that the pectoral fins are held partially protracted during routine forward swimming and do not appear to generate propulsive force. Immunohistochemistry reveals that the fins are highly innervated, and we observe putative mechanoreceptors at nerve fibre endings. To test for the ability to sense mechanical perturbations, activity of fin ray nerve fibres was recorded in response to touch and bend stimulation. Both pressure and light surface brushing generated afferent nerve activity. Fin ray nerves also respond to bending of the rays. These data demonstrate for the first time that membranous fins can function as passive mechanosensors. We suggest that touch-sensitive fins may be widespread in fishes that maintain a close association with the bottom substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Hardy
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, 1027 E. 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Bailey M Steinworth
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, 1027 E. 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, USA
| | - Melina E Hale
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, 1027 E. 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Smith WL, Stern JH, Girard MG, Davis MP. Evolution of Venomous Cartilaginous and Ray-Finned Fishes. Integr Comp Biol 2016; 56:950-961. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icw070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Li IJ, Chang CJ, Liu SC, Abe G, Ota KG. Postembryonic staging of wild-type goldfish, with brief reference to skeletal systems. Dev Dyn 2015; 244:1485-518. [PMID: 26316229 PMCID: PMC5054871 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Artificial selection of postembryonic features is known to have established morphological variation in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Although previous studies have suggested that goldfish and zebrafish are almost directly comparable at the embryonic level, little is known at the postembryonic level. Results: Here, we categorized the postembryonic developmental process in the wild‐type goldfish into 11 different stages. We also report certain differences between the postembryonic developmental processes of goldfish and zebrafish, especially in the skeletal systems (scales and median fin skeletons), suggesting that postembryonic development underwent evolutionary divergence in these two teleost species. Conclusions: Our postembryonic staging system of wild‐type goldfish paves the way for careful and appropriate comparison with other teleost species. The staging system will also facilitate comparative ontogenic analyses between wild‐type and mutant goldfish strains, allowing us to closely study the relationship between artificial selection and molecular developmental mechanisms in vertebrates. Developmental Dynamics 244:1485–1518, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. This study provides the first reliable descriptions of normal post‐embryonic stages of wild type goldfish. Several post‐embryonic features of goldfish and zebrafish are diverged in these two teleost lineages. Goldfish larvae and juvenile provide a novel model for the investigation of the evolutionary relationship between domestication and ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ing-Jia Li
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ju Chang
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, Taiwan
| | - Shi-Chieh Liu
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, Taiwan
| | - Gembu Abe
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, Taiwan
| | - Kinya G Ota
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, Taiwan
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Vanscoy T, Lundberg JG, Luckenbill KR. Bony ornamentation of the catfish pectoral-fin spine: comparative and developmental anatomy, with an example of fin-spine diversity using the Tribe Brachyplatystomini (Siluriformes, Pimelodidae). PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA 2015. [DOI: 10.1635/053.164.0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Zhang Y. Why do we study animal toxins? DONG WU XUE YAN JIU = ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2015; 36:183-222. [PMID: 26228472 PMCID: PMC4790257 DOI: 10.13918/j.issn.2095-8137.2015.4.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Venom (toxins) is an important trait evolved along the evolutionary tree of animals. Our knowledges on venoms, such as their origins and loss, the biological relevance and the coevolutionary patterns with other organisms are greatly helpful in understanding many fundamental biological questions, i.e., the environmental adaptation and survival competition, the evolution shaped development and balance of venoms, and the sophisticated correlations among venom, immunity, body power, intelligence, their genetic basis, inherent association, as well as the cost-benefit and trade-offs of biological economy. Lethal animal envenomation can be found worldwide. However, from foe to friend, toxin studies have led lots of important discoveries and exciting avenues in deciphering and fighting human diseases, including the works awarded the Nobel Prize and lots of key clinic therapeutics. According to our survey, so far, only less than 0.1% of the toxins of the venomous animals in China have been explored. We emphasize on the similarities shared by venom and immune systems, as well as the studies of toxin knowledge-based physiological toxin-like proteins/peptides (TLPs). We propose the natural pairing hypothesis. Evolution links toxins with humans. Our mission is to find out the right natural pairings and interactions of our body elements with toxins, and with endogenous toxin-like molecules. Although, in nature, toxins may endanger human lives, but from a philosophical point of view, knowing them well is an effective way to better understand ourselves. So, this is why we study toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of The Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223,
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First report of the characterization of the pathophysiological mechanisms caused by the freshwater catfish Pimelodus maculatus (order: Siluriformes). Toxicon 2015; 101:55-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ziegman R, Alewood P. Bioactive components in fish venoms. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:1497-531. [PMID: 25941767 PMCID: PMC4448160 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7051497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal venoms are widely recognized excellent resources for the discovery of novel drug leads and physiological tools. Most are comprised of a large number of components, of which the enzymes, small peptides, and proteins are studied for their important bioactivities. However, in spite of there being over 2000 venomous fish species, piscine venoms have been relatively underrepresented in the literature thus far. Most studies have explored whole or partially fractioned venom, revealing broad pharmacology, which includes cardiovascular, neuromuscular, cytotoxic, inflammatory, and nociceptive activities. Several large proteinaceous toxins, such as stonustoxin, verrucotoxin, and Sp-CTx, have been isolated from scorpaenoid fish. These form pores in cell membranes, resulting in cell death and creating a cascade of reactions that result in many, but not all, of the physiological symptoms observed from envenomation. Additionally, Natterins, a novel family of toxins possessing kininogenase activity have been found in toadfish venom. A variety of smaller protein toxins, as well as a small number of peptides, enzymes, and non-proteinaceous molecules have also been isolated from a range of fish venoms, but most remain poorly characterized. Many other bioactive fish venom components remain to be discovered and investigated. These represent an untapped treasure of potentially useful molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah Ziegman
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, the University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Paul Alewood
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, the University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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Collins RA, Duarte Ribeiro E, Nogueira Machado V, Hrbek T, Farias IP. A preliminary inventory of the catfishes of the lower Rio Nhamundá, Brazil (Ostariophysi, Siluriformes). Biodivers Data J 2015; 3:e4162. [PMID: 25977611 PMCID: PMC4426332 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.3.e4162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rio Nhamundá is a poorly-known clearwater river draining the southern Guiana Shield of Brazil. In this study we report the findings of a preliminary ichthyological survey, focusing on catfishes (Siluriformes). We identify a total of 36 species (31 genera, seven families) from the Nhamundá, including 11 species already recorded from the river. Overall, our survey results show that even rapid surveys can provide important information on Amazon fish biodiversity, suggesting potential new species, providing range extensions for nominal species, and additionally highlighting taxa in need of taxonomic revision and genetic study. As well as the traditional forms of data collected on biodiversity surveys (i.e. preserved specimen vouchers), our study also provides "new" types of data in the form of DNA barcodes and images of fishes exhibiting colouration in life, information that will be invaluable in future work addressing difficult groups. O Rio Nhamundá é um rio de água clara, pouco conhecido, que drena parte do Escudo das Guianas em território brasileiro. Nesse estudo, nós reportamos os resultados de um levantamento ictiofaunístico preliminar dessa área, tendo como foco os bagres (Siluriformes). Nós identificamos um total de 36 espécies (31 gêneros, sete famílias) provenientes de nossa coleta, e adicionamos 11 espécies já conhecidas para o rio. De maneira geral, os resultados de nossa pesquisa mostram que mesmo levantamentos rápidos podem gerar informações importantes sobre a biodiversidade de peixes amazônicos, sugerindo potenciais espécies novas, ampliando a área de distribuição de espécies, além de apontar a necessidade de revisões taxonômicas e estudos genéticos para alguns taxa. Para além das formas tradicionais de dados coletados em pesquisas de biodiversidade (i.e. espécimes preservados), nosso estudo fornece "novas" formas de dados, como DNA barcodes e imagens com o padrão de coloração dos espécimes vivos, informações essas que serão de valor inestimável para futuros estudos que abordem grupos taxonômicos difíceis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupert A. Collins
- Laboratório de Evolução e Genética Animal, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Emanuell Duarte Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Evolução e Genética Animal, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Valéria Nogueira Machado
- Laboratório de Evolução e Genética Animal, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Tomas Hrbek
- Laboratório de Evolução e Genética Animal, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Izeni Pires Farias
- Laboratório de Evolução e Genética Animal, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
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Kappelman J, Tewabe D, Todd L, Feseha M, Kay M, Kocurek G, Nachman B, Tabor N, Yadeta M. Another unique river: a consideration of some of the characteristics of the trunk tributaries of the Nile River in northwestern Ethiopia in relationship to their aquatic food resources. J Hum Evol 2014; 77:117-31. [PMID: 25017504 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Aquatic food resources are important components of many modern human hunter-gatherer diets and yet evidence attesting to the widespread exploitation of this food type appears rather late in the archaeological record. While there are times when, for example, the capture of fish and shellfish requires sophisticated technology, there are other cases when the exact ecological attributes of an individual species and the particulars of its environment make it possible for these foods to be incorporated into the human diet with little or no tool use and only a minimal time investment. In order to better understand the full set of variables that are considered in these sorts of foraging decisions, it is necessary to detail the attributes of each particular aquatic environment. We discuss here some of the characteristics of the trunk tributaries of the Nile and Blue Rivers in the Horn of Africa. Unlike typical perennial rivers, these 'temporary' rivers flow only during a brief but intense wet season; during the much longer dry season, the rivers are reduced to a series of increasingly disconnected waterholes, and the abundant and diverse fish and mollusk populations are trapped in ever smaller evaporating pools. The local human population today utilizes a number of diverse capture methods that range from simple to complex, and vary according to the size and depth of the waterhole and the time of the year. When we view the particular characteristics of an individual river system, we find that each river is 'unique' in its individual attributes. The Horn of Africa is believed to be along the route that modern humans followed on their migration out of Africa, and it is likely that the riverine-based foraging behaviors of these populations accompanied our species on its movement into the rest of the Old World.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Kappelman
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
| | - Dereje Tewabe
- Bahir Dar Fishery and Aquatic Life Research Center, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
| | - Lawrence Todd
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
| | - Mulugeta Feseha
- Paleoanthropology and Paleoenvironment Program, School of Earth Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Marvin Kay
- Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA.
| | - Gary Kocurek
- Department of Geological Sciences, Jackson School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
| | - Brett Nachman
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
| | - Neil Tabor
- Roy M. Huffington Department of Earth Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Meklit Yadeta
- Paleoanthropology and Paleoenvironment Program, School of Earth Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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Baumann K, Casewell NR, Ali SA, Jackson TNW, Vetter I, Dobson JS, Cutmore SC, Nouwens A, Lavergne V, Fry BG. A ray of venom: Combined proteomic and transcriptomic investigation of fish venom composition using barb tissue from the blue-spotted stingray (Neotrygon kuhlii). J Proteomics 2014; 109:188-98. [PMID: 24946716 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Fish venoms remain almost completely unstudied despite the large number of species. In part this is due to the inherent nature of fish venoms, in that they are highly sensitive to heat, pH, lyophilisation, storage and repeated freeze-thawing. They are also heavily contaminated with mucus, which makes proteomic study difficult. Here we describe a novel protein-handling protocol to remove mucus contamination, utilising ammonium sulphate and acetone precipitation. We validated this approach using barb venom gland tissue protein extract from the blue-spotted stingray Neotrygon kuhlii. We analysed the protein extract using 1D and 2D gels with LC-MS/MS sequencing. Protein annotation was underpinned by a venom gland transcriptome. The composition of our N. kuhlii venom sample revealed a variety of protein types that are completely novel to animal venom systems. Notably, none of the detected proteins exhibited similarity to the few toxin components previously characterised from fish venoms, including those found in other stingrays. Putative venom toxins identified here included cystatin, peroxiredoxin and galectin. Our study represents the first combined survey of gene and protein composition from the venom apparatus of any fish and our novel protein handling method will aid the future characterisation of toxins from other unstudied venomous fish lineages. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE These results show an efficient manner for removing mucus from fish venoms. These results are the first insights into the evolution of proteins present on stingrayvenom barbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Baumann
- Venom Evolution Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Nicholas R Casewell
- Venom Evolution Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia; Alistair Reid Venom Research Unit, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK; Molecular Ecology and Evolution Group, School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Syed A Ali
- Venom Evolution Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia; HRJ Research Institute of Chemistry, International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Timothy N W Jackson
- Venom Evolution Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Irina Vetter
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia; School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - James S Dobson
- Venom Evolution Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Scott C Cutmore
- Venom Evolution Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Amanda Nouwens
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Vincent Lavergne
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Bryan G Fry
- Venom Evolution Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia; School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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35
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Conway KW, Baldwin C, White MD. Cryptic diversity and venom glands in Western atlantic clingfishes of the genus acyrtus (Teleostei: Gobiesocidae). PLoS One 2014; 9:e97664. [PMID: 24825326 PMCID: PMC4019652 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Examination of genetic data (mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I) for western Atlantic clingfishes revealed two distinct lineages within a group of individuals originally identified as Acyrtus artius. Subsequent investigation of preserved voucher specimens was conducted to reconcile the genetic data and the existing classification, which is based on morphology. In addition to discovering that one of the genetic lineages is an undescribed species, which we describe as Acyrtus lanthanum, new species, we found that the nominal species Acyrtus artius has a putative venom gland associated with the subopercle that has been overlooked since the species was described nearly 60 years ago. The new species lacks the subopercular gland as does Acyrtus rubiginosus, but one is present in the related Arcos nudus. Venom glands have not been reported previously for the Gobiesocidae, and the venom gland described herein for Acyrtus and Arcos represents the first example in teleost fishes of a venom gland associated with the subopercle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W. Conway
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences and Biodiversity Research and Teaching Collections, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Carole Baldwin
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D. C., United States of America
| | - Macaulay D. White
- Undergraduate Degree Program, Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
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Abstract
Adequate pain control is still a significant challenge and largely unmet medical need in the 21st century. With many small molecules failing to reach required levels of potency and selectivity, drug discovery is once again turning to nature to replenish pain therapeutic pipelines. Venomous animals are frequently stereotyped as inflictors of pain and distress and have historically been vilified by mankind. Yet, ironically, the very venoms that cause pain when directly injected by the host animal may actually turn out to contain the next generation of analgesics when injected by the clinician. The last 12 months have seen dramatic discoveries of analgesic tools within venoms. Spiders, snakes and even centipedes are yielding peptides with immense therapeutic potential. Significant advances are also taking place in delivery methods that can improve bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of these exciting natural resources. Turning proteinaceous venom into pharmaceutical liquid gold is the goal of venomics and the focus of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Trim
- Venomtech Ltd, Kent Enterprise Hub, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Carol M Trim
- Venomtech Ltd, Kent Enterprise Hub, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
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37
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Schmidtke D, Schulz J, Hartung J, Esser KH. Structure and possible functions of constant-frequency calls in Ariopsis seemanni (Osteichthyes, Ariidae). PLoS One 2013; 8:e64864. [PMID: 23741408 PMCID: PMC3669340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the 1970s, Tavolga conducted a series of experiments in which he found behavioral evidence that the vocalizations of the catfish species Ariopsis felis may play a role in a coarse form of echolocation. Based on his findings, he postulated a similar function for the calls of closely related catfish species. Here, we describe the physical characteristics of the predominant call-type of Ariopsis seemanni. In two behavioral experiments, we further explore whether A. seemanni uses these calls for acoustic obstacle detection by testing the hypothesis that the call-emission rate of individual fish should increase when subjects are confronted with novel objects, as it is known from other vertebrate species that use pulse-type signals to actively probe the environment. Audio-video monitoring of the fish under different obstacle conditions did not reveal a systematic increase in the number of emitted calls in the presence of novel objects or in dependence on the proximity between individual fish and different objects. These negative findings in combination with our current understanding of directional hearing in fishes (which is a prerequisite for acoustic obstacle detection) make it highly unlikely that A. seemanni uses its calls for acoustic obstacle detection. We argue that the calls are more likely to play a role in intra- or interspecific communication (e.g. in school formation or predator deterrence) and present results from a preliminary Y-maze experiment that are indicative for a positive phonotaxis of A. seemanni towards the calls of conspecifics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Schmidtke
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany.
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38
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de Villiers MJ, Pirie MD, Hughes M, Möller M, Edwards TJ, Bellstedt DU. An approach to identify putative hybrids in the 'coalescent stochasticity zone', as exemplified in the African plant genus Streptocarpus (Gesneriaceae). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 198:284-300. [PMID: 23373903 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The inference of phylogenetic relationships is often complicated by differing evolutionary histories of independently-inherited markers. The causes of the resulting gene tree incongruence can be challenging to identify, often relying on coalescent simulations dependent on unverifiable assumptions. We investigated alternative techniques using the South African rosulate species of Streptocarpus as a study group. Two independent gene trees - from the nuclear ITS region and from three concatenated plastid regions (trnL-F, rpl20-rps12 and trnC-D) - displayed widespread, strongly supported incongruence. We investigated the causes by detecting genetic exchange across morphological borders using morphological optimizations and genetic exchange across species boundaries using the genealogical sorting index. Incongruence between gene trees was associated with ancestral shifts in growth form (in four species) but not in pollination syndrome, suggesting introgression limited by reproductive barriers. Genealogical sorting index calculations showed polyphyly of two additional species, while individuals of all others were significantly associated. In one case the association was stronger according to the internal transcribed spacer data than according to the plastid data, which, given the smaller effective population size of the plastid, may also indicate introgression. These approaches offer alternative ways to identify potential hybridization events where incomplete lineage sorting cannot be rejected using simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret J de Villiers
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Michael D Pirie
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Mark Hughes
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, UK
| | - Michael Möller
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, UK
| | - Trevor J Edwards
- Botany Department, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Dirk U Bellstedt
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
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Conway KW, Lujan NK, Lundberg JG, Mayden RL, Siegel DS. Microanatomy of the paired-fin pads of ostariophysan fishes (Teleostei: Ostariophysi). J Morphol 2012; 273:1127-49. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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WRIGHT JEREMYJ, BAILEY REEVEM. Systematic revision of the formerly monotypic genus Tanganikallabes (Siluriformes: Clariidae). Zool J Linn Soc 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00789.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Specialization of the sting venom and skin mucus of Cathorops spixii reveals functional diversification of the toxins. Toxicon 2012; 59:651-65. [PMID: 22381657 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 10/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cathorops spixii is the most common venomous fish on the Brazilian coast. Apart from the involvement with defense against pathogens, the possible contribution of skin mucus components to the development of injuries caused by venomous fish species has not been investigated. Thus, the present study was conducted to gain a better understanding of the peptide and protein components of fish skin mucus and the sting venom from the catfish C. spixii. Our results show that sting venom and skin mucus have distinct constituents that distinguished them like structural proteins, chaperones, ion transport, carbohydrate metabolism, oxidoreductase, cell cycle and protein binding present in sting venom and like tropomyosin 3 isoform 2 and energy metabolim proteins in skin mucus. But in a group of common 13 proteins we identified and isolated a WAP65 protein. The peptide fractions caused more harmful effects, such as venular stasis, hemorrhage and changes in the arteriolar wall diameter, and the protein fractions produced a typical inflammatory process in post-capillary venules. And finally we showed for the first time the presence WAP65 in sting venom and skin mucus of C. spixii using LC/MS/MS and also we purified this protein in the sting venom. Wap65 shows inflammatory action, working at different doses inducing an increase in the number of leukocytes rolling and adhering to the endothelium.
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42
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Tamura S, Yamakawa M, Shiomi K. Purification, characterization and cDNA cloning of two natterin-like toxins from the skin secretion of oriental catfish Plotosus lineatus. Toxicon 2011; 58:430-8. [PMID: 21840331 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The oriental catfish Plotosus lineatus is known to contain proteinaceous toxins in the skin secretion as well as in the venom gland. However, detailed properties and primary structures of the skin toxins have not been clarified. In this study, two proteinaceous toxins (toxins I and II) were purified from the skin secretion of oriental catfish by a combination of gel filtration, anion-exchange HPLC and hydroxyapatite HPLC. Toxins I and II are monomeric simple proteins with almost the same molecular mass (35 kDa for toxin I and 37 kDa for toxin II) and are distinguishable from each other in isoelectric point (6.5 for toxin I and 5.1 for toxin II). Both toxins display lethal, edema-forming and nociceptive activities, although toxin I is significantly more potent than toxin II. The primary structures of toxins I and II were elucidated by cloning experiments based on the determined partial amino acid sequences. Toxins I (317 amino acid residues) and II (315 amino acid residues) share as high as 86% sequence identity with each other and are also highly homologous (56-75% identities) with the known fish natterin-like proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Tamura
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan-4, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
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43
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Competition and phylogeny determine community structure in Müllerian co-mimics. Nature 2011; 469:84-8. [DOI: 10.1038/nature09660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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44
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EGGE JACOBJD, SIMONS ANDREWM. Evolution of venom delivery structures in madtom catfishes (Siluriformes: Ictaluridae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2010.01578.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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45
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Wright JJ. Fish Defenses, Volume 2: Pathogens, Parasites and PredatorsGiacomo Zaccone , Claude Perrière , Alicia Mathis , B. G. Kapoor . 2009. Fish Defenses, Volume 2: Pathogens, Parasites and Predators Science Publishers. Enfield, New Hampshire. ISBN: 978-1-57808-407-4. 400 p. $129.95 (hard cover). COPEIA 2010. [DOI: 10.1643/ot-10-057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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