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Magalhães RF, K S Ramos E, Bandeira LN, Ferreira JS, Werneck FP, Anciães M, Bruschi DP. Integrative species delimitation uncovers hidden diversity within the Pithecopus hypochondrialis species complex (Hylidae, Phyllomedusinae) and its phylogeography reveals Plio-Pleistocene connectivity among Neotropical savannas. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2024; 190:107959. [PMID: 37918682 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite their limited vagility and pronounced habitat heterogeneity in the tropics, many anuran species have unexpectedly extensive geographic ranges. One prominent example of this phenomenon is Pithecopus hypochondrialis, which is found in the Cerrado, Guianan savanna, and Llanos domains, as well as isolated tracts of savanna and open habitat within the Amazon Forest. The present study employs an integrative species delimitation approach to test the hypothesis that P. hypochondrialis is in fact a species complex. We also reconstruct the relationships among the lineages delimited here and other Pithecopus species. In this study, we employ Ecological Niche Modelling (ENM) and spatiotemporal phylogeographic reconstruction approaches to evaluate a multitude of scenarios of connectivity across the Neotropical savannas. We identified three divergent lineages, two of which have been described previously. The lineages were allocated to a lowland Pithecopus clade, although the relationships among these lineages are weakly supported. Both the ENM and the phylogeographic reconstruction highlight the occurrence of periods of connectivity among the Neotropical savannas over the course of the Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs. These processes extended from eastern Amazonia to the northern coast of Brazil. The findings of the present study highlight the presence of hidden diversity within P. hypochondrialis, and reinforce the need for a comprehensive taxonomic review. These findings also indicate intricate and highly dynamic patterns of connectivity across the Neotropical savannas that date back to the Pliocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael F Magalhães
- Department of Natural Sciences, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Campus Dom Bosco, Praça Dom Helvécio, 70, São João del-Rei, MG 36301-160, Brazil; Postgraduate Programme in Zoology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-010, Brazil.
| | - Elisa K S Ramos
- Faculty of Philosophy and Natural Sciences, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 30, Basel 4056, Switzerland.
| | - Lucas N Bandeira
- Postgraduate Programme in Ecology, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Avenida André Araújo, 2936, Manaus, AM 69067-375, Brazil.
| | - Johnny S Ferreira
- Postgraduate Programme in Genetics, Department of Genetics, Biological Sciences Sector, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 19071, Curitiba, PR 81531-980, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda P Werneck
- Postgraduate Programme in Ecology, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Avenida André Araújo, 2936, Manaus, AM 69067-375, Brazil; Scientific Biological Collections Program, Biodiversity Coordination, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Avenida André Araújo, 2936, Manaus, AM 69067-375, Brazil.
| | - Marina Anciães
- Postgraduate Programme in Ecology, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Avenida André Araújo, 2936, Manaus, AM 69067-375, Brazil; Scientific Biological Collections Program, Biodiversity Coordination, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Avenida André Araújo, 2936, Manaus, AM 69067-375, Brazil.
| | - Daniel P Bruschi
- Postgraduate Programme in Genetics, Department of Genetics, Biological Sciences Sector, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 19071, Curitiba, PR 81531-980, Brazil.
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Sousa PDS, Azevedo CAS, Barros MC, Fraga EC, Guedes TB. Discovering the diversity of tadpoles in the mid-north Brazil: morphological and molecular identification, and characterization of the habitat. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16640. [PMID: 38107564 PMCID: PMC10725668 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Brazil stands out for presenting the highest amphibian anuran diversity in the world. However, taxonomic studies that address characteristic of larval stage of anurans are incipient, representing only 62% of known species. We assess the species diversity of tadpoles from eastern Maranhão state, mid-northern region of Brazil based on morphological and molecular identification (i.e., 16S rRNA gene fragment), and we also provide characteristics of the habitats occupied by each species. We carried out 30 field samplings during 13 months in 16 environments along an ecotonal area, over five cities inside the limits of state of Maranhão, between the Maranhão Babaçu Forest and Cerrado ecoregions. We searched for tadpoles in a variety of water bodies, and the tadpoles that reached the developmental stage between 34 to 40 Gosner were morphologically identified. The tadpoles collected herein represent 26 species belonging to five families. The external morphology enabled the identification of 24 species, while the molecular data recognized 22 unique evolutionary units. The most represented family was Hylidae (Hylinae 11 spp., Phyllomedusinae one spp.) followed by Leptodactylidae (Leptodactylinae seven spp., Leiuperinae three spp.), Microhylidae (Gastrophryninae two spp.), and Bufonidae (two spp.). Our results show that oral morphology was the most important character for identifying tadpoles based on morphology, and the specific 16S rRNA primer was suitable for molecular identification. This study pioneers the use of both morphological and molecular data to identify tadpoles in the state of Maranhão. It also provides, for the first-time, habitat characteristic for the species. Our study reveals a high number of anuran species sampled at the larval stage in the region, identifies species that require further taxonomic and systematic attention, and extends the geographic distribution of six species, three of which represent new occurrences for the state. Our results strengthen the hypothesis that the diversity of amphibians from Maranhão is underestimated and highlight the importance of herpetological inventories in poorly sampled areas, decentralizing the knowledge of biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria Claudene Barros
- Centro de Estudos Superiores de Caxias, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Caxias, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Elmary Costa Fraga
- Centro de Estudos Superiores de Caxias, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Caxias, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Thaís B. Guedes
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Center, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Schlippe Justicia L, Fouilloux CA, Rojas B. Poison frog social behaviour under global change: potential impacts and future challenges. Acta Ethol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10211-022-00400-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe current and cascading effects of global change challenges the interactions both between animal individuals (i.e. social and sexual behaviour) and the environment they inhabit. Amphibians are an ecologically diverse class with a wide range of social and sexual behaviours, making them a compelling model to understand the potential adaptations of animals faced with the effects of human-induced rapid environmental changes (HIREC). Poison frogs (Dendrobatoidea) are a particularly interesting system, as they display diverse social behaviours that are shaped by conspecific and environmental interactions, thus offering a tractable system to investigate how closely related species may respond to the impacts of HIREC. Here, we discuss the potential impacts of global change on poison frog behaviour, and the future challenges this group may face in response to such change. We pay special attention to parental care and territoriality, which are emblematic of this clade, and consider how different species may flexibly respond and adapt to increasingly frequent and diverse anthropogenic stress. More specifically, we hypothesise that some parents may increase care (i.e. clutch attendance and distance travelled for tadpole transport) in HIREC scenarios and that species with more generalist oviposition and tadpole deposition behaviours may fare more positively than their less flexible counterparts; we predict that the latter may either face increased competition for resources limited by HIREC or will be forced to adapt and expand their natural preferences. Likewise, we hypothesise that human-driven habitat alteration will disrupt the acoustic and visual communication systems due to increased noise pollution and/or changes in the surrounding light environment. We highlight the need for more empirical research combining behavioural ecology and conservation to better predict species’ vulnerability to global change and efficiently focus conservation efforts.
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A Case of Mistaken Identity: Genetic and Anatomical Evidence Reveals the Cryptic Invasion of Xenopus tropicalis in Central Florida. J HERPETOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1670/20-083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Bueno GDP, Gatto KP, Gazolla CB, Leivas PT, Struett MM, Moura M, Bruschi DP. Cytogenetic characterization and mapping of the repetitive DNAs in Cycloramphus bolitoglossus (Werner, 1897): More clues for the chromosome evolution in the genus Cycloramphus (Anura, Cycloramphidae). PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245128. [PMID: 33439901 PMCID: PMC7806164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cycloramphus bolitoglossus (Werner, 1897) is a rare species with a low population density in the Serra do Mar region of Paraná and Santa Catarina, in southern Brazil. Currently, it has been assigned to the Near Threatened (NT) category in the Brazilian List of Endangered Animal Species. Here, we described the karyotype of this species for the first time and investigated the patterns of some repetitive DNA classes in the chromosomes using molecular cytogenetic approaches. We isolated, sequenced and mapped the 5S rDNA and the satellite DNA PcP190 of C. bolitoglossus, as well as mapped the telomeric sequences and seven microsatellites motifies [(GA)15, (CA)15, (GACA)4, (GATA)8, (CAG)10, (CGC)10, and (GAA)]10. Cycloramphus bolitoglossus has 2n = 26 chromosomes and a fundamental number (FN) equal to 52, with a highly conserved karyotype compared to other genus members. Comparative cytogenetic under the phylogenetic context of genus allowed evolutionary interpretations of the morphological changes in the homologs of pairs 1, 3, and 6 along with the evolutionary history of Cycloramphus. Two subtypes of 5S rDNA type II were isolated in C. bolitoglossus genome, and several comparative analysis suggests mixed effects of concerted and birth-and-death evolution acting in this repetitive DNA. The 5S rDNA II subtype "a" and "b" was mapped on chromosome 1. However, their different position along chromosome 1 provide an excellent chromosome marker for future studies. PcP190 satellite DNA, already reported for species of the families Hylidae, Hylodidae, Leptodactylidae, and Odontophrynidae, is scattered throughout the C. bolitoglossus genome, and even non-heterochromatic regions showed hybridization signals using the PcP190 probe. Molecular analysis suggests that PcP190 satellite DNA exhibit a high-level of homogenization of this sequence in the genome of C. bolitoglossus. The PcP190 satDNA from C. bolitoglossus represents a novel sequence group, compared to other anurans, based on its hypervariable region. Overall, the present data on repetitive DNA sequences showed pseudogenization evidence and corroborated the hypothesis of the emergence of satDNA from rDNA 5S clusters. These two arguments that reinforced the importance of the birth-and-death evolutionary model to explain 5S rDNA patterns found in anuran genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gislayne de Paula Bueno
- Departamento de Genética, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Kaleb Pretto Gatto
- Departamento de Biodiversidade e Centro de Aquicultura, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, (UNESP), Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camilla Borges Gazolla
- Departamento de Genética, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Peterson T. Leivas
- Curso de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Positivo (UP), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Michelle M. Struett
- Departamento de Zoologia, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Maurício Moura
- Departamento de Zoologia, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Daniel Pacheco Bruschi
- Departamento de Genética, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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Freitas TMB, Sales JBL, Sampaio I, Piorski NM, Weber LN. Identification of the taxonomic status of Scinax nebulosus and Scinax constrictus (Scinaxinae, Anura) based on molecular markers. BRAZ J BIOL 2020; 81:855-866. [PMID: 33111926 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.225646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The validation of many anuran species is based on a strictly descriptive, morphological analysis of a small number of specimens with a limited geographic distribution. The Scinax Wagler, 1830 genus is a controversial group with many doubtful taxa and taxonomic uncertainties, due a high number of cryptic species. One example is the pair of species Scinax constrictus and Scinax nebulosus, which share a similar morphology. Scinax constrictus is restricted to the Brazilian Cerrado savanna, while S. nebulosus is widely distributed throughout northern South America. Despite the validation of many anuran species, discriminations based only on morphological traits is quite difficult due to the high conservative morphology of some groups. In this context, the present study uses mitochondrial and nuclear genes to provide a more consistent diagnosis and test the validity of S. constrictus as a distinct species from S. nebulosus, as well as evaluate the position of these taxa within the Scinax genus. The topologies obtained herein uphold the monophyletic status of Scinax based on all molecular markers assessed in this study, in all analytical approaches, with high levels of statistical support.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M B Freitas
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão - UFMA, Departamento de Biologia, Laboratório de Ecologia e Sistemática de Peixes, Programa de Pós-graduação Bionorte, Grupo de Taxonomia, Biogeografia, Ecologia e Conservação de Peixes do Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brasil
| | - J B L Sales
- Universidade Federal do Pará - UFPA, Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade - CEABIO, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia Aquática e Pesca - PPGEAP, Grupo de Investigação Biológica Integrada - GIBI, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - I Sampaio
- Universidade Federal do Pará - UFPA, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros - IECOS, Laboratório e Filogenomica e Bioinformatica, Programa de Pós-graduação Biologia Ambiental - PPBA, Grupo de Estudos em Genética e Filogenômica, Bragança, PA, Brasil
| | - N M Piorski
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão - UFMA, Departamento de Biologia, Laboratório de Ecologia e Sistemática de Peixes, Programa de Pós-graduação Bionorte, Grupo de Taxonomia, Biogeografia, Ecologia e Conservação de Peixes do Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brasil
| | - L N Weber
- Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia - UFSB, Centro de Formação em Ciências Ambientais, Instituto Sosígenes Costa de Humanidades, Artes e Ciências, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Zoologia, Programa de Pós-graduação Bionorte, Grupo Biodiversidade da Fauna do Sul da Bahia, Porto Seguro, BA, Brasil
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Ernetti JR, Gazolla CB, Recco-Pimentel SM, Luca EM, Bruschi DP. Non-random distribution of microsatellite motifs and (TTAGGG)n repeats in the monkey frog Pithecopus rusticus (Anura, Phyllomedusidae) karyotype. Genet Mol Biol 2020; 42:e20190151. [PMID: 31968045 PMCID: PMC7198017 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2019-0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The monkey frog, Pithecopus rusticus (Anura, Phyllomedusidae) is endemic to the grasslands of the Araucarias Plateau, southern Brazil. This species is known only from a small population found at the type locality. Here, we analyzed for the first time the chromosomal organization of the repetitive sequences, including seven microsatellite repeats and telomeric sequences (TTAGGG)n in the karyotype of the species by Fluorescence in situ Hybridization. The dinucleotide motifs had a pattern of distribution clearly distinct from those of the tri- and tetranucleotides. The dinucleotide motifs are abundant and widely distributed in the chromosomes, located primarily in the subterminal regions. The tri- and tetranucleotides, by contrast, tend to be clustered, with signals being observed together in the secondary constriction of the homologs of pair 9, which are associated with the nucleolus organizer region. As expected, the (TTAGGG)n probe was hybridized in all the telomeres, with hybridization signals being detected in the interstitial regions of some chromosome pairs. We demonstrated the variation in the abundance and distribution of the different microsatellite motifs and revealed their non-random distribution in the karyotype of P. rusticus. These data contribute to understand the role of repetitive sequences in the karyotype diversification and evolution of this taxon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia R Ernetti
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Área de Ciências Exatas e Ambientais, Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó, Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Camilla B Gazolla
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Shirlei M Recco-Pimentel
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Elaine M Luca
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Área de Ciências Exatas e Ambientais, Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó, Chapecó, SC, Brazil
- Departamento de Zootecnia e Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus de Palmeira das Missões, Palmeira das Missões, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniel P Bruschi
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Gama JM, Gazolla CB, de Souza DY, Recco-Pimentel SM, Bruschi DP. Recurrent variation in the active NOR sites in the monkey frogs of the genus Pithecopus Cope, 1866 (Phyllomedusidae, Anura). COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2019; 13:325-338. [PMID: 31681462 PMCID: PMC6817578 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v13i4.37687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Treefrogs of the genus Pithecopus Cope, 1866 exhibit expressive chromosomal homogeneity which contrasts with a high variation frequency of the nucleolus organizer region (NOR) related to the group. Currently, the genus contains eleven species and no chromosomal data are available on P. palliatus Peters, 1873, P. ayeaye Lutz, 1966 and P. megacephalus Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926. Here, we describe the karyotypes of these three species based on Giemsa staining, C-banding, silver impregnation and in situ hybridization (FISH). We were also analyze the evolutionary dynamic of the NOR-bearing chromosome in species of genus under a phylogenetic view. The results indicate that P. palliatus, P. ayeaye, and P. megacephalus have similar karyotypes, which are typical of the genus Pithecopus. In P. palliatus the NOR was detected in the pericentromeric region of pair 9p whereas in P. ayeaye and P. megacephalus we report cases of the multiple NOR sites in karyotypes. In P. ayeaye the NOR was detected in the pericentromeric region of pair 9p in both homologues and additional sites was detected in pairs 3q, 4p, and 8q, all confirmed by FISH experiments. Already in P. megacephalus the NOR sites were detected in pericentromeric region homologues of pair 8q and additionally in one chromosome of pair 13q. A comparative overview of all the Pithecopus karyotypes analyzed up to now indicates the recurrence of the NOR-bearing chromosome pairs and the position of the NORs sites on these chromosomes. We hypothesized that this feature is a result of a polymorphic condition present in the common ancestor of Pithecopus. In such case, the lineages derived from polymorphic ancestor have reached fixation independently after divergence of lineages, resulting in a high level of homoplasy observed in this marker. Our findings help to fill the gaps in the understanding of the karyotype of the genus Pithecopus and reinforce the role of the evolutionary dynamics of the rDNA genes in karyotype diversification in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Moura Gama
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética (PPG-GEN). Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Setor de Biológicas, Av. Coronel Francisco H. Dos Santos, 100, 81531-980, Curitiba, PR, BrazilUniversidade Federal do ParanáCuritibaBrazil
| | - Camilla Borges Gazolla
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética (PPG-GEN). Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Setor de Biológicas, Av. Coronel Francisco H. Dos Santos, 100, 81531-980, Curitiba, PR, BrazilUniversidade Federal do ParanáCuritibaBrazil
| | - Deborah Yasmin de Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética (PPG-GEN). Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Setor de Biológicas, Av. Coronel Francisco H. Dos Santos, 100, 81531-980, Curitiba, PR, BrazilUniversidade Federal do ParanáCuritibaBrazil
| | - Shirlei Maria Recco-Pimentel
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural and Funcional, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Cidade Universitária, 13083-863, Campinas, SP, BrazilUniversidade Estadual de CampinasCampinasBrazil
| | - Daniel Pacheco Bruschi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética (PPG-GEN). Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Setor de Biológicas, Av. Coronel Francisco H. Dos Santos, 100, 81531-980, Curitiba, PR, BrazilUniversidade Federal do ParanáCuritibaBrazil
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Goldberg J, Quinzio SI, Cruz JC, Fabrezi M. Intraspecific developmental variation in the life cycle of the Andean Treefrog (Boana riojana): A temporal analysis. J Morphol 2019; 280:480-493. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Goldberg
- Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA (IBIGEO-CONICET); Salta Argentina
| | | | - Julio César Cruz
- Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA (IBIGEO-CONICET); Salta Argentina
| | - Marissa Fabrezi
- Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA (IBIGEO-CONICET); Salta Argentina
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Cryptic diversity in Brazilian endemic monkey frogs (Hylidae, Phyllomedusinae, Pithecopus) revealed by multispecies coalescent and integrative approaches. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 132:105-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Targueta CP, Guerra V, Gambale PG, Bastos RP, Silva DDME, Telles MPDC. Cytogenetics of two hylid frogs from Brazilian Cerrado. Genet Mol Biol 2018; 41:814-819. [PMID: 30508007 PMCID: PMC6415605 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2017-0382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytogenetic data can be useful for taxonomic and phylogenetic studies, as well as to provide information about chromosome evolution. Therefore, it may help design conservation priorities for some threatened species, such as anurans. Herein, we describe the karyotypes of Scinax constrictus and Ololygon centralis, native endemic species from the Brazilian Cerrado. Chromosome preparations for both species were stained with Giemsa for morphological analyses and then impregnated by the Ag-NOR method for localization of the nucleolar organizer region (NOR). Both species had 24 chromosomes, as confirmed by meiotic analyses, which showed 12 bivalents. Chromosome morphologies presented the same pattern for Scinax and Ololygon compared to species already karyotyped in both genera. The NOR was interstitially located in the long arm of pair 7 in S. constrictus, whereas in O. centralis it was found near the centromere in the long arm of pair 1, thus diverging from what is commonly found for other Ololygon species. Therefore, we provide the first description of the karyotype of O. centralis and the first report of the localization of the NOR for the karyotype of both species. Our study increases the cytogenetic knowledge in species of the genera Scinax and Ololygon, and provide support for further studies on the taxonomy, ecology, and evolution of hylid anurans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cíntia Pelegrineti Targueta
- Laboratório de Genética & Biodiversidade, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Guerra
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Priscilla Guedes Gambale
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Rogério Pereira Bastos
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Daniela de Melo e Silva
- Laboratório de Mutagênese, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Mariana Pires de Campos Telles
- Laboratório de Genética & Biodiversidade, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
- Escola de Ciências Agrárias e Biológicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
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Magalhães RFD, Rocha PC, Santos FR, Strüssmann C, Giaretta AA. Integrative taxonomy helps to assess the extinction risk of anuran species. J Nat Conserv 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Santos DL, de Morais AR, Signorelli L, Bastos RP, Feio R, Nomura F. Description of the Tadpole of Phyllomedusa azurea from the Brazilian Cerrado, with a Description of the Internal Oral Morphology of Phyllomedusa oreades. HERPETOLOGICA 2018. [DOI: 10.1655/herpetologica-d-16-00050.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danusy Lopes Santos
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Museu de Zoologia João Moojen, 36570-000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Goiás, Departamento de Ecologia, Laboratório de Herpetologia e Comportamento Animal, 74001-970, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | | | - Luciana Signorelli
- Kansas State University, Division of Biology, Laboratory for Landscape and Conservation Ecology, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Rogério Pereira Bastos
- Universidade Federal de Goiás, Departamento de Ecologia, Laboratório de Herpetologia e Comportamento Animal, 74001-970, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Renato Feio
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Museu de Zoologia João Moojen, 36570-000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Fausto Nomura
- Universidade Federal de Goiás, Departamento de Ecologia, Laboratório de Herpetologia e Comportamento Animal, 74001-970, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
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Haga IA, de Andrade FS, Bruschi DP, Recco-Pimentel SM, Giaretta AA. Unrevealing the leaf frogs Cerrado diversity: A new species of Pithecopus (Anura, Arboranae, Phyllomedusidae) from the Mato Grosso state, Brazil. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184631. [PMID: 28953911 PMCID: PMC5617161 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Neotropical frog genus Pithecopus comprises currently 10 species. A recent molecular phylogeny suggested the existence of two subclades within it, one of them including P. palliatus, P. azureus, P. hypochondrialis, and P. nordestinus (lowland species). Herein we describe a new species of this subclade from Pontal do Araguaia, in the Brazilian Cerrado in the Mato Grosso state. Recognition of the new species is supported by adult morphology, advertisement call and molecular data. The new species differs from Pithecopus highland species by its smaller head width and lack of the reticulate pattern on flanks. From lowland species, the new form differs by being significantly smaller in snout vent-length, advertisement call with the greatest number of pulses, and high genetic distance. Interestingly, we also report on occurrence of P. hypochondrialis (its sister species) at an adjacent site (about 3km). Also, we report on the occurrence of the new species in the Chapada dos Guimarães and Santa Terezinha, both also in the Mato Grosso state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Aquemi Haga
- Laboratório de Taxonomia e Sistemática de Anuros Neotropicais (LTSAN), Faculdade de Ciências Integradas do Pontal (FACIP), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Ituiutaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe Silva de Andrade
- Laboratório de Taxonomia e Sistemática de Anuros Neotropicais (LTSAN), Faculdade de Ciências Integradas do Pontal (FACIP), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Ituiutaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratório de História Natural de Anfíbios Brasileiros (LaHNAB), Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Pacheco Bruschi
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Genética, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Shirlei Maria Recco-Pimentel
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ariovaldo Antonio Giaretta
- Laboratório de Taxonomia e Sistemática de Anuros Neotropicais (LTSAN), Faculdade de Ciências Integradas do Pontal (FACIP), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Ituiutaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Correa C, Vásquez D, Castro-Carrasco C, Zúñiga-Reinoso Á, Ortiz JC, Palma RE. Species delimitation in frogs from South American temperate forests: The case of Eupsophus, a taxonomically complex genus with high phenotypic variation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181026. [PMID: 28809924 PMCID: PMC5557580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most characteristic and abundant amphibian taxa of South American temperate forests is Eupsophus. The ten currently recognized species of the genus have been divided in two species groups, roseus and vertebralis, but most of them, eight, belong to the roseus group. Recent phylogeographic and phylogenetic studies have suggested that species diversity of the roseus group could be underestimated. An examination of the literature shows that species of the roseus group exhibit high levels of variation in their external characteristics, particularly those used as diagnostic characters, which compromises their taxonomy and hinders their field recognition. High levels of variation were also observed in several new populations of the roseus group discovered in southern Chile (36°-40°S), which could not be identified to the species level by their external characteristics. On the other hand, the literature reveals a scarse karyotype differentiation and a high bioacoustic uniformity among the species of the roseus group. We performed a Bayesian phylogenetic analysis using mitochondrial and nuclear genes to reevaluate the species diversity of the roseus group, including all the nominal species of Eupsophus and new populations. This analysis was complemented with three species delimitation approaches, General Mixed Yule Coalescent, multi-rate Poisson Tree Process and Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery. We favored a conservative delimitation of only four species for the roseus group, a result more consistent with the distribution of pairwise genetic distances, and the available chromosome and bioacoustic evidence. The four recognized lineages, which have nearly completely allopatric distributions, are named after the earliest nominal species that they include, but because high levels of phenotypic variation, they are not diagnosable by consistent differences in external morphology. We discuss the implications of this new proposal for the taxonomy and conservation of the genus, and the possible causes of the difficulty to estimate its species diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Correa
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario S/N, Concepción, Chile
| | - Dayana Vásquez
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camila Castro-Carrasco
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario S/N, Concepción, Chile
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad San Sebastián, Lientur 1457, Concepción, Chile
| | - Álvaro Zúñiga-Reinoso
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Carlos Ortiz
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario S/N, Concepción, Chile
| | - R. Eduardo Palma
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile
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Manzano AS, Herrel A, Fabre AC, Abdala V. Variation in brain anatomy in frogs and its possible bearing on their locomotor ecology. J Anat 2017; 231:38-58. [PMID: 28429369 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the long-standing interest in the evolution of the brain, relatively little is known about variation in brain anatomy in frogs. Yet, frogs are ecologically diverse and, as such, variation in brain anatomy linked to differences in lifestyle or locomotor behavior can be expected. Here we present a comparative morphological study focusing on the macro- and micro-anatomy of the six regions of the brain and its choroid plexus: the olfactory bulbs, the telencephalon, the diencephalon, the mesencephalon, the rhombencephalon, and the cerebellum. We also report on the comparative anatomy of the plexus brachialis responsible for the innervation of the forelimbs. It is commonly thought that amphibians have a simplified brain organization, associated with their supposedly limited behavioral complexity and reduced motor skills. We compare frogs with different ecologies that also use their limbs in different contexts and for other functions. Our results show that brain morphology is more complex and more variable than typically assumed. Moreover, variation in brain morphology among species appears related to locomotor behavior as suggested by our quantitative analyses. Thus we propose that brain morphology may be related to the locomotor mode, at least in the frogs included in our analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony Herrel
- Département d'Ecologie et de Gestion de la Biodiversité, UMR 7179 C.N.R.S/M.N.H.N., Paris Cedex, France
| | - Anne-Claire Fabre
- Département d'Ecologie et de Gestion de la Biodiversité, UMR 7179 C.N.R.S/M.N.H.N., Paris Cedex, France
| | - Virginia Abdala
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, UNT-Horco Molle, Instituto de Biología Neotropical-CONICET, Tucumán, Argentina
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Brunes TO, Alexandrino J, Baêta D, Zina J, Haddad CF, Sequeira F. Species limits, phylogeographic and hybridization patterns in Neotropical leaf frogs (Phyllomedusinae). ZOOL SCR 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tuliana O. Brunes
- Departamento de Biologia; Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto; 4169-007 Porto Portugal
- CIBIO/InBIO; Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos; Laboratório Associado; Universidade do Porto; Campus Agrário de Vairão 4485-661 Vairão Portugal
| | - João Alexandrino
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de São Paulo; 09972-270 Diadema Brasil
| | - Délio Baêta
- Departamento de Zoologia; Instituto de Biociências; Universidade Estadual Paulista; 13506-900 Rio Claro São Paulo Brasil
- Museu Nacional; Departamento de Vertebrados; Setor de Herpetologia; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; 20940-040 Rio de Janeiro Brasil
| | - Juliana Zina
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia; 45206-190 Jequié Bahia Brasil
| | - Célio F.B. Haddad
- Departamento de Zoologia; Instituto de Biociências; Universidade Estadual Paulista; 13506-900 Rio Claro São Paulo Brasil
| | - Fernando Sequeira
- CIBIO/InBIO; Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos; Laboratório Associado; Universidade do Porto; Campus Agrário de Vairão 4485-661 Vairão Portugal
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Bruschi DP, Lucas EM, Garcia PCA, Recco-Pimentel SM. Molecular and morphological evidence reveals a new species in the Phyllomedusa hypochondrialis group (Hylidae, Phyllomedusinae) from the Atlantic Forest of the highlands of southern Brazil. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105608. [PMID: 25141279 PMCID: PMC4139387 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The taxonomic status of a disjunctive population of Phyllomedusa from southern Brazil was diagnosed using molecular, chromosomal, and morphological approaches, which resulted in the recognition of a new species of the P. hypochondrialis group. Here, we describe P. rustica sp. n. from the Atlantic Forest biome, found in natural highland grassland formations on a plateau in the south of Brazil. Phylogenetic inferences placed P. rustica sp. n. in a subclade that includes P. rhodei + all the highland species of the clade. Chromosomal morphology is conservative, supporting the inference of homologies among the karyotypes of the species of this genus. Phyllomedusa rustica is apparently restricted to its type-locality, and we discuss the potential impact on the strategies applied to the conservation of the natural grassland formations found within the Brazilian Atlantic Forest biome in southern Brazil. We suggest that conservation strategies should be modified to guarantee the preservation of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P. Bruschi
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elaine M. Lucas
- Área de Ciências Exatas e Ambientais/Mestrado em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó - UNOCHAPECÓ, Chapecó, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Paulo C. A. Garcia
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Shirlei M. Recco-Pimentel
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Bruschi DP, Rivera M, Lima AP, Zúñiga AB, Recco-Pimentel SM. Interstitial Telomeric Sequences (ITS) and major rDNA mapping reveal insights into the karyotypical evolution of Neotropical leaf frogs species (Phyllomedusa, Hylidae, Anura). Mol Cytogenet 2014; 7:22. [PMID: 24602295 PMCID: PMC3975639 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8166-7-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The combination of classical cytogenetics with molecular techniques represents a powerful approach for the comparative analysis of the genome, providing data for the systematic identification of chromosomal homologies among species and insights into patterns of chromosomal evolution within phylogenetically related groups. Here, we present cytogenetic data on four species of Neotropical treefrogs of the genus Phyllomedusa (P. vaillantii, P. tarsius, P. distincta, and P. bahiana), collected in Brazil and Ecuador, with the aim of contributing to the understanding of the chromosomal diversification of this genus. RESULTS With the exception of P. tarsius, which presented three telocentric pairs, all the species analyzed had conservative karyotypic features. Heterochromatic patterns in the genomes of these species revealed by C-banding and fluorochrome staining indicated the presence of a large number of non-centromeric blocks. Using the Ag-NOR method and FISH with an rDNA 28S probe, we detected NOR in the pericentromeric region of the short arm of pair 7 in P. vaillantii, pair 1 in P. tarsius, chromosomes 1 and 9 in P. distincta, and in chromosome 9 in P. bahiana, in addition to the presence of NOR in one homologue of chromosome pair 10 in some individuals of this species. As expected, the telomeric probe detected the terminal regions of the chromosomes of these four species, although it also detected Interstitial Telomeric Sequences (ITS) in some chromosomes of the P. vaillantii, P. distincta and P. bahiana karyotypes. CONCLUSION A number of conservative chromosomal structures permitted the recognition of karyotypic homologies. The data indicate that the presence of a NOR-bearing chromosome in pair 9 is the plesiomorphic condition in the P. burmeisteri group. The interspecific and intraspecific variation in the number and location of rDNA sites reflects the rapid rate of evolution of this character in Phyllomedusa. The ITS detected in this study does not appear to be a remnant of structural chromosome rearrangements. Telomeric repeats were frequently found in association with heterochromatin regions, primarily in the centromeres, which suggests that (TTAGGG)n repeats might be an important component of this heterochromatin. We propose that the ITSs originated independently during the chromosomal evolution of these species and may provide important insights into the role of these repeats in vertebrate karyotype diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pacheco Bruschi
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-863 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Miryan Rivera
- Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontifícia Universidad Católica Del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | - Ailín Blasco Zúñiga
- Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontifícia Universidad Católica Del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Shirlei Maria Recco-Pimentel
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-863 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Cytogenetic analysis of Phyllomedusa distincta Lutz, 1950 (2n = 2x = 26), P. tetraploidea Pombal and Haddad, 1992 (2n = 4x = 52), and their natural triploid hybrids (2n = 3x = 39) (Anura, Hylidae, Phyllomedusinae). BMC Genet 2013; 14:75. [PMID: 24001221 PMCID: PMC3766241 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-14-75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Natural polyploidy has played an important role during the speciation and evolution of vertebrates, including anurans, with more than 55 described cases. The species of the Phyllomedusa burmeisteri group are mostly characterized by having 26 chromosomes, but a karyotype with 52 chromosomes was described in P. tetraploidea. This species was found in sintopy with P. distincta in two localities of São Paulo State (Brazil), where triploid animals also occur, as consequence of natural hybridisation. We analyse the chromosomes of P. distincta, P. tetraploidea, and their triploid hybrids, to enlighten the origin of polyploidy and to obtain some evidence on diploidisation of tetraploid karyotype. Results Phyllomedusa distincta was 2n = 2x = 26, whereas P. tetraploidea was 2n = 4x = 52, and the hybrid individuals was 2n = 3x = 39. In meiotic phases, bivalents were observed in the diploid males, whereas both bivalents and tetravalents were observed in the tetraploid males. Univalents, bivalents or trivalents; metaphase II cells carrying variable number of chromosomes; and spermatids were detected in the testis preparations of the triploid males, indicating that the triploids were not completely sterile. In natural and experimental conditions, the triploids cross with the parental species, producing abnormal egg clutches and tadpoles with malformations. The embryos and tadpoles exhibited intraindividual karyotype variability and all of the metaphases contained abnormal constitutions. Multiple NORs, detected by Ag-impregnation and FISH with an rDNA probe, were observed on chromosome 1 in the three karyotypic forms; and, additionally, on chromosome 9 in the diploids, mostly on chromosome 8 in the tetraploids, and on both chromosome 8 and 9 in the triploids. Nevertheless, NOR-bearing chromosome 9 was detected in the tetraploids, and chromosome 9 carried active or inactive NORs in the triploids. C-banding, base-specific fluorochrome stainings with CMA3 and DAPI, FISH with a telomeric probe, and BrdU incorporation in DNA showed nearly equivalent patterns in the karyotypes of P. distincta, P. tetraploidea, and the triploid hybrids. Conclusions All the used cytogenetic techniques have provided strong evidence that the process of diploidisation, an essential step for stabilising the selective advantages produced by polyploidisation, is under way in distinct quartets of the tetraploid karyotype.
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