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Bohuslavova R, Fabriciova V, Smolik O, Lebrón-Mora L, Abaffy P, Benesova S, Zucha D, Valihrach L, Berkova Z, Saudek F, Pavlinkova G. NEUROD1 reinforces endocrine cell fate acquisition in pancreatic development. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5554. [PMID: 37689751 PMCID: PMC10492842 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41306-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
NEUROD1 is a transcription factor that helps maintain a mature phenotype of pancreatic β cells. Disruption of Neurod1 during pancreatic development causes severe neonatal diabetes; however, the exact role of NEUROD1 in the differentiation programs of endocrine cells is unknown. Here, we report a crucial role of the NEUROD1 regulatory network in endocrine lineage commitment and differentiation. Mechanistically, transcriptome and chromatin landscape analyses demonstrate that Neurod1 inactivation triggers a downregulation of endocrine differentiation transcription factors and upregulation of non-endocrine genes within the Neurod1-deficient endocrine cell population, disturbing endocrine identity acquisition. Neurod1 deficiency altered the H3K27me3 histone modification pattern in promoter regions of differentially expressed genes, which resulted in gene regulatory network changes in the differentiation pathway of endocrine cells, compromising endocrine cell potential, differentiation, and functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana Bohuslavova
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenetics, Institute of Biotechnology CAS, 25250, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Valeria Fabriciova
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenetics, Institute of Biotechnology CAS, 25250, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Ondrej Smolik
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenetics, Institute of Biotechnology CAS, 25250, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Laura Lebrón-Mora
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenetics, Institute of Biotechnology CAS, 25250, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Pavel Abaffy
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology CAS, 25250, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Sarka Benesova
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology CAS, 25250, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Daniel Zucha
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology CAS, 25250, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Lukas Valihrach
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology CAS, 25250, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Zuzana Berkova
- Diabetes Centre, Experimental Medicine Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 14021, Prague, Czechia
| | - Frantisek Saudek
- Diabetes Centre, Experimental Medicine Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 14021, Prague, Czechia
| | - Gabriela Pavlinkova
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenetics, Institute of Biotechnology CAS, 25250, Vestec, Czechia.
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Chen L, Liao X, Jiang X, Yan J, Liang J, Hongwei L. Identification of Metastasis-Associated Genes in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma Based on Bioinformatics Analysis and Experimental Validation. Adv Ther 2022; 39:4594-4612. [PMID: 35947350 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-022-02276-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is a global malignant tumor with a high degree of malignancy. Once metastasis occurs, it will lead to poor prognosis and even death. This study attempts to find out the central genes closely related to cSCC metastasis, so as to clarify the molecular regulatory mechanism of cSCC metastasis and open up new ideas for clinical treatment. METHODS Firstly, cSCC data set GSE98767 was used to establish a tumor metastasis model via clustering analysis. The key module and hub genes associated with cSCC metastasis were analyzed by weighted gene co-expression analysis (WGCNA). Next, the prognostic functions of hub genes were identified by functional and pathway enrichment analysis, pan-cancer analysis, and receiver operating characteristic-area under the curve (ROC-AUC) validation. Finally, the key genes were verified by clinical sample detection and biological in vitro test. RESULTS A total of 19 hub genes related to cSCC metastasis were identified. They were highly expressed in cSCC metastatic tissues and were mainly enriched in cellular material and energy metabolism pathways. Overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) results from pan-cancer analysis showed that eight and six highly expressed genes, respectively, with PAPSS2 and SCG5 had highly reliable ROC-AUC validation values and were poor prognostic factors. Clinical and biological tests also confirmed the upregulation of PAPSS2 and SCG5 in cSCC. Deletion of PAPSS2 and SCG5 resulted in decreased viability, migration, and invasion of A-431 cells. CONCLUSION PAPSS2 and SCG5 may be important factors for cSCC metastasis, and they are involved in the regulation of cSCC cell viability, migration, and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Chen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China.,Department of Burns and Plastic, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Liao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Jiang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxin Yan
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaji Liang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Liu Hongwei
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China.
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Jo Y, Yeo MK, Dao T, Kwon J, Yi H, Ryu D. Machine learning-featured Secretogranin V is a circulating diagnostic biomarker for pancreatic adenocarcinomas associated with adipopenia. Front Oncol 2022; 12:942774. [PMID: 36059698 PMCID: PMC9428794 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.942774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreatic cancer is one of the most fatal malignancies of the gastrointestinal cancer, with a challenging early diagnosis due to lack of distinctive symptoms and specific biomarkers. The exact etiology of pancreatic cancer is unknown, making the development of reliable biomarkers difficult. The accumulation of patient-derived omics data along with technological advances in artificial intelligence is giving way to a new era in the discovery of suitable biomarkers. Methods We performed machine learning (ML)-based modeling using four independent transcriptomic datasets, including GSE16515, GSE62165, GSE71729, and the pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAC) dataset of the Cancer Genome Atlas. To find candidates for circulating biomarkers, we exported expression profiles of 1,703 genes encoding secretory proteins. Integrating three transcriptomic datasets into either a training or test set, ML-based modeling distinguishing PAC from normal was carried out. Another ML-model classifying long-lived and short-lived patients with PAC was also built to select prognosis-associated features. Finally, circulating level of SCG5 in the plasma was determined from the independent cohort (non-tumor = 25 and pancreatic cancer = 25). We also investigated the impact of SCG5 on adipocyte biology using recombinant protein. Results Three distinctive ML-classifiers selected 29-, 64- and 18-featured genes, recognizing the only common gene, SCG5. As per the prediction of ML-models, the SCG5 transcripts was significantly reduced in PAC and decreased further with the progression of the tumor, indicating its potential as a diagnostic as well as prognostic marker for PAC. External validation of SCG5 using plasma samples from patients with PAC confirmed that SCG5 was reduced significantly in patients with PAC when compared to controls. Interestingly, plasma SCG5 levels were correlated with the body mass index and age of donors, implying pancreas-originated SCG5 could regulate energy metabolism systemically. Additionally, analyses using publicly available Genotype-Tissue Expression datasets, including adipose tissue histology and pancreatic SCG5 expression, further validated the association between pancreatic SCG5 expression and the size of subcutaneous adipocytes in humans. However, we could not observe any definite effect of rSCG5 on the cultured adipocyte, in 2D in vitro culture. Conclusion Circulating SCG5, which may be associated with adipopenia, is a promising diagnostic biomarker for PAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunju Jo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Min-Kyung Yeo
- Department of Pathology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Tam Dao
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jeongho Kwon
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hyon‐Seung Yi
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Immune System, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Hyon‐Seung Yi, ; Dongryeol Ryu,
| | - Dongryeol Ryu
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Hyon‐Seung Yi, ; Dongryeol Ryu,
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Karunakaran S, Clee SM. Genetics of metabolic syndrome: potential clues from wild-derived inbred mouse strains. Physiol Genomics 2018; 50:35-51. [DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00059.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a complex constellation of metabolic abnormalities including obesity, abnormal glucose metabolism, dyslipidemia, and elevated blood pressure that together substantially increase risk for cardiovascular disease and Type 2 diabetes. Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of MetS, but this process is still far from understood. Human studies have revealed only part of the underlying basis. Studies in mice offer many strengths that can complement human studies to help elucidate the etiology and pathophysiology of MetS. Here we review the ways mice can contribute to MetS research. In particular, we focus on the information that can be obtained from studies of the inbred strains, with specific focus on the phenotypes of the wild-derived inbred strains. These are newly derived inbred strains that were created from wild-caught mice. They contain substantial genetic variation that is not present in the classical inbred strains, have phenotypes of relevance for MetS, and various mouse strain resources have been created to facilitate the mining of this new genetic variation. Thus studies using wild-derived inbred strains hold great promise for increasing our understanding of MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subashini Karunakaran
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Susanne M. Clee
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Ahmad Z, Rafeeq M, Collombat P, Mansouri A. Pax6 Inactivation in the Adult Pancreas Reveals Ghrelin as Endocrine Cell Maturation Marker. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144597. [PMID: 26658466 PMCID: PMC4676685 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Pax6 is an important regulator of development and cell differentiation in various organs. Thus, Pax6 was shown to promote neural development in the cerebral cortex and spinal cord, and to control pancreatic endocrine cell genesis. However, the role of Pax6 in distinct endocrine cells of the adult pancreas has not been addressed. We report the conditional inactivation of Pax6 in insulin and glucagon producing cells of the adult mouse pancreas. In the absence of Pax6, beta- and alpha-cells lose their molecular maturation characteristics. Our findings provide strong evidence that Pax6 is responsible for the maturation of beta-, and alpha-cells, but not of delta-, and PP-cells. Moreover, lineage-tracing experiments demonstrate that Pax6-deficient beta- and alpha-cells are shunted towards ghrelin marked cells, sustaining the idea that ghrelin may represent a marker for endocrine cell maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeeshan Ahmad
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, RG Molecular Cell Differentiation, Goettingen, Germany
- * E-mail: (AM); (ZA)
| | - Maria Rafeeq
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, RG Molecular Cell Differentiation, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Patrick Collombat
- Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
- Inserm U1091, IBV, Diabetes Genetics Team, Nice, France
- JDRF, New York, NY, United States of America
- Genome and Stem Cell Center, GENKOK, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ahmed Mansouri
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, RG Molecular Cell Differentiation, Goettingen, Germany
- JDRF, New York, NY, United States of America
- University of Goettingen, Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Goettingen, Germany
- * E-mail: (AM); (ZA)
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Cao-Lei L, Massart R, Suderman MJ, Machnes Z, Elgbeili G, Laplante DP, Szyf M, King S. DNA methylation signatures triggered by prenatal maternal stress exposure to a natural disaster: Project Ice Storm. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107653. [PMID: 25238154 PMCID: PMC4169571 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal maternal stress (PNMS) predicts a wide variety of behavioral and physical outcomes in the offspring. Although epigenetic processes may be responsible for PNMS effects, human research is hampered by the lack of experimental methods that parallel controlled animal studies. Disasters, however, provide natural experiments that can provide models of prenatal stress. METHODS Five months after the 1998 Quebec ice storm we recruited women who had been pregnant during the disaster and assessed their degrees of objective hardship and subjective distress. Thirteen years later, we investigated DNA methylation profiling in T cells obtained from 36 of the children, and compared selected results with those from saliva samples obtained from the same children at age 8. RESULTS Prenatal maternal objective hardship was correlated with DNA methylation levels in 1675 CGs affiliated with 957 genes predominantly related to immune function; maternal subjective distress was uncorrelated. DNA methylation changes in SCG5 and LTA, both highly correlated with maternal objective stress, were comparable in T cells, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and saliva cells. CONCLUSIONS These data provide first evidence in humans supporting the conclusion that PNMS results in a lasting, broad, and functionally organized DNA methylation signature in several tissues in offspring. By using a natural disaster model, we can infer that the epigenetic effects found in Project Ice Storm are due to objective levels of hardship experienced by the pregnant woman rather than to her level of sustained distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cao-Lei
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University and Psychosocial Research Division, Douglas Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Renaud Massart
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Matthew J. Suderman
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Sackler Program for Epigenetics and Developmental Psychobiology and McGill Centre for Bioinformatics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ziv Machnes
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guillaume Elgbeili
- Psychosocial Research Division, Douglas Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - David P. Laplante
- Psychosocial Research Division, Douglas Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Moshe Szyf
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Sackler Program for Epigenetics and Developmental Psychobiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Suzanne King
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University and Psychosocial Research Division, Douglas Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Yuan B, Feng JQ, Bowman S, Liu Y, Blank RD, Lindberg I, Drezner MK. Hexa-D-arginine treatment increases 7B2•PC2 activity in hyp-mouse osteoblasts and rescues the HYP phenotype. J Bone Miner Res 2013; 28:56-72. [PMID: 22886699 PMCID: PMC3523095 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Inactivating mutations of the "phosphate regulating gene with homologies to endopeptidases on the X chromosome" (PHEX/Phex) underlie disease in patients with X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) and the hyp-mouse, a murine homologue of the human disorder. Although increased serum fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) underlies the HYP phenotype, the mechanism(s) by which PHEX mutations inhibit FGF-23 degradation and/or enhance production remains unknown. Here we show that treatment of wild-type mice with the proprotein convertase (PC) inhibitor, decanoyl-Arg-Val-Lys-Arg-chloromethyl ketone (Dec), increases serum FGF-23 and produces the HYP phenotype. Because PC2 is uniquely colocalized with PHEX in osteoblasts/bone, we examined if PC2 regulates PHEX-dependent FGF-23 cleavage and production. Transfection of murine osteoblasts with PC2 and its chaperone protein 7B2 cleaved FGF-23, whereas Signe1 (7B2) RNA interference (RNAi) transfection, which limited 7B2 protein production, decreased FGF-23 degradation and increased Fgf-23 mRNA and protein. The mechanism by which decreased 7B2•PC2 activity influences Fgf-23 mRNA was linked to reduced conversion of the precursor to bone morphogenetic protein 1 (proBMP1) to active BMP1, which resulted in limited cleavage of dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein 1 (DMP1), and consequent increased Fgf-23 mRNA. The significance of decreased 7B2•PC2 activity in XLH was confirmed by studies of hyp-mouse bone, which revealed significantly decreased Sgne1 (7B2) mRNA and 7B2 protein, and limited cleavage of proPC2 to active PC2. The expected downstream effects of these changes included decreased FGF-23 cleavage and increased FGF-23 synthesis, secondary to decreased BMP1-mediated degradation of DMP1. Subsequent Hexa-D-Arginine treatment of hyp-mice enhanced bone 7B2•PC2 activity, normalized FGF-23 degradation and production, and rescued the HYP phenotype. These data suggest that decreased PHEX-dependent 7B2•PC2 activity is central to the pathogenesis of XLH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baozhi Yuan
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison and Geriatric Research and Education Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53792
| | - Jian Q. Feng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Dallas, TX 75246
| | - Stephen Bowman
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison and Geriatric Research and Education Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53792
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Dallas, TX 75246
| | - Robert D. Blank
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison and Geriatric Research and Education Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53792
| | - Iris Lindberg
- Dept. of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Marc K. Drezner
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison and Geriatric Research and Education Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53792
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Helwig M, Lee SN, Hwang JR, Ozawa A, Medrano JF, Lindberg I. Dynamic modulation of prohormone convertase 2 (PC2)-mediated precursor processing by 7B2 protein: preferential effect on glucagon synthesis. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:42504-42513. [PMID: 22013069 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.281980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The small neuroendocrine protein 7B2 is required for the production of active prohormone convertase 2 (PC2), an enzyme involved in the synthesis of peptide hormones, such as glucagon and proopiomelanocortin-derived α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. However, whether 7B2 can dynamically modulate peptide production through regulation of PC2 activity remains unclear. Infection of the pancreatic alpha cell line α-TC6 with 7B2-encoding adenovirus efficiently increased production of glucagon, whereas siRNA-mediated knockdown of 7B2 significantly decreased stored glucagon. Furthermore, rescue of 7B2 expression in primary pituitary cultures prepared from 7B2 null mice restored melanocyte-stimulating hormone production, substantiating the role of 7B2 as a regulatory factor in peptide biosynthesis. In anterior pituitary and pancreatic beta cell lines, however, overexpression of 7B2 affected neither production nor secretion of peptides despite increased release of active PC2. In direct contrast, 7B2 overexpression decreased the secretion and increased the activity of PC2 within α-TC6 cells; the increased intracellular concentration of active PC2 within these cells may therefore account for the enhanced production of glucagon. In line with these findings, we found elevated circulating glucagon levels in 7B2-overexpressing cast/cast mice in vivo. Surprisingly, when proopiomelanocortin and proglucagon were co-expressed in either pituitary or pancreatic alpha cell lines, proglucagon processing was preferentially decreased when 7B2 was knocked down. Taken together, these results suggest that proglucagon cleavage has a greater dependence on PC2 activity than other precursors and moreover that 7B2-dependent routing of PC2 to secretory granules is cell line-specific. The manipulation of 7B2 could therefore represent an effective way to selectively regulate synthesis of certain PC2-dependent peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Helwig
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Sang-Nam Lee
- Research Center for Natural Human Defense System, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | - Jae Ryoung Hwang
- Molecular Therapy Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 135-710, Korea
| | - Akihiko Ozawa
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Juan F Medrano
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California 95616-8521
| | - Iris Lindberg
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201.
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Genetic deficiency for proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 2 in mice is associated with decreased adiposity and protection from dietary fat-induced body weight gain. Int J Obes (Lond) 2010; 34:1599-607. [PMID: 20498660 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2010.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proprotein convertase subtilisin/xexin type 2 (PCSK2) is an endoproteinase responsible for proteolytic activation of a number of precursors to active neuropeptides and peptide hormones, known to influence glucose homeostasis, food intake and ultimately body mass. In this study, we examined the consequences of PCSK2 deficiency on these phenotypic traits. STUDY DESIGN Weight gain with age under diets of different fat contents was monitored. White adipose tissue (WAT) and muscle masses were evaluated. Plasma levels of triglycerides, leptin, ghrelin, insulin and proglucagon-derived peptides were measured as well as leptin and acetyl coenzyme-α carboxylase (ACCα) mRNA levels in adipose tissue. RESULTS Compared with their Pcsk2 (+/+) littermates, Pcsk2 (-/-) mice weighed significantly less as weanlings and as adults. As adults, they carried noticeably less fat mass, with similar lean muscle mass: their plasma leptin level and adipose tissue leptin mRNA level were accordingly lower. PCSK2 deficiency did not affect food intake or the level of the orexigenic hormone ghrelin. However, PCSK2 deficiency resulted in decreased plasma triglycerides and reduced ACCα mRNA levels in WAT. Interestingly, unlike their Pcsk2 (+/+) littermates, Pcsk2 (-/-) were resistant to enhanced body weight gain when fed a high-fat diet. Consistent with a role of PCSK2 in body mass gain, diet-induced or genetically obese mice were found to contain significantly higher levels of PCSK2 mRNA in their brain and stomach than their lean counterparts. CONCLUSION Collectively, these results suggest that PCSK2 contributes to increase in body mass through the various regulatory peptides generated through its action. It represents a potential target in the prevention and treatment of obesity.
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Perroud B, Alvarado RJ, Espinal GM, Morado AR, Phinney BS, Warden CH. In vivo multiplex quantitative analysis of 3 forms of alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone in pituitary of prolyl endopeptidase deficient mice. Mol Brain 2009; 2:14. [PMID: 19490636 PMCID: PMC2698928 DOI: 10.1186/1756-6606-2-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In vitro reactions are useful to identify putative enzyme substrates, but in vivo validation is required to identify actual enzyme substrates that have biological meaning. To investigate in vivo effects of prolyl endopeptidase (PREP), a serine protease, on alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH), we developed a new mass spectrometry based technique to quantitate, in multiplex, the various forms of α-MSH. Methods Using Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM), we analyzed peptide transitions to quantify three different forms of α-MSH. Transitions were first confirmed using standard peptides. Samples were then analyzed by mass spectrometry using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, after elution from a reverse phase C18 column by a gradient of acetonitrile. Results We first demonstrate in vitro that PREP digests biological active alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH1–13), by cleaving the terminal amidated valine and releasing a truncated alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH1–12) product – the 12 residues α-MSH form. We then use the technique in vivo to analyze the MRM transitions of the three different forms of α-MSH: the deacetylated α-MSH1–13, the acetylated α-MSH1–13 and the truncated form α-MSH1–12. For this experiment, we used a mouse model (PREP-GT) in which the serine protease, prolyl endopeptidase, is deficient due to a genetrap insertion. Here we report that the ratio between acetylated α-MSH1–13 and α-MSH1–12 is significantly increased (P-value = 0.015, N = 6) in the pituitaries of PREP-GT mice when compared to wild type littermates. In addition no significant changes were revealed in the relative level of α-MSH1–13 versus the deacetylated α-MSH1–13. These results combined with the demonstration that PREP digests α-MSH1–13 in vitro, strongly suggest that α-MSH1–13 is an in vivo substrate of PREP. Conclusion The multiplex targeted quantitative peptidomics technique we present in this study will be decidedly useful to monitor several neuropeptide enzymatic reactions in vivo under varying conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Perroud
- Genome Center and Bioinformatics Program, University of California, Davis, California, USA.
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Casellas J, Farber CR, Gularte RJ, Haus KA, Warden CH, Medrano JF. Evidence of maternal QTL affecting growth and obesity in adult mice. Mamm Genome 2009; 20:269-80. [PMID: 19399551 PMCID: PMC2690847 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-009-9182-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2009] [Accepted: 03/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Most quantitative trait loci (QTL) studies fail to account for the effect that the maternal genotype may have on an individual's phenotypes, even though maternal effect QTL have been shown to account for considerable variation in growth and obesity traits in mouse models. Moreover, the fetal programming theory suggests that maternal effects influence an offspring's adult fitness, although the genetic nature of fetal programming remains unclear. Within this context, our study focused on mapping genomic regions associated with maternal effect QTL by analyzing the phenotypes of chromosomes 2 and 7 subcongenic mice from genetically distinct dams. We analyzed 12 chromosome 2 subcongenic strains that spanned from 70 to 180 Mb with CAST/EiJ donor regions on the background of C57BL/6 J, and 14 chromosome 7 subcongenic strains that spanned from 81 to 111 Mb with BALB/cByJ donor regions on C57BL/6ByJ background. Maternal QTL analyses were performed on the basis of overlapping donor regions between subcongenic strains. We identified several highly significant (P < 5 x 10(-4)) maternal QTL influencing total body weight, organ weight, and fat pad weights in both sets of subcongenics. These QTL accounted for 1.9-11.7% of the phenotypic variance for growth and obesity and greatly narrowed the genomic regions associated with the maternal genetic effects. These maternal effect QTL controlled phenotypic traits in adult mice, suggesting that maternal influences at early stages of development may permanently affect offspring performance. Identification of maternal effects in our survey of two sets of subcongenic strains, representing approximately 5% of the mouse genome, supports the hypothesis that maternal effects represent significant sources of genetic variation that are largely ignored in genetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles R. Farber
- Department of Animal Science, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616-8521 USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 800717, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA
| | - Rodrigo J. Gularte
- Department of Animal Science, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616-8521 USA
| | - Kari A. Haus
- Department of Pediatrics and Section of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616-8521 USA
| | - Craig H. Warden
- Department of Pediatrics and Section of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616-8521 USA
| | - Juan F. Medrano
- Department of Animal Science, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616-8521 USA
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