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Sakamoto N, Sekino Y, Fukada K, Pham QT, Honma R, Taniyama D, Ukai S, Takashima T, Hattori T, Naka K, Tanabe K, Ohdan H, Yasui W. Uc.63+ contributes to gastric cancer progression through regulation of NF-kB signaling. Gastric Cancer 2020; 23:863-873. [PMID: 32323025 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-020-01070-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transcribed ultraconserved regions (T-UCRs) are a novel class of long non-coding RNAs and are involved in the development of several types of cancer. Although several different papers have described the oncogenic role of Uc.63+, there are no reports mentioning its importance in gastric cancer (GC) biology. METHODS In this study, we evaluated Uc.63+ expression using clinical samples of GC by qRT-PCR, and also assessed the correlation between Uc.63+ expression and clinico-pathological factors. RESULTS The upregulation of Uc.63+ was significantly correlated with advanced clinico-pathological features. Knockdown of Uc.63+ significantly repressed GC cell growth and migration, whereas overexpression of Uc.63+ conversely promoted those of GC cells. In situ hybridization of Uc.63+ revealed its preferential expression in poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. We further conducted a microarray analysis using MKN-1 cells overexpressing Uc.63- and found that NF-κB signaling was significantly upregulated in accordance with Uc.63+ expression. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that Uc.63+ could be involved in GC progression by regulating GC cell growth and migration via NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Sakamoto
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Yohei Sekino
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Kaho Fukada
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Quoc Thang Pham
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Ririno Honma
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Daiki Taniyama
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Shoichi Ukai
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Takashima
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Takuya Hattori
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Naka
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Tanabe
- Department of Health Care for Adults, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hideki Ohdan
- Department of Health Care for Adults, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological and Transplant Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Wataru Yasui
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan.
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Stigliani S, Moretti S, Casciano I, Canepa P, Remorgida V, Anserini P, Scaruffi P. Presence of aggregates of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in MII oocytes affects oocyte competence: molecular-based evidence. Mol Hum Reprod 2019; 24:310-317. [PMID: 29635518 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gay018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Does the presence of aggregates of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SERa) impact the transcriptome of human metaphase II (MII) oocytes?. SUMMARY ANSWER The presence of SERa alters the molecular status of human metaphase II oocytes. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Oocytes presenting SERa are considered dysmorphic. Oocytes with SERa (SERa+) have been associated with reduced embryological outcome and increased risk of congenital anomalies, although some authors have reported that SERa+ oocytes can lead to healthy newborns. The question of whether or not SERa+ oocytes should be discarded is still open for debate, and no experimental information about the effect of the presence of SERa on the oocyte molecular status is available. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This study included 28 women, aged <38 years, without any ovarian pathology, and undergoing IVF treatment. Supernumerary MII oocytes with no sign of morphological alterations as well as SERa+ oocytes were donated after written informed consent. A total of 31 oocytes without SERa (SERa-) and 24 SERa+ oocytes were analyzed. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Pools of 8-10 oocytes for both group were prepared. Total RNA was extracted from each pool, amplified, labeled and hybridized on oligonucleotide microarrays. Analyses were performed by R software using the limma package. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE The expression profiles of SERa+ oocytes significantly differed from those of SERa- oocytes in 488 probe sets corresponding to 102 down-regulated and 283 up-regulated unique transcripts. Gene Ontology analysis by DAVID bioinformatics disclosed that genes involved in three main biological processes were significantly down-regulated in SERa+ oocytes respective to SERa- oocytes: (i) cell and mitotic/meiotic nuclear division, spindle assembly, chromosome partition and G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle; (ii) organization of cytoskeleton and microtubules; and (iii) mitochondrial structure and activity. Among the transcripts up-regulated in SERa+ oocytes, the most significantly (P = 0.002) enriched GO term was 'GoLoco motif', including the RAP1GAP, GPSM3 and GPSM1 genes. LARGE SCALE DATA Raw microarray data are accessible through GEO Series accession number GSE106222 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE106222). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Data validation in a larger cohort of samples would be beneficial, although we applied stringent criteria for gene selection (fold-change >3 or <1/3 and FDR < 0.1). Surveys on clinical outcomes, malformation rates and follow-up of babies born after transfer of embryos from SERa+ oocytes are necessary. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS We provide information on the molecular status of SERa+ oocytes, highlighting possible associations between presence of SERa, altered oocyte physiology and reduced developmental competence. Our study may offer further information that can assist embryologists to make decisions on whether, and with what possible implications, SERa+ oocytes should be used. We believe that the presence of SERa should be still a 'red flag' in IVF practices and that the decision to inseminate SERa+ oocytes should be discussed on a case-by-case basis. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(s) This study was partially supported by Ferring Pharmaceuticals. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Stigliani
- Unit of Physiopathology of Human Reproduction, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Ida Casciano
- Unit of Physiopathology of Human Reproduction, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Pierandrea Canepa
- Unit of Physiopathology of Human Reproduction, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Paola Anserini
- Unit of Physiopathology of Human Reproduction, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paola Scaruffi
- Unit of Physiopathology of Human Reproduction, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
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Ultraconserved element uc.372 drives hepatic lipid accumulation by suppressing miR-195/miR4668 maturation. Nat Commun 2018; 9:612. [PMID: 29426937 PMCID: PMC5807361 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03072-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraconserved (uc) RNAs, a class of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), are conserved across humans, mice, and rats, but the physiological significance and pathological role of ucRNAs is largely unknown. Here we show that uc.372 is upregulated in the livers of db/db mice, HFD-fed mice, and NAFLD patients. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function studies indicate that uc.372 drives hepatic lipid accumulation in mice by promoting lipogenesis. We further demonstrate that uc.372 binds to pri-miR-195/pri-miR-4668 and suppresses maturation of miR-195/miR-4668 to regulate expression of genes related to lipid synthesis and uptake, including ACC, FAS, SCD1, and CD36. Finally, we identify that uc.372 is located downstream of the insulinoma-associated 2 (INSM2) gene that is transcriptionally activated by upstream transcription factor 1 (USF1). Our findings reveal a novel mechanism by which uc.372 drives hepatic steatosis through inhibition of miR-195/miR-4668 maturation to relieve miR-195/miR-4668-mediated suppression of functional target gene expression. Ultraconserved RNAs are a class of long non-coding RNAs whose functions are yet to be identified. Here Guo and colleagues show that an ultraconserved RNA uc.372 promotes lipogenesis and lipid accumulation within the hepatocytes by suppressing the maturation of miR-195/miR-4668 that inhibits lipogenic gene expression.
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Nan A, Zhou X, Chen L, Liu M, Zhang N, Zhang L, Luo Y, Liu Z, Dai L, Jiang Y. A transcribed ultraconserved noncoding RNA, Uc.173, is a key molecule for the inhibition of lead-induced neuronal apoptosis. Oncotarget 2016; 7:112-24. [PMID: 26683706 PMCID: PMC4807986 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As a common toxic metal, lead has significant neurotoxicity to brain development. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) function in multiple biological processes. However, whether lncRNAs are involved in lead-induced neurotoxicity remains unclear. Uc.173 is a lncRNA from a transcribed ultra-conservative region (T-UCR) of human, mouse and rat genomes. We established a lead-induced nerve injury mouse model. It showed the levels of Uc.173 decreased significantly in hippocampus tissue and serum of the model. We further tested the expression of Uc.173 in serum of lead-exposed children, which also showed a tendency to decrease. To explore the effects of Uc.173 on lead-induced nerve injury, we overexpressed Uc.173 in an N2a mouse nerve cell line and found Uc.173 had an inhibitory effect on lead-induced apoptosis of N2a. To investigate the molecular mechanisms of Uc.173 in apoptosis associated with lead-induced nerve injury, we predicted the target microRNAs of Uc.173 by using miRanda, TargetScan and RegRNA. After performing quantitative real-time PCR and bioinformatics analysis, we showed Uc.173 might inter-regulate with miR-291a-3p in lead-induced apoptosis and regulate apoptosis-associated genes. Our study suggests Uc.173 significantly inhibits the apoptosis of nerve cells, which may be mediated by inter-regulation with miRNAs in lead-induced nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruo Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xinke Zhou
- Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Lijian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Meiling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Nan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yuanwei Luo
- Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhenzhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Lijun Dai
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yiguo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
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Lin H, Sui W, Tan Q, Chen J, Zhang Y, Ou M, Xue W, Li F, Cao C, Sun Y, Dai Y. Integrated analyses of a major histocompatibility complex, methylation and transcribed ultra-conserved regions in systemic lupus erythematosus. Int J Mol Med 2015; 37:139-48. [PMID: 26717903 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multifactorial autoimmune disease which affects different organs and systems that, has a complex genetic inheritance, and is affected by both epigenetic and environmental risk factors. Previous studies on SLE have lacked the statistical power and genetic resolution to fully determine the influence of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on SLE. In this study, in order to determine this influence, a total of 15 patients with SLE and 15 healthy controls were enrolled. MHC region capture technology, hMeDIP-chip, transcribed ultra-conserved region (T-UCR) microarray and bioinformatics analysis were utilized for both groups. The results revealed methylated CpG enrichment at 6 loci in the MHC segment of SLE. We found 4 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CpG promoter of human leukocyte antigen-B (HLA-B) and 2 SNPs in chr6:29521110‑29521833. No significant GO term or KEGG pathway enrichment was noted for an immune-correlated process in the SLE patients for the corresponding CpG-methylated genes. In this study, T-UCR was not discovered in the MHC segment. The analysis of SNPs (rs1050683, rs12697943, rs17881210, rs1065378, rs17184255 and rs16895070) and gene expression in peripheral blood lymphocytes indicated that these SNPs were associated with the occurrence of SLE. Further studies are warranted to examine the roles of these SNPs in the pathogenesis of SLE. Integrative analysis technology provided a view of the molecular signaling pathways in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Lin
- Nephrology Department of 181st Hospital, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases Research, Guilin, Guangxi 541002, P.R. China
| | - Weiguo Sui
- Nephrology Department of 181st Hospital, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases Research, Guilin, Guangxi 541002, P.R. China
| | - Qiupei Tan
- Nephrology Department of 181st Hospital, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases Research, Guilin, Guangxi 541002, P.R. China
| | - Jiejing Chen
- Nephrology Department of 181st Hospital, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases Research, Guilin, Guangxi 541002, P.R. China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Nephrology Department of 181st Hospital, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases Research, Guilin, Guangxi 541002, P.R. China
| | - Minglin Ou
- Nephrology Department of 181st Hospital, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases Research, Guilin, Guangxi 541002, P.R. China
| | - Wen Xue
- Nephrology Department of 181st Hospital, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases Research, Guilin, Guangxi 541002, P.R. China
| | - Fengyan Li
- Nephrology Department of 181st Hospital, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases Research, Guilin, Guangxi 541002, P.R. China
| | - Cuihui Cao
- Nephrology Department of 181st Hospital, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases Research, Guilin, Guangxi 541002, P.R. China
| | - Yufeng Sun
- Nephrology Department of 181st Hospital, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases Research, Guilin, Guangxi 541002, P.R. China
| | - Yong Dai
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518020, P.R. China
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Makunin IV, Shloma VV, Stephen SJ, Pheasant M, Belyakin SN. Comparison of ultra-conserved elements in drosophilids and vertebrates. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82362. [PMID: 24349264 PMCID: PMC3862641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Metazoan genomes contain many ultra-conserved elements (UCEs), long sequences identical between distant species. In this study we identified UCEs in drosophilid and vertebrate species with a similar level of phylogenetic divergence measured at protein-coding regions, and demonstrated that both the length and number of UCEs are larger in vertebrates. The proportion of non-exonic UCEs declines in distant drosophilids whilst an opposite trend was observed in vertebrates. We generated a set of 2,126 Sophophora UCEs by merging elements identified in several drosophila species and compared these to the eutherian UCEs identified in placental mammals. In contrast to vertebrates, the Sophophora UCEs are depleted around transcription start sites. Analysis of 52,954 P-element, piggyBac and Minos insertions in the D. melanogaster genome revealed depletion of the P-element and piggyBac insertions in and around the Sophophora UCEs. We examined eleven fly strains with transposon insertions into the intergenic UCEs and identified associated phenotypes in five strains. Four insertions behave as recessive lethals, and in one case we observed a suppression of the marker gene within the transgene, presumably by silenced chromatin around the integration site. To confirm the lethality is caused by integration of transposons we performed a phenotype rescue experiment for two stocks and demonstrated that the excision of the transposons from the intergenic UCEs restores viability. Sequencing of DNA after the transposon excision in one fly strain with the restored viability revealed a 47 bp insertion at the original transposon integration site suggesting that the nature of the mutation is important for the appearance of the phenotype. Our results suggest that the UCEs in flies and vertebrates have both common and distinct features, and demonstrate that a significant proportion of intergenic drosophila UCEs are sensitive to disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor V. Makunin
- Research Computing Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SD RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- * E-mail:
| | - Viktor V. Shloma
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SD RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Stuart J. Stephen
- Computational Biology Group, CSIRO Plant Industry, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Michael Pheasant
- Research Computing Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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HINCUTs in cancer: hypoxia-induced noncoding ultraconserved transcripts. Cell Death Differ 2013; 20:1675-87. [PMID: 24037088 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2013.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent data have linked hypoxia, a classic feature of the tumor microenvironment, to the function of specific microRNAs (miRNAs); however, whether hypoxia affects other types of noncoding transcripts is currently unknown. Starting from a genome-wide expression profiling, we demonstrate for the first time a functional link between oxygen deprivation and the modulation of long noncoding transcripts from ultraconserved regions, termed transcribed-ultraconserved regions (T-UCRs). Interestingly, several hypoxia-upregulated T-UCRs, henceforth named 'hypoxia-induced noncoding ultraconserved transcripts' (HINCUTs), are also overexpressed in clinical samples from colon cancer patients. We show that these T-UCRs are predominantly nuclear and that the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is at least partly responsible for the induction of several members of this group. One specific HINCUT, uc.475 (or HINCUT-1) is part of a retained intron of the host protein-coding gene, O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase, which is overexpressed in epithelial cancer types. Consistent with the hypothesis that T-UCRs have important function in tumor formation, HINCUT-1 supports cell proliferation specifically under hypoxic conditions and may be critical for optimal O-GlcNAcylation of proteins when oxygen tension is limiting. Our data gives a first glimpse of a novel functional hypoxic network comprising protein-coding transcripts and noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) from the T-UCRs category.
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Horstmann M, Foerster B, Brader N, John H, Maake C. Establishment of a protocol for large-scale gene expression analyses of laser capture microdissected bladder tissue. World J Urol 2012; 30:853-9. [PMID: 22638977 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-012-0881-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) can be caused by structural and functional changes in different compartments of the bladder. To enable extensive investigations of individual regions even in small bladder biopsies, we established a combination protocol consisting of three molecular techniques: laser capture microdissection microscopy (LCM), RNA preamplification and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). METHODS Urinary bladders of ten mice were resected and frozen immediately or after a delay of 15 min. Cryosections were obtained and smooth muscle was isolated using the LCM technique. Then, RNA was extracted, including protocols with and without DNase digestion as well as with and without the addition of carrier RNA. Extracted RNA was either used for reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR plus qPCR or for a combination of RNA preamplification and qPCR. RESULTS Our data showed that with RNA preamplification, 10 μg cDNA can be regularly generated from 2.5 ng RNA. Depending on expression levels, this is sufficient for hundreds of pPCR reactions. The efficiency of preamplification, however, was gene-dependent. DNase digestion before preamplification lead to lower threshold cycles in qPCR. The use of partly degraded RNA for RNA preamplification did not change the results of the following qPCR. CONCLUSIONS RNA preamplification strongly enlarges the spectrum of genes to be analyzed in distinct bladder compartments by qPCR. It is an easy and reliable method that can be realized with standard laboratory equipment. Our protocol may lead in near future to a better understanding of the pathomechanisms in LUTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Horstmann
- Department of Urology, Kantonsspital Winterthur, Brauerstr. 15, 8401 Winterthur, Switzerland.
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