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Ma K, Cai L, Wang R, Wang J, Zhan H, Ni H, Lu B, Zhang Y, Gao J. Complete genome sequence of a novel mitovirus isolated from the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ginseng causing ginseng root rot. Arch Virol 2024; 169:53. [PMID: 38381240 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-05962-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
A novel mitovirus, tentatively designated as "Fusarium oxysporum mitovirus 2" (FoMV2), was isolated from the pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ginseng strain 0414 infecting Panax ginseng. The complete genome of FoMV2 is 2388 nt in length with a GC content of 30.57%. It contains a large open reading frame (ORF) encoding a putative RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of 713 amino acids with a molecular weight of 83.05 kDa. The sequence identity between FoMV2 and Botrytis cinerea mitovirus 8 and Fusarium verticillioides mitovirus 1 was 87.94% and 77.85%, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed that FoMV2 belongs to the genus Unuamitovirus in the family Mitoviridae. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of an unuamitovirus isolated from F. oxysporum f. sp. ginseng causing ginseng root rot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaige Ma
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin Province, China
| | - Liping Cai
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ruojin Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin Province, China
| | - Haoxin Zhan
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin Province, China
| | - Hechi Ni
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin Province, China
| | - Baohui Lu
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin Province, China
- State-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ginseng Breeding and Application, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Yanjing Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin Province, China.
- State-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ginseng Breeding and Application, Changchun, 130118, China.
| | - Jie Gao
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin Province, China.
- State-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ginseng Breeding and Application, Changchun, 130118, China.
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2
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Wang Y, Li Q, Wu Y, Han S, Xiao Y, Kong L. The Effects of Mycovirus BmPV36 on the Cell Structure and Transcription of Bipolaris maydis. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:133. [PMID: 38392805 PMCID: PMC10890528 DOI: 10.3390/jof10020133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Bipolaris maydis partitivirus 36 (BmPV36) is a mycovirus that can significantly reduce the virulence of the host Bipolaris maydis, but its hypovirulence mechanism is not clear. To investigate the response of B. maydis to BmPV36, the effects of BmPV36 on host cell structure and gene expression were studied via transmission electron microscopy and transcriptome sequencing using BmPV36-carrying and virus-free mycelium on the second and fifth culture. The results of transmission electron microscopy showed that the cell wall microfibrils of B. maydis were shortened, the cell membrane was broken, and membrane-bound vesicles and vacuoles appeared in the cells after carrying BmPV36. Transcriptome sequencing results showed that after carrying BmPV36, B. maydis membrane-related genes were significantly up-regulated, but membrane transport-related genes were significantly down-regulated. Genes related to carbohydrate macromolecule polysaccharide metabolic and catabolic processes were significantly down-regulated, as were genes related to the synthesis of toxins and cell wall degrading enzymes. Therefore, we speculated that BmPV36 reduces the virulence of B. maydis by destroying the host's cell structure, inhibiting the synthesis of toxins and cell wall degrading enzymes, and reducing cell metabolism. Gaining insights into the hypovirulence mechanism of mycoviruses will provide environmentally friendly strategies for the control of fungal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajiao Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Qiusheng Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Yuxing Wu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Sen Han
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Ying Xiao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Lingxiao Kong
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Baoding 071000, China
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3
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Poimala A, Raco M, Haikonen T, Černý M, Parikka P, Hantula J, Vainio EJ. Bunyaviruses Affect Growth, Sporulation, and Elicitin Production in Phytophthora cactorum. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122596. [PMID: 36560602 PMCID: PMC9788385 DOI: 10.3390/v14122596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora cactorum is an important oomycetous plant pathogen with numerous host plant species, including garden strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) and silver birch (Betula pendula). P. cactorum also hosts mycoviruses, but their phenotypic effects on the host oomycete have not been studied earlier. In the present study, we tested polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced water stress for virus curing and created an isogenic virus-free isolate for testing viral effects in pair with the original isolate. Phytophthora cactorum bunya-like viruses 1 and 2 (PcBV1 & 2) significantly reduced hyphal growth of the P. cactorum host isolate, as well as sporangia production and size. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses revealed an increase in the production of elicitins due to bunyavirus infection. However, the presence of bunyaviruses did not seem to alter the pathogenicity of P. cactorum. Virus transmission through anastomosis was unsuccessful in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Poimala
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-29-5322173
| | - Milica Raco
- Phytophthora Research Centre, Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tuuli Haikonen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Toivonlinnantie 518, FI-21500 Piikkiö, Finland
| | - Martin Černý
- Phytophthora Research Centre, Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Päivi Parikka
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Humppilantie 18, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Jarkko Hantula
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eeva J. Vainio
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
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4
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Li K, Liu D, Pan X, Yan S, Song J, Liu D, Wang Z, Xie Y, Dai J, Liu J, Li H, Zhang X, Gao F. Deoxynivalenol Biosynthesis in Fusarium pseudograminearum Significantly Repressed by a Megabirnavirus. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14070503. [PMID: 35878241 PMCID: PMC9324440 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14070503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin widely detected in cereal products contaminated by Fusarium. Fusarium pseudograminearum megabirnavirus 1 (FpgMBV1) is a double-stranded RNA virus infecting Fusarium pseudograminearum. In this study, it was revealed that the amount of DON in F. pseudograminearum was significantly suppressed by FpgMBV1 through a high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) assay. A total of 2564 differentially expressed genes were identified by comparative transcriptomic analysis between the FpgMBV1-containing F. pseudograminearum strain FC136-2A and the virus-free strain FC136-2A-V-. Among them, 1585 genes were up-regulated and 979 genes were down-regulated. Particularly, the expression of 12 genes (FpTRI1, FpTRI3, FpTRI4, FpTRI5, FpTRI6, FpTRI8, FpTRI10, FpTRI11, FpTRI12, FpTRI14, FpTRI15, and FpTRI101) in the trichothecene biosynthetic (TRI) gene cluster was significantly down-regulated. Specific metabolic and transport processes and pathways including amino acid and lipid metabolism, ergosterol metabolic and biosynthetic processes, carbohydrate metabolism, and biosynthesis were regulated. These results suggest an unrevealing mechanism underlying the repression of DON and TRI gene expression by the mycovirus FpgMBV1, which would provide new methods in the detoxification of DON and reducing the yield loss in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- Department of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (K.L.); (X.P.); (S.Y.); (J.S.); (D.L.); (Z.W.); (Y.X.); (J.D.); (H.L.)
| | - Dongmei Liu
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (D.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Xin Pan
- Department of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (K.L.); (X.P.); (S.Y.); (J.S.); (D.L.); (Z.W.); (Y.X.); (J.D.); (H.L.)
| | - Shuwei Yan
- Department of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (K.L.); (X.P.); (S.Y.); (J.S.); (D.L.); (Z.W.); (Y.X.); (J.D.); (H.L.)
| | - Jiaqing Song
- Department of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (K.L.); (X.P.); (S.Y.); (J.S.); (D.L.); (Z.W.); (Y.X.); (J.D.); (H.L.)
| | - Dongwei Liu
- Department of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (K.L.); (X.P.); (S.Y.); (J.S.); (D.L.); (Z.W.); (Y.X.); (J.D.); (H.L.)
| | - Zhifang Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (K.L.); (X.P.); (S.Y.); (J.S.); (D.L.); (Z.W.); (Y.X.); (J.D.); (H.L.)
| | - Yuan Xie
- Department of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (K.L.); (X.P.); (S.Y.); (J.S.); (D.L.); (Z.W.); (Y.X.); (J.D.); (H.L.)
| | - Junli Dai
- Department of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (K.L.); (X.P.); (S.Y.); (J.S.); (D.L.); (Z.W.); (Y.X.); (J.D.); (H.L.)
| | - Jihong Liu
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (D.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Honglian Li
- Department of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (K.L.); (X.P.); (S.Y.); (J.S.); (D.L.); (Z.W.); (Y.X.); (J.D.); (H.L.)
| | - Xiaoting Zhang
- Department of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (K.L.); (X.P.); (S.Y.); (J.S.); (D.L.); (Z.W.); (Y.X.); (J.D.); (H.L.)
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (F.G.)
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (K.L.); (X.P.); (S.Y.); (J.S.); (D.L.); (Z.W.); (Y.X.); (J.D.); (H.L.)
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (F.G.)
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Li Y, Li S, Liang Z, Cai Q, Zhou T, Zhao C, Wu X. RNA-seq Analysis of Rhizoctonia solani AG-4HGI Strain BJ-1H Infected by a New Viral Strain of Rhizoctonia solani Partitivirus 2 Reveals a Potential Mechanism for Hypovirulence. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:1373-1385. [PMID: 34965159 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-21-0349-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Rhizoctonia solani partitivirus 2 (RsPV2), in the genus Alphapartitivirus, confers hypovirulence on R. solani AG-1-IA, the causal agent of rice sheath blight. In this study, a new strain of RsPV2 obtained from R. solani AG-4HGI strain BJ-1H, the causal agent of black scurf on potato, wasidentified and designated as Rhizoctonia solani partitivirus 2 strain BJ-1H (RsPV2-BJ). An RNA sequencing analysis of strain BJ-1H and the virus RsPV2-BJ-free strain BJ-1H-VF derived from strain BJ-1H was conducted to investigate the potential molecular mechanism of hypovirulence induced by RsPV2-BJ. In total, 14,319 unigenes were obtained, and 1,341 unigenes were identified as differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with 570 DEGs being down-regulated and 771 being up-regulated. Notably, several up-regulated DEGs were annotated to cell wall degrading enzymes, including β-1,3-glucanases. Strain BJ-1H exhibited increased expression of β-1,3-glucanase after RsPV2-BJ infection, suggesting that cell wall autolysis activity in R. solani AG-4HGI strain BJ-1H might be promoted by RsPV2-BJ, inducing hypovirulence in its host fungus R. solani AG-4HGI. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the potential mechanism of hypovirulence induced by a mycovirus in R. solani.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Li
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Siwei Li
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijian Liang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingnian Cai
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Can Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuehong Wu
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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6
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Zhang L, Chen X, Bhattacharjee P, Shi Y, Guo L, Wang S. Molecular Characterization of a Novel Strain of Fusarium graminearum Virus 1 Infecting Fusarium graminearum. Viruses 2020; 12:v12030357. [PMID: 32213895 PMCID: PMC7150806 DOI: 10.3390/v12030357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal viruses (mycoviruses) have attracted more attention for their possible hypovirulence (attenuation of fungal virulence) trait, which may be developed as a biocontrol agent of plant pathogenic fungi. However, most discovered mycoviruses are asymptomatic in their hosts. In most cases, mycovirus hypovirulent factors have not been explored clearly. In this study, we characterized a ssRNA mycovirus in Fusarium graminearum strain HB56-9. The complete nucleotide genome was obtained by combining random sequencing and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The full genome was 6621-nucleotides long, excluding the poly(A) tail. The mycovirus was quite interesting because it shared 95.91% nucleotide identities with previously reported Fusarium graminearum virus 1 strain DK21 (FgV1-DK21), while the colony morphology of their fungal hosts on PDA plates were very different. The novel virus was named Fusarium graminearum virus 1 Chinese isolate (FgV1-ch). Like FgV1-DK21, FgV1-ch also contains four putative open reading frames (ORFs), including one long and three short ORFs. A phylogenetic analysis indicated that FgV1-ch is clustered into a proposed family Fusariviridae. FgV1-ch, unlike FgV1-DK21, had mild or no effects on host mycelial growth, spore production and virulence. The nucleotide differences between FgV1-ch and FgV1-DK21 will help to elucidate the hypovirulence determinants during mycovirus–host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (L.Z.); (X.C.); (P.B.); (L.G.)
| | - Xiaoguang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (L.Z.); (X.C.); (P.B.); (L.G.)
| | - Pallab Bhattacharjee
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (L.Z.); (X.C.); (P.B.); (L.G.)
| | - Yue Shi
- Agricultural Trade Promotion Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100125, China;
| | - Lihua Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (L.Z.); (X.C.); (P.B.); (L.G.)
| | - Shuangchao Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (L.Z.); (X.C.); (P.B.); (L.G.)
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
In this review, we discuss recent studies of the interaction between Fusarium graminearum viruses (FgVs) and the fungal host, Fusarium graminearum. Comprehensive transcriptome and proteome analyses have shown changes in the expression of host genes in response to infection by diverse FgVs. Using omics data and reverse genetics, researchers have determined the effects of some fungal host proteins (including FgHex1, FgHal2, FgSwi6, and vr1) on virus accumulation, virus transmission, and host symptom development. Recent reports have revealed the functions of the RNAi component in F. graminearum and the functional redundancy of FgDICERs and FgAGOs in the antiviral defense response against different FgV infections. Studies have also documented a unique mechanism used by FgV1 to overcome the antiviral response of the fungal host.
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Torres A, Palacios S, Yerkovich N, Palazzini J, Battilani P, Leslie J, Logrieco A, Chulze S. Fusarium head blight and mycotoxins in wheat: prevention and control strategies across the food chain. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2019. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2019.2438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
With 744 million metric tons produced in 2017/2018, bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) and durum wheat (Triticum durum) are the second most widely produced cereal on a global basis. Prevention or control of wheat diseases may have an enormous impact on global food security and safety. Fusarium head blight is an economically debilitating disease of wheat that reduces the quantity and quality of grain harvested, and may lead to contamination with the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol, which affects the health of humans and domesticated animals. Current climate change scenarios predict an increase in the number of epidemics caused by this disease. Multiple strategies are available for managing the disease including cultural practices, planting less-susceptible cultivars, crop rotation, and chemical and biological controls. None of these strategies, however, is completely effective by itself, and an integrated approach incorporating multiple controls simultaneously is the only effective strategy to limit the disease and reduce deoxynivalenol contamination in human food and animal feed chains. This review identifies the available tools and strategies for mitigating the damage that can result from Fusarium head blight.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.M. Torres
- Research Institute on Mycology and Mycotoxicology (IMICO), UNRC-CONICET, Ruta 36, Km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - S.A. Palacios
- Research Institute on Mycology and Mycotoxicology (IMICO), UNRC-CONICET, Ruta 36, Km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - N. Yerkovich
- Research Institute on Mycology and Mycotoxicology (IMICO), UNRC-CONICET, Ruta 36, Km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - J.M. Palazzini
- Research Institute on Mycology and Mycotoxicology (IMICO), UNRC-CONICET, Ruta 36, Km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - P. Battilani
- Institute of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - J.F. Leslie
- Department of Plant Pathology, 4024 Throckmorton Plant Sciences Center, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-5502, USA
| | - A.F. Logrieco
- National Council of Research (CNR), Institute of the Science of Food Production (ISPA), via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - S.N. Chulze
- Research Institute on Mycology and Mycotoxicology (IMICO), UNRC-CONICET, Ruta 36, Km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, Argentina
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García-Pedrajas MD, Cañizares MC, Sarmiento-Villamil JL, Jacquat AG, Dambolena JS. Mycoviruses in Biological Control: From Basic Research to Field Implementation. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:1828-1839. [PMID: 31398087 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-19-0166-rvw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mycoviruses from plant pathogens can induce hypovirulence (reduced virulence) in their host fungi and have gained considerable attention as potential biocontrol tools. An increasing number of mycoviruses that induce fungal hypovirulence, from a wide variety of taxonomic groups, are currently being reported. Successful application of these viruses in disease management is greatly dependent on their ability to spread in the natural populations of the pathogen. Mycoviruses generally lack extracellular routes of transmission. Hyphal anastomosis is the main route of horizontal mycovirus transmission to other isolates, and conidia of vertical transmission to the progeny. Transmission efficiencies are influenced by both the fungal host and the infecting virus. Interestingly, artificial transfection methods have shown that potential biocontrol mycoviruses often have the ability to infect a variety of fungi. This expands their possible use to the control of pathogens others than those where they were identified. Mycovirus research is also focused on gaining insights into their complex molecular biology and the molecular bases of fungus-virus interactions. This knowledge could be exploited to manipulate the mycovirus and/or the host and generate combinations with enhanced properties in biological control. Finally, when exploring the use of mycoviruses in field conditions, the pathogen life style and the characteristics of the disease and crops affected will deeply impact the specific challenges to overcome, and the development of biocontrol formulations and delivery methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D García-Pedrajas
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora"-Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Estación Experimental "La Mayora," 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - M C Cañizares
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora"-Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Estación Experimental "La Mayora," 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - J L Sarmiento-Villamil
- Centre d'étude de la Forêt (CEF) and Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - A G Jacquat
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBiV-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Avenida Vélez Sarsfield 1611, Córdoba, X5016GCA, Argentina
| | - J S Dambolena
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBiV-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Avenida Vélez Sarsfield 1611, Córdoba, X5016GCA, Argentina
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10
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Kumar M, Kim I, Kim YK, Heo JB, Suh MC, Kim HU. Strigolactone Signaling Genes Showing Differential Expression Patterns in Arabidopsis max Mutants. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8090352. [PMID: 31546850 PMCID: PMC6784243 DOI: 10.3390/plants8090352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Strigolactone (SL) is a recently discovered class of phytohormone that inhibits shoot branching. The molecular mechanism underlying SL biosynthesis, perception, and signal transduction is vital to the plant branching phenotype. Some aspects of their biosynthesis, perception, and signaling include the role of four MORE AXILLARY GROWTH genes, MAX3, MAX4, MAX1, and MAX2. It is important to identify downstream genes that are involved in SL signaling. To achieve this, we studied the genomic aspects of the strigolactone biosynthesis pathway using microarray analysis of four max mutants. We identified SL signaling candidate genes that showed differential expression patterns in max mutants. More specifically, 1-AMINOCYCLOPROPANE-1-CARBOXYLATE SYNTHASE 4 (ACC4) and PROTEIN KINASE 3 (PKS3) displayed contrasting expression patterns, indicating a regulatory mechanism in SL signaling pathway to control different phenotypes apart from branching phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manu Kumar
- Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource Engineering, Plant Engineering Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea.
| | - Inyoung Kim
- Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource Engineering, Plant Engineering Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea.
| | - Yeon-Ki Kim
- Department of Biosciences and Bioinformatics, Myongji University, Yongin 17058, Korea.
| | - Jae Bok Heo
- Department of Molecular Genetic Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea.
| | - Mi Chung Suh
- Department of Life Sciences, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea.
| | - Hyun Uk Kim
- Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource Engineering, Plant Engineering Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea.
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Sutela S, Poimala A, Vainio EJ. Viruses of fungi and oomycetes in the soil environment. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2019; 95:5542194. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiz119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACTSoils support a myriad of organisms hosting highly diverse viromes. In this minireview, we focus on viruses hosted by true fungi and oomycetes (members of Stamenopila, Chromalveolata) inhabiting bulk soil, rhizosphere and litter layer, and representing different ecological guilds, including fungal saprotrophs, mycorrhizal fungi, mutualistic endophytes and pathogens. Viruses infecting fungi and oomycetes are characterized by persistent intracellular nonlytic lifestyles and transmission via spores and/or hyphal contacts. Almost all fungal and oomycete viruses have genomes composed of single-stranded or double-stranded RNA, and recent studies have revealed numerous novel viruses representing yet unclassified family-level groups. Depending on the virus–host combination, infections can be asymptomatic, beneficial or detrimental to the host. Thus, mycovirus infections may contribute to the multiplex interactions of hosts, therefore likely affecting the dynamics of fungal communities required for the functioning of soil ecosystems. However, the effects of fungal and oomycete viruses on soil ecological processes are still mostly unknown. Interestingly, new metagenomics data suggest an extensive level of horizontal virus transfer between plants, fungi and insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi Sutela
- Forest Health and Biodiversity, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Poimala
- Forest Health and Biodiversity, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eeva J Vainio
- Forest Health and Biodiversity, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
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12
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Li P, Bhattacharjee P, Wang S, Zhang L, Ahmed I, Guo L. Mycoviruses in Fusarium Species: An Update. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:257. [PMID: 31380300 PMCID: PMC6657619 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium is an important genus of plant pathogenic fungi, and is widely distributed in soil and associated with plants worldwide. The diversity of mycoviruses in Fusarium is increasing continuously due to the development and extensive use of state-of-the-art RNA deep sequencing techniques. To date, fully-sequenced mycoviruses have been reported in 13 Fusarium species: Fusarium asiaticum, F. boothii, F. circinatum, F. coeruleum, F. globosum, F. graminearum, F. incarnatum, F. langsethiae, F. oxysporum, F. poae, F. pseudograminearum, F. solani, and F. virguliforme. Most Fusarium mycoviruses establish latent infections, but some mycoviruses such as Fusarium graminearum virus 1 (FgV1), Fusarium graminearum virus-ch9 (FgV-ch9), Fusarium graminearum hypovirus 2 (FgHV2), and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi mycovirus 1 (FodV1) cause hypovirulence. Rapid advances in various omics technologies used to elucidate genes or biological processes can facilitate an improved understanding of mycovirus-host interactions. The review aims to illuminate the recent advances in studies of mycoviruses in Fusarium, including those related to diversity, molecular mechanisms of virus-host interaction. We also discuss the induction and suppression of RNA silencing including the role of RNAi components as an antiviral defense response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pallab Bhattacharjee
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuangchao Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lihang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Irfan Ahmed
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lihua Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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13
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Torres-Trenas A, Prieto P, Cañizares MC, García-Pedrajas MD, Pérez-Artés E. Mycovirus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi Virus 1 Decreases the Colonizing Efficiency of Its Fungal Host. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:51. [PMID: 30915279 PMCID: PMC6422920 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoviruses that induce hypovirulence in phytopathogenic fungi are interesting because their potential use as biological control agents of the plant diseases caused by their fungal hosts. The recently identified chrysovirus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi virus 1 (FodV1) has been associated to the induction of hypovirulence in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi, the forma specialis of F. oxysporum that causes vascular wilt in carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus). In this work, we have used confocal laser scanner microscopy and two isogenic GFP-labeled strains of F. oxysporum f. sp. dianthi infected (V+) and not infected (V-) with the Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi virus 1, respectively, to analyze the effect of mycovirus FodV1 on the plant colonization pattern of its fungal host. Results demonstrate that FodV1-viral infection affects the speed and spatial distribution of fungal colonization into the plant. Initial stages of external root colonization were similar for both strains, but the virus-free strain colonized the internal plant tissues faster than the virus-infected strain. In addition, other differences related to the specific zone colonized and the density of colonization were observed between both F. oxysporum f. sp. dianthi strains. The hyphae of both V- and V+ strains progressed up through the xylem vessels but differences in the number of vessels colonized and of hyphae inside them were found. Moreover, as colonization progressed, V- and V+ hyphae propagated horizontally reaching the central medulla but, while the virus-free strain V- densely colonized the interior of the medulla cells, the virus-infected strain V+ appeared mainly in the intercellular spaces and with a lower density of colonization. Finally, the incidence of FodV1-viral infections in a collection of 221 isolates sampled between 2008 and 2012 in the geographic area where the originally infected isolate was obtained has been also analyzed. The very low (<2%) incidence of viral infections is discussed here. To the best of our knowledge, this work provides the first microscopic evidence about the effect of a hypovirulence-inducing mycovirus on the pattern of plant colonization by its fungal host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almudena Torres-Trenas
- Departamento de Protección de Cultivos, Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Córdoba, Spain.,Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Málaga, Spain
| | - Pilar Prieto
- Departamento de Mejora Genética, Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Córdoba, Spain
| | - M Carmen Cañizares
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Málaga, Spain
| | - María Dolores García-Pedrajas
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Málaga, Spain
| | - Encarnación Pérez-Artés
- Departamento de Protección de Cultivos, Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Córdoba, Spain
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14
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Nerva L, Chitarra W, Siciliano I, Gaiotti F, Ciuffo M, Forgia M, Varese GC, Turina M. Mycoviruses mediate mycotoxin regulation in Aspergillus ochraceus. Environ Microbiol 2018; 21:1957-1968. [PMID: 30289193 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
To date, no demonstration of a direct correlation between the presence of mycoviruses and the quantitative or qualitative modulation of mycotoxins has been shown. In our study, we transfected a virus-free ochratoxin A (OTA)-producing isolate of Aspergillus ochraceus with purified mycoviruses from a different A. ochraceus isolate and from Penicillium aurantiogriseum. Among the mycoviruses tested, only Aspergillus ochraceus virus (AoV), a partitivirus widespread in A. ochraceus, caused a specific interaction that led to an overproduction of OTA, which is regulated by the European Commission and is the second most important contaminant of food and feed commodities. Gene expression analysis failed to reveal a specific viral upregulation of the mRNA of genes considered to play a role in the OTA biosynthetic pathway. Furthermore, AoOTApks1, a polyketide synthase gene considered essential for OTA production, is surprisingly absent in the genome of our OTA-producing isolate. The possible biological and evolutionary implications of the mycoviral regulation of mycotoxin production are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Nerva
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics - Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology CREA-VE, Via XXVIII Aprile 26, 31015, Conegliano (TV), Italy.,Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135, Torino, Italy
| | - W Chitarra
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics - Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology CREA-VE, Via XXVIII Aprile 26, 31015, Conegliano (TV), Italy.,Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135, Torino, Italy
| | - I Siciliano
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics - Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology CREA-VE, Via XXVIII Aprile 26, 31015, Conegliano (TV), Italy
| | - F Gaiotti
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics - Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology CREA-VE, Via XXVIII Aprile 26, 31015, Conegliano (TV), Italy
| | - M Ciuffo
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135, Torino, Italy
| | - M Forgia
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135, Torino, Italy.,Mycotheca Universitatis Taurinensis (MUT), Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - G C Varese
- Mycotheca Universitatis Taurinensis (MUT), Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - M Turina
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135, Torino, Italy
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15
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Shimizu T, Kanematsu S, Yaegashi H. Draft Genome Sequence and Transcriptional Analysis of Rosellinia necatrix Infected with a Virulent Mycovirus. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 108:1206-1211. [PMID: 29688132 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-17-0365-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis is useful in developing effective control methods for fungal diseases. The white root rot fungus Rosellinia necatrix is a soilborne pathogen that causes serious economic losses in various crops, including fruit trees, worldwide. Here, using next-generation sequencing techniques, we first produced a 44-Mb draft genome sequence of R. necatrix strain W97, an isolate from Japan, in which 12,444 protein-coding genes were predicted. To survey differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with the pathogenesis of the fungus, the hypovirulent W97 strain infected with Rosellinia necatrix megabirnavirus 1 (RnMBV1) was used for a comprehensive transcriptome analysis. In total, 545 and 615 genes are up- and down-regulated, respectively, in R. necatrix infected with RnMBV1. Gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses of the DEGs suggested that primary and secondary metabolism would be greatly disturbed in R. necatrix infected with RnMBV1. The genes encoding transcriptional regulators, plant cell wall-degrading enzymes, and toxin production, such as cytochalasin E, were also found in the DEGs. The genetic resources provided in this study will accelerate the discovery of genes associated with pathogenesis and other biological characteristics of R. necatrix, thus contributing to disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Shimizu
- First, second, and third authors: Division of Apple Research, Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 92-24 Nabeyashiki, Shimokuriyagawa, Morioka, Iwate 020-0123, Japan
| | - Satoko Kanematsu
- First, second, and third authors: Division of Apple Research, Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 92-24 Nabeyashiki, Shimokuriyagawa, Morioka, Iwate 020-0123, Japan
| | - Hajime Yaegashi
- First, second, and third authors: Division of Apple Research, Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 92-24 Nabeyashiki, Shimokuriyagawa, Morioka, Iwate 020-0123, Japan
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16
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Wang L, Luo H, Hu W, Yang Y, Hong N, Wang G, Wang A, Wang L. De novo transcriptomic assembly and mRNA expression patterns of Botryosphaeria dothidea infection with mycoviruses chrysovirus 1 (BdCV1) and partitivirus 1 (BdPV1). Virol J 2018; 15:126. [PMID: 30103770 PMCID: PMC6088430 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-1033-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pear ring rot, caused by Botryosphaeria species, is responsible for substantial economic losses by causing severe recession of pear tree growth in China. Mycovirus-mediated hypovirulence in plant pathogenic fungi is a crucial biological method to control fungal diseases. METHODS We conducted a large-scale and comprehensive transcriptome analysis to identify mRNA in B. dothidea in response to mycovirus. De novo sequencing technology from four constructed libraries of LW-C (Botryosphaeria dothidea chrysovirus 1, BdCV1), LW-P (Botryosphaeria dothidea partitivirus 1, BdPV1), LW-CP (LW-1 strain infection with BdCV1 and BdPV1), and Mock (free virus) was used to investigate and compare gene expression changes in B.dothidea strains infected with mycovirus. RESULTS In total, 30,058 Unigenes with an average length of 2128 bp were obtained from 4 libraries of B. dothidea strains. These were annotated to specify their classified function. We demonstrate that mRNAs of B. dothidea strains in response to mycovirus are differentially expressed. In total, 5598 genes were up-regulated and 3298 were down-regulated in the LW-CP group, 4468 were up-regulated and 4291 down-regulated in the LW-C group, and 2590 were up-regulated and 2325 down-regulated in the LW-P group. RT-qPCR was used to validate the expression of 9 selected genes. The B. dothidea transcriptome was more affected by BdCV1 infection than BdPV1. We conducted GO enrichment analysis to characterize gene functions regulated by B. dothidea with mycovirus infection. These involved metabolic process, cellular process, catalytic activity, transporter activity, signaling, and other biological pathways. KEGG function analysis demonstrated that the enriched differentially expressed genes are involved in metabolism, transcription, signal transduction, and ABC transport. mRNA is therefore involved in the interaction between fungi and mycovirus. In addition, changes in differential accumulation levels of cp and RdRp of BdCV1 and BdPV1 in B. dothidea strains were evaluated, revealing that the accumulation of BdCV1 and BdPV1 is related to the phenotype and virulence of B. dothidea strain LW-1. CONCLUSIONS The identification and analysis of mRNAs from B. dothidea was first reported at the transcriptome level. Our analysis provides further insight into the interaction of B. dothidea strains infection with chrysovirus 1 (BdCV1) and partitivirus 1 (BdPV1) at the transcriptome level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 People’s Republic of China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 People’s Republic of China
- Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 People’s Republic of China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 People’s Republic of China
- Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wangcheng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 People’s Republic of China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 People’s Republic of China
- Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuekun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 People’s Republic of China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 People’s Republic of China
- Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ni Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 People’s Republic of China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 People’s Republic of China
- Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 People’s Republic of China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 People’s Republic of China
- Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Aiming Wang
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON N5V 4T3 Canada
| | - Liping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 People’s Republic of China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 People’s Republic of China
- Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 People’s Republic of China
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17
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Different Metabolic Pathways Are Involved in Response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to L-A and M Viruses. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9080233. [PMID: 28757599 PMCID: PMC5577567 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9080233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Competitive and naturally occurring yeast killer phenotype is governed by coinfection with dsRNA viruses. Long-term relationship between the host cell and viruses appear to be beneficial and co-adaptive; however, the impact of viral dsRNA on the host gene expression has barely been investigated. Here, we determined the transcriptomic profiles of the host Saccharomyces cerevisiae upon the loss of the M-2 dsRNA alone and the M-2 along with the L-A-lus dsRNAs. We provide a comprehensive study based on the high-throughput RNA-Seq data, Gene Ontology and the analysis of the interaction networks. We identified 486 genes differentially expressed after curing yeast cells of the M-2 dsRNA and 715 genes affected by the elimination of both M-2 and L-A-lus dsRNAs. We report that most of the transcriptional responses induced by viral dsRNAs are moderate. Differently expressed genes are related to ribosome biogenesis, mitochondrial functions, stress response, biosynthesis of lipids and amino acids. Our study also provided insight into the virus–host and virus–virus interplays.
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18
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Zhong J, Chen D, Zhu HJ, Gao BD, Zhou Q. Hypovirulence of Sclerotium rolfsii Caused by Associated RNA Mycovirus. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1798. [PMID: 27891121 PMCID: PMC5103162 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoviruses associated with hypovirulence are potential biological control agents and could be useful to study the pathogenesis of fungal host pathogens. Sclerotium rolfsii, a pathogenic fungus, causes southern blight in a wide variety of crops. In this study, we isolated a series of dsRNAs from a debilitated S. rolfsii strain, BLH-1, which had pronounced phenotypic aberrations including reduced pathogenicity, mycelial growth and deficient sclerotia production. Virus-curing and horizontal transmission experiments that eliminated or transmitted, respectively, all dsRNA elements showed that the dsRNAs were involved in the hypovirulent traits of BLH-1. Ultrastructure examination also showed hyphae fracture and cytoplasm or organelle degeneration in BLH-1 hyphal cells compared to the virus-free strain. Three assembled cDNA contigs generated from the cDNA library cloned from the purified dsRNA indicated that strain BLH-1 was infected by at least three novel mycoviruses. One has similarity to the hypovirulence-associated Sclerotinia sclerotiorum hypovirus 2 (SsHV2) in the family Hypoviridae, and the other two are related to two different unclassified dsRNA mycovirus families. To our knowledge, this is the first report of S. rolfsii hypovirulence that was correlated with its associated dsRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University Changsha, China
| | - Dan Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University Changsha, China
| | - Hong J Zhu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University Changsha, China
| | - Bi D Gao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University Changsha, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University Changsha, China
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19
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Son M, Lee Y, Kim KH. The Transcription Cofactor Swi6 of the Fusarium graminearum Is Involved in Fusarium Graminearum Virus 1 Infection-Induced Phenotypic Alterations. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 32:281-289. [PMID: 27493603 PMCID: PMC4968638 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.12.2015.0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The transcription cofactor Swi6 plays important roles in regulating vegetative growth and meiosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Functions of Swi6 ortholog were also characterized in Fusarium graminearum which is one of the devastating plant pathogenic fungi. Here, we report possible role of FgSwi6 in the interaction between F. graminearum and Fusarium graminearum virus 1 (FgV1) strain DK21. FgV1 perturbs biological characteristics of host fungi such as vegetative growth, sporulation, pigmentation, and reduction of the virulence (hypovirulence) of its fungal host. To characterize function(s) of FgSWI6 gene during FgV1 infection, targeted deletion, over-expression, and complementation mutants were generated and further infected successfully with FgV1. Deletion of FgSwi6 led to severe reduction of vegetative growth even aerial mycelia while over-expression did not affect any remarkable alteration of phenotype in virus-free isolates. Virus-infected (VI) FgSWI6 deletion isolate exhibited completely delayed vegetative growth. However, VI FgSWI6 over-expression mutant grew faster than any other VI isolates. To verify whether these different growth patterns in VI isolates, viral RNA quantification was carried out using qRT-PCR. Surprisingly, viral RNA accumulations in VI isolates were similar regardless of introduced mutations. These results provide evidence that FgSWI6 might play important role(s) in FgV1 induced phenotype alteration such as delayed vegetative growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moonil Son
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
| | - Yoonseung Lee
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
| | - Kook-Hyung Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Moonil Son
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jisuk Yu
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kook-Hyung Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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21
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Yu J, Lee KM, Son M, Kim KH. Effects of the deletion and over-expression of Fusarium graminearum gene FgHal2 on host response to mycovirus Fusarium graminearum virus 1. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2015; 16:641-652. [PMID: 25431083 PMCID: PMC6638490 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The mycovirus Fusarium graminearum virus 1 (FgV1) is associated with reduced virulence (hypovirulence) of Fusarium graminearum. Transcriptomic and proteomic expression profiling have shown that many F. graminearum genes are differentially expressed as a consequence of FgV1 infection. Several of these genes may be related to the maintenance of the virus life cycle. The host gene, FgHal2, which has a highly conserved 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphatase (PAP phosphatase-like) domain or inositol monophosphatase (IMPase) superfamily domain, shows reduced expression in response to FgV1 infection. We generated targeted gene deletion and over-expression mutants to clarify the possible function(s) of FgHal2 and its relationship to FgV1. The gene deletion mutant showed retarded growth, reduced aerial mycelia formation and reduced pigmentation, whereas over-expression mutants were morphologically similar to the wild-type (WT). Furthermore, compared with the WT, the gene deletion mutant produced fewer conidia and these showed abnormal morphology. The FgHal2 expression level was decreased by FgV1 infection at 120 h post-inoculation (hpi), whereas the levels were nine-fold greater for both the virus-free and virus-infected over-expression mutant than for the WT. FgV1 RNA accumulation was decreased in the deletion mutant at 48, 72 and 120 hpi. FgV1 RNA accumulation in the over-expression mutant was reduced relative to that of the WT at 48 and 120 hpi, but was similar to that of the WT at 72 hpi. The vertical transmission rate of FgV1 in the gene deletion mutant was low, suggesting that FgHal2 may be required for the maintenance of FgV1 in the host cell. Together, these results indicate that the putative 3'(2'),5'-bisphosphate nucleotidase gene, FgHal2, has diverse biological functions in the host fungus and may affect the viral RNA accumulation and transmission of FgV1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisuk Yu
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Mi Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, South Korea
| | - Moonil Son
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, South Korea
| | - Kook-Hyung Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, South Korea
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Liu R, Cheng J, Fu Y, Jiang D, Xie J. Molecular Characterization of a Novel Positive-Sense, Single-Stranded RNA Mycovirus Infecting the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Viruses 2015; 7:2470-84. [PMID: 26008696 PMCID: PMC4452915 DOI: 10.3390/v7052470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that a diverse array of mycoviruses infect the plant pathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Here, we report the molecular characterization of a newly identified mycovirus, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum fusarivirus 1 (SsFV1), which was isolated from a sclerotia-defective strain JMTJ14 of S. sclerotiorum. Excluding a poly (A) tail, the genome of SsFV1 comprises 7754 nucleotides (nts) in length with 83 and 418 nts for 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions, respectively. SsFV1 has four non-overlapping open reading frames (ORFs): ORF1 encodes a 191 kDa polyprotein (1664 amino acid residues in length) containing conserved RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and helicase domains; the other three ORFs encode three putative hypothetical proteins of unknown function. Phylogenetic analysis, based on RdRp and Helicase domains, indicated that SsFV1 is phylogenetically related to Rosellinia necatrix fusarivirus 1 (RnFV1), Fusarium graminearum virus-DK21 (FgV1), and Penicillium roqueforti RNA mycovirus 1 (PrRV1), a cluster of an independent group belonging to a newly proposed family Fusarividae. However, SsFV1 is markedly different from FgV1 and RnFV1 in genome organization and nucleotide sequence. SsFV1 was transmitted successfully to two vegetatively incompatible virus-free strains. SsFV1 is not responsible for the abnormal phenotype of strain JMTJ14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Jiasen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Yanping Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Daohong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Jiatao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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23
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A comparison of transcriptional patterns and mycological phenotypes following infection of Fusarium graminearum by four mycoviruses. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100989. [PMID: 24964178 PMCID: PMC4071046 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many fungi-infecting viruses, which are termed mycoviruses, have been identified, and most do not cause any visible symptoms. Some mycoviruses, however, can attenuate the virulence of the infected fungi, a phenomenon referred to as hypovirulence. To study fungus responses to virus infection, we established a model system composed of Fusarium graminearum and four mycoviruses including FgV1 (Fusarium graminearum virus 1), FgV2, FgV3, and FgV4. FgV1 and FgV2 infections caused several phenotypic alterations in F. graminearum including abnormal colony morphology, defects in perithecium development, and reductions in growth rate, conidiation, and virulence. In contrast, FgV3 and FgV4 infections did not cause any phenotypic change. An RNA-Seq-based analysis of the host transcriptome identified four unique Fusarium transcriptomes, one for each of the four mycoviruses. Unexpectedly, the fungal host transcriptome was more affected by FgV1 and FgV4 infections than by FgV2 and FgV3 infections. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis revealed that FgV1 and FgV3 infections resulted in down-regulation of host genes required for cellular transport systems. FgV4 infection reduced the expression of genes involved in RNA processing and ribosome assembly. We also found 12 genes that were differentially expressed in response to all four mycovirus infections. Unfortunately, functions of most of these genes are still unknown. Taken together, our analysis provides further detailed insights into the interactions between mycoviruses and F. graminearum.
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24
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Shimizu T, Ito T, Kanematsu S. Functional analysis of a melanin biosynthetic gene using RNAi-mediated gene silencing in Rosellinia necatrix. Fungal Biol 2014; 118:413-21. [PMID: 24742836 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rosellinia necatrix causes white root rot in a wide range of fruit trees and persists for extended periods as pseudosclerotia on root debris. However, the pathogenesis of this disease has yet to be clarified. The functions of endogeneous target genes have not been determined because of the inefficiency in genetic transformation. In this study, the function of a melanin biosynthetic gene was determined to examine its role in morphology and virulence. A polyketide synthase gene (termed as RnPKS1) in the R. necatrix genome is homologous to the 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin biosynthetic gene of Colletotrichum lagenarium. Melanin-deficient strains of R. necatrix were obtained by RNA interference-mediated knockdown of RnPKS1. The virulence of these strains was not significantly reduced compared with the parental melanin-producing strain. However, knockdown strains failed to develop pseudosclerotia and were degraded sooner in soil than the parental strain. Microscopic observations of albino conidiomata produced by knockdown strains revealed that melanization is involved in synnema integrity. These results suggest that melanin is not necessary for R. necatrix pathogenesis but is involved in survival through morphogenesis. This is the first report on the functional analysis of an endogenous target gene in R. necatrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Shimizu
- NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Apple Research Division, 92-24 Nabeyashiki, Shimokuriyagawa, Morioka, Iwate 020-0123, Japan
| | - Tsutae Ito
- NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Apple Research Division, 92-24 Nabeyashiki, Shimokuriyagawa, Morioka, Iwate 020-0123, Japan
| | - Satoko Kanematsu
- NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Apple Research Division, 92-24 Nabeyashiki, Shimokuriyagawa, Morioka, Iwate 020-0123, Japan.
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25
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Xie J, Jiang D. New insights into mycoviruses and exploration for the biological control of crop fungal diseases. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2014; 52:45-68. [PMID: 25001452 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-102313-050222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Mycoviruses are viruses that infect fungi. A growing number of novel mycoviruses have expanded our knowledge of virology, particularly in taxonomy, ecology, and evolution. Recent progress in the study of mycoviruses has comprehensively improved our understanding of the properties of mycoviruses and has strengthened our confidence to explore hypovirulence-associated mycoviruses that control crop diseases. In this review, the advantages of using hypovirulence-associated mycoviruses to control crop diseases are discussed, and, as an example, the potential for Sclerotinia sclerotiorum hypovirulence-associated DNA virus 1 (SsHADV-1) to control the stem rot of rapeseed (Brassica napus) is also introduced. Fungal vegetative incompatibility is likely to be the key factor that limits the wide utilization of mycoviruses to control crop diseases; however, there are suggested strategies for resolving this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiatao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China;
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26
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Boncristiani HF, Evans JD, Chen Y, Pettis J, Murphy C, Lopez DL, Simone-Finstrom M, Strand M, Tarpy DR, Rueppell O. In vitro infection of pupae with Israeli acute paralysis virus suggests disturbance of transcriptional homeostasis in honey bees (Apis mellifera). PLoS One 2013; 8:e73429. [PMID: 24039938 PMCID: PMC3764161 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The ongoing decline of honey bee health worldwide is a serious economic and ecological concern. One major contributor to the decline are pathogens, including several honey bee viruses. However, information is limited on the biology of bee viruses and molecular interactions with their hosts. An experimental protocol to test these systems was developed, using injections of Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus (IAPV) into honey bee pupae reared ex-situ under laboratory conditions. The infected pupae developed pronounced but variable patterns of disease. Symptoms varied from complete cessation of development with no visual evidence of disease to rapid darkening of a part or the entire body. Considerable differences in IAPV titer dynamics were observed, suggesting significant variation in resistance to IAPV among and possibly within honey bee colonies. Thus, selective breeding for virus resistance should be possible. Gene expression analyses of three separate experiments suggest IAPV disruption of transcriptional homeostasis of several fundamental cellular functions, including an up-regulation of the ribosomal biogenesis pathway. These results provide first insights into the mechanisms of IAPV pathogenicity. They mirror a transcriptional survey of honey bees afflicted with Colony Collapse Disorder and thus support the hypothesis that viruses play a critical role in declining honey bee health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto F. Boncristiani
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jay D. Evans
- Bee Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service of the United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yanping Chen
- Bee Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service of the United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeff Pettis
- Bee Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service of the United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Charles Murphy
- Soybean Genomics and Improvement, Agricultural Research Service of the United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dawn L. Lopez
- Bee Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service of the United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael Simone-Finstrom
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Micheline Strand
- United States Army Research Office, Division of Life Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David R. Tarpy
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Olav Rueppell
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, United States of America
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27
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Abstract
Most of the major fungal families including plant-pathogenic fungi, yeasts, and mushrooms are infected by mycoviruses, and many double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) mycoviruses have been recently identified from diverse plant-pathogenic Fusarium species. The frequency of occurrence of dsRNAs is high in Fusarium poae but low in other Fusarium species. Most Fusarium mycoviruses do not cause any morphological changes in the host but some mycoviruses like Fusarium graminearum virus 1 (FgV1) cause hypovirulence. Available genomic data for seven of the dsRNA mycoviruses infecting Fusarium species indicate that these mycoviruses exist as complexes of one to five dsRNAs. According to phylogenetic analysis, the Fusarium mycoviruses identified to date belong to four families: Chrysoviridae, Hypoviridae, Partitiviridae, and Totiviridae. Proteome and transcriptome analysis have revealed that FgV1 infection of Fusarium causes changes in host transcriptional and translational machineries. Successful transmission of FgV1 via protoplast fusion suggests the possibility that, as biological control agents, mycoviruses could be introduced into diverse species of fungal plant pathogens. Research is now needed on the molecular biology of mycovirus life cycles and mycovirus-host interactions. This research will be facilitated by the further development of omics technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Kyong Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Fungal Pathogenesis and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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28
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The HEX1 gene of Fusarium graminearum is required for fungal asexual reproduction and pathogenesis and for efficient viral RNA accumulation of Fusarium graminearum virus 1. J Virol 2013; 87:10356-67. [PMID: 23864619 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01026-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of viral RNA depends on many host cellular factors. The hexagonal peroxisome (Hex1) protein is a fungal protein that is highly expressed when the DK21 strain of Fusarium graminearum virus 1 (FgV1) infects its host, and Hex1 affects the accumulation of FgV1 RNA. The Hex1 protein is the major constituent of the Woronin body (WB), which is a peroxisome-derived electron-dense core organelle that seals the septal pore in response to hyphal wounding. To clarify the role of Hex1 and the WB in the relationship between FgV1 and Fusarium graminearum, we generated targeted gene deletion and overexpression mutants. Although neither HEX1 gene deletion nor overexpression substantially affected vegetative growth, both changes reduced the production of asexual spores and reduced virulence on wheat spikelets in the absence of FgV1 infection. However, the vegetative growth of deletion and overexpression mutants was increased and decreased, respectively, upon FgV1 infection compared to that of an FgV1-infected wild-type isolate. Viral RNA accumulation was significantly decreased in deletion mutants but was significantly increased in overexpression mutants compared to the viral RNA accumulation in the virus-infected wild-type control. Overall, these data indicate that the HEX1 gene plays a direct role in the asexual reproduction and virulence of F. graminearum and facilitates viral RNA accumulation in the FgV1-infected host fungus.
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