1
|
Barani S, Nejati-Javaremi A, Moradi MH, Moradi-Sharbabak M, Gholizadeh M, Esfandyari H. Genome-wide study of linkage disequilibrium, population structure, and inbreeding in Iranian indigenous sheep breeds. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286463. [PMID: 37267244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of linkage disequilibrium (LD), genetic structure and genetic diversity are some key parameters to study the breeding history of indigenous small ruminants. In this study, the OvineSNP50 Bead Chip array was used to estimate and compare LD, genetic diversity, effective population size (Ne) and genomic inbreeding in 186 individuals, from three Iranian indigenous sheep breeds consisting of Baluchi (n = 96), Lori-Bakhtiari (n = 47) and Zel (n = 47). The results of principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that all animals were allocated to the groups that they sampled and the admixture analysis revealed that the structure within the populations is best explained when separated into three groups (K = 3). The average r2 values estimated between adjacent single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at distances up to 10Kb, were 0.388±0.324, 0.353±0.311, and 0.333±0.309 for Baluchi, Lori-Bakhtiari and Zel, respectively. Estimation of genetic diversity and effective population size (Ne) showed that the Zel breed had the highest heterozygosity and Ne, whereas the lowest value was found in Baluchi breed. Estimation of genomic inbreeding using FROH (based on the long stretches of consecutive homozygous genotypes) showed the highest inbreeding coefficient in Baluchi and the lowest in Zel breed that could be due to higher pressure of artificial selection on Baluchi breed. The results of genomic inbreeding and Ne showed an increase in sharing haplotypes in Baluchi, leading to the enlargement of LD and the consequences of linkage disequilibrium and haplotype blocks confirmed this point. Also, the persistence of the LD phase between Zel and Lori-Bakhtiari was highest indicating that these two breeds would be combined in a multi-breed training population in genomic selection studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Barani
- Department of Animal Science, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - A Nejati-Javaremi
- Department of Animal Science, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - M H Moradi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Arak University, Arak, Iran
| | - M Moradi-Sharbabak
- Department of Animal Science, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - M Gholizadeh
- Department of Animal Science, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Genome Wide Association Study Identifies Candidate Genes Related to the Earlywood Tracheid Properties in Picea crassifolia Kom. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13020332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Picea crassifolia Kom. is one of the timber and ecological conifers in China and its wood tracheid traits directly affect wood formation and adaptability under harsh environment. Molecular studies on P. crassifolia remain inadequate because relatively few genes have been associated with these traits. To identify markers and candidate genes that can potentially be used for genetic improvement of wood tracheid traits, we examined 106 clones of P. crassifolia, and investigated phenotypic data for 14 wood tracheid traits before specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq) was employed to perform a genome wide association study (GWAS). Subsequently, the results were used to screen single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci and candidate genes that exhibited a significant correlation with the studied traits. We developed 4,058,883 SLAF-tags and 12,275,765 SNP loci, and our analyses identified a total of 96 SNP loci that showed significant correlations with three earlywood tracheid traits using a mixed linear model (MLM). Next, candidate genes were screened in the 100 kb zone (50 kb upstream, 50 kb downstream) of each of the SNP loci, whereby 67 candidate genes were obtained in earlywood tracheid traits, including 34 genes of known function and 33 genes of unknown function. We provide the most significant SNP for each trait-locus combination and candidate genes occurring within the GWAS hits. These resources provide a foundation for the development of markers that could be used in wood traits improvement and candidate genes for the development of earlywood tracheid in P. crassifolia.
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu JJ, Sniezko RA, Sissons R, Krakowski J, Alger G, Schoettle AW, Williams H, Zamany A, Zitomer RA, Kegley A. Association Mapping and Development of Marker-Assisted Selection Tools for the Resistance to White Pine Blister Rust in the Alberta Limber Pine Populations. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:557672. [PMID: 33042181 PMCID: PMC7522202 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.557672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Since its introduction to North America in the early 1900s, white pine blister rust (WPBR) caused by the fungal pathogen Cronartium ribicola has resulted in substantial economic losses and ecological damage to native North American five-needle pine species. The high susceptibility and mortality of these species, including limber pine (Pinus flexilis), creates an urgent need for the development and deployment of resistant germplasm to support recovery of impacted populations. Extensive screening for genetic resistance to WPBR has been underway for decades in some species but has only started recently in limber pine using seed families collected from wild parental trees in the USA and Canada. This study was conducted to characterize Alberta limber pine seed families for WPBR resistance and to develop reliable molecular tools for marker-assisted selection (MAS). Open-pollinated seed families were evaluated for host reaction following controlled infection using C. ribicola basidiospores. Phenotypic segregation for presence/absence of stem symptoms was observed in four seed families. The segregation ratios of these families were consistent with expression of major gene resistance (MGR) controlled by a dominant R locus. Based on linkage disequilibrium (LD)-based association mapping used to detect single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers associated with MGR against C. ribicola, MGR in these seed families appears to be controlled by Cr4 or other R genes in very close proximity to Cr4. These associated SNPs were located in genes involved in multiple molecular mechanisms potentially underlying limber pine MGR to C. ribicola, including NBS-LRR genes for recognition of C. ribicola effectors, signaling components, and a large set of defense-responsive genes with potential functions in plant effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Interactions of associated loci were identified for MGR selection in trees with complex genetic backgrounds. SNPs with tight Cr4-linkage were further converted to TaqMan assays to confirm their effectiveness as MAS tools. This work demonstrates the successful translation and deployment of molecular genetic knowledge into specific MAS tools that can be easily applied in a selection or breeding program to efficiently screen MGR against WPBR in Alberta limber pine populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jun Liu
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Richard A. Sniezko
- USDA Forest Service, Dorena Genetic Resource Center, Cottage Grove, OR, United States
| | - Robert Sissons
- Parks Canada, Waterton Lakes National Park, Waterton Park, AB, Canada
| | | | - Genoa Alger
- Parks Canada, Waterton Lakes National Park, Waterton Park, AB, Canada
| | - Anna W. Schoettle
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Holly Williams
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Arezoo Zamany
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Rachel A. Zitomer
- USDA Forest Service, Dorena Genetic Resource Center, Cottage Grove, OR, United States
| | - Angelia Kegley
- USDA Forest Service, Dorena Genetic Resource Center, Cottage Grove, OR, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
SNP Genotyping with Target Amplicon Sequencing Using a Multiplexed Primer Panel and Its Application to Genomic Prediction in Japanese Cedar, Cryptomeria japonica (L.f.) D.Don. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11090898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Along with progress in sequencing technology and accumulating knowledge of genome and gene sequences, molecular breeding techniques have been developed for predicting the genetic potential of individual genotypes and for selecting superior individuals. For Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica (L.f.) D.Don), which is the most common coniferous species in Japanese forestry, we constructed a custom primer panel for target amplicon sequencing in order to simultaneously determine 3034 informative single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We performed primary evaluation of the custom primer panel with actual sequencing and in silico PCR. Genotyped SNPs had a distribution over almost the entire region of the C. japonica linkage map and verified the high reproducibility of genotype calls compared to SNPs obtained by genotyping arrays. Genotyping was performed for 576 individuals of the F1 population, and genomic prediction models were constructed for growth and wood property-related traits using the genotypes. Amplicon sequencing with the custom primer panel enables efficient obtaining genotype data in order to perform genomic prediction, manage clones, and advance forest tree breeding.
Collapse
|
5
|
Tello J, Roux C, Chouiki H, Laucou V, Sarah G, Weber A, Santoni S, Flutre T, Pons T, This P, Péros JP, Doligez A. A novel high-density grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) integrated linkage map using GBS in a half-diallel population. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2019; 132:2237-2252. [PMID: 31049634 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-019-03351-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A half-diallel population involving five elite grapevine cultivars was generated and genotyped by GBS, and highly-informative segregation data was used to construct a high-density genetic map for Vitis vinifera L. Grapevine is one of the most relevant fruit crops in the world. Deeper genetic knowledge could assist modern grapevine breeding programs to develop new wine grape varieties able to face climate change effects. To assist in the rapid identification of markers for crop yield components, grape quality traits and adaptation potential, we generated a large Vitis vinifera L. population (N = 624) by crossing five red wine cultivars in a half-diallel scheme, which was subsequently sequenced by an efficient GBS procedure. A high number of fully informative genetic variants was detected using a novel mapping approach capable of reconstructing local haplotypes from adjacent biallelic SNPs, which were subsequently used to construct the densest consensus genetic map available for the cultivated grapevine to date. This 1378.3-cM map integrates 10 bi-parental consensus maps and orders 4437 markers in 3353 unique positions on 19 chromosomes. Markers are well distributed all along the grapevine reference genome, covering up to 98.8% of its genomic sequence. Additionally, a good agreement was observed between genetic and physical orders, adding confidence in the quality of this map. Collectively, our results pave the way for future genetic studies (such as fine QTL mapping) aimed to understand the complex relationship between genotypic and phenotypic variation in the cultivated grapevine. In addition, the method used (which efficiently delivers a high number of fully informative markers) could be of interest to other outbred organisms, notably perennial fruit crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Tello
- UMR AGAP, University of Montpellier-CIRAD-INRA-Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
- UMT Geno-Vigne®, IFV-INRA-Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Catherine Roux
- UMR AGAP, University of Montpellier-CIRAD-INRA-Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
- UMT Geno-Vigne®, IFV-INRA-Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Hajar Chouiki
- UMR AGAP, University of Montpellier-CIRAD-INRA-Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Valérie Laucou
- UMR AGAP, University of Montpellier-CIRAD-INRA-Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
- UMT Geno-Vigne®, IFV-INRA-Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Gautier Sarah
- UMR AGAP, University of Montpellier-CIRAD-INRA-Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
- UMT Geno-Vigne®, IFV-INRA-Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Audrey Weber
- UMR AGAP, University of Montpellier-CIRAD-INRA-Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvain Santoni
- UMR AGAP, University of Montpellier-CIRAD-INRA-Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Timothée Flutre
- UMR AGAP, University of Montpellier-CIRAD-INRA-Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
- UMT Geno-Vigne®, IFV-INRA-Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Pons
- UMR AGAP, University of Montpellier-CIRAD-INRA-Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
- UMT Geno-Vigne®, IFV-INRA-Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Patrice This
- UMR AGAP, University of Montpellier-CIRAD-INRA-Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
- UMT Geno-Vigne®, IFV-INRA-Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Péros
- UMR AGAP, University of Montpellier-CIRAD-INRA-Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
- UMT Geno-Vigne®, IFV-INRA-Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Agnès Doligez
- UMR AGAP, University of Montpellier-CIRAD-INRA-Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France.
- UMT Geno-Vigne®, IFV-INRA-Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dong M, He Q, Zhao J, Zhang Y, Yuan D, Zhang AJ. Genetic Mapping of Prince Rupprecht's Larch ( Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr) by Specific-Locus Amplified Fragment Sequencing. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10080583. [PMID: 31370324 PMCID: PMC6723236 DOI: 10.3390/genes10080583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A high-density genetic linkage map is essential for plant genetics and genomics research. However, due to the deficiency of genomic data and high-quality molecular markers, no genetic map has been published for Prince Rupprecht’s larch (Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr), a conifer species with high ecological and commercial value in northern China. In this study, 145 F1 progeny individuals from an intraspecific cross between two elite clones of L. principis-rupprechtii and their parents were employed to construct the first genetic map in this important tree species using specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq). After preprocessing, the procedure yielded 300.20 Gb of raw data containing 1501.22 M pair-end reads. A total of 324,352 SNP markers were detected and 122,785 of them were polymorphic, with a polymorphism rate of 37.86%. Ultimately, 6099 SNPs were organized into a genetic map containing 12 linkage groups, consistent with the haploid chromosome number of larch and most other species in the Pinaceae family. The linkage map spanned 2415.58 cM and covered 99.6% of the L. principis-rupprechtii genome with an average of 0.4 cM between adjacent markers. To the best of our knowledge, this map is the first reference map for L. principis-rupprechtii, as well as the densest one obtained in larch species thus far. The genome-wide SNPs and the high-resolution genetic map will provide a foundation for future quantitative trait loci mapping, map-based cloning, marker-assisted selection, comparative genomics, and genome sequence assembly for larch trees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingliang Dong
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants Biological Engineering of State Forestry Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qingwei He
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants Biological Engineering of State Forestry Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants Biological Engineering of State Forestry Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants Biological Engineering of State Forestry Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Deshui Yuan
- National Key Seed Base of Larch, Weichang, Chengde 068450, China
| | - And Jinfeng Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants Biological Engineering of State Forestry Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hasegawa Y, Ueno S, Matsumoto A, Ujino-Ihara T, Uchiyama K, Totsuka S, Iwai J, Hakamata T, Moriguchi Y. Fine mapping of the male-sterile genes (MS1, MS2, MS3, and MS4) and development of SNP markers for marker-assisted selection in Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206695. [PMID: 30439978 PMCID: PMC6237302 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Pollinosis caused by Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) is a widespread social problem in Japan. To date, 23 male-sterile C. japonica trees have been selected in Japan to address pollinosis, from which four male-sterility loci (MS1, MS2, MS3, and MS4) have been identified from test crossing results. For efficient breeding of male-sterile C. japonica trees, more male-sterile individuals and individuals heterozygous for male-sterile genes are required. Therefore, we aimed to develop DNA markers for marker-assisted selection of four types of male-sterile genes from populations without a family structure. First, for four families exhibiting segregation of each male-sterile locus (MS1, MS2, MS3, and MS4), genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism and insertion/deletion (indel) genotyping was performed using the Axiom myDesign Targeted Genotyping Array method. Four high-density linkage maps for mapping the MS1, MS2, MS3, and MS4 families were constructed, which included 4923, 1722, 1896, and 2247 markers, respectively. In these maps, 15, 4, 2, and 2 markers were located 0.0, 3.3, 1.1, and 0.0 cM from the MS1, MS2, MS3, and MS4 loci, respectively. Second, for the markers located 0.0 cM from a male-sterile locus (i.e., MS1 and MS4), to clarify the most tightly linked markers, we calculated the prediction rate of male-sterile gene genotypes from marker genotypes for 78 trees. The markers with the highest prediction rates were AX-174127446 (0.95) for MS1 and AX-174121522 (1.00) for MS4. The AX-174121522 marker was considered to be suitable for selecting trees homozygous or heterozygous for the MS4 gene from plus-trees without a pollination test, which requires a large amount of time and effort. The nearest markers to the male-sterile loci found in this study may facilitate the isolation of male-sterile genes in C. japonica via combination with the draft genomic sequence that is currently being collated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Hasegawa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Saneyoshi Ueno
- Department of Forest Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Forest Research and Management Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Asako Matsumoto
- Department of Forest Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Forest Research and Management Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tokuko Ujino-Ihara
- Department of Forest Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Forest Research and Management Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kentaro Uchiyama
- Department of Forest Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Forest Research and Management Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Satoko Totsuka
- Niigata Prefectural Forest Research Institute, Murakami, Niigata, Japan
| | - Junji Iwai
- Niigata Prefectural Forest Research Institute, Murakami, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Hakamata
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Center, Shizuoka Prefectural Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshinari Moriguchi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Klápště J, Suontama M, Dungey HS, Telfer EJ, Graham NJ, Low CB, Stovold GT. Effect of Hidden Relatedness on Single-Step Genetic Evaluation in an Advanced Open-Pollinated Breeding Program. J Hered 2018; 109:802-810. [PMID: 30285150 PMCID: PMC6208454 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esy051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Open-pollinated (OP) mating is frequently used in forest tree breeding due to the relative temporal and financial efficiency of the approach. The trade-off is the lower precision of the estimated genetic parameters. Pedigree/sib-ship reconstruction has been proven as a tool to correct and complete pedigree information and to improve the precision of genetic parameter estimates. Our study analyzed an advanced generation Eucalyptus population from an OP breeding program using single-step genetic evaluation. The relationship matrix inferred from sib-ship reconstruction was used to rescale the marker-based relationship matrix (G matrix). This was compared with a second scenario that used rescaling based on the documented pedigree. The proposed single-step model performed better with respect to both model fit and the theoretical accuracy of breeding values. We found that the prediction accuracy was superior when using the pedigree information only when compared with using a combination of the pedigree and genomic information. This pattern appeared to be mainly a result of accumulated unrecognized relatedness over several breeding cycles, resulting in breeding values being shrunk toward the population mean. Using biased, pedigree-based breeding values as the base with which to correlate predicted GEBVs, resulted in the underestimation of prediction accuracies. Using breeding values estimated on the basis of sib-ship reconstruction resulted in increased prediction accuracies of the genotyped individuals. Therefore, selection of the correct base for estimation of prediction accuracy is critical. The beneficial impact of sib-ship reconstruction using G matrix rescaling was profound, especially in traits with inbreeding depression, such as stem diameter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Klápště
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd.), Whakarewarewa, Rotorua, New Zealand. Mari Suontama is now at Skogforsk, Umeå, Sävar SE, Sweden
| | - Mari Suontama
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd.), Whakarewarewa, Rotorua, New Zealand. Mari Suontama is now at Skogforsk, Umeå, Sävar SE, Sweden
| | - Heidi S Dungey
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd.), Whakarewarewa, Rotorua, New Zealand. Mari Suontama is now at Skogforsk, Umeå, Sävar SE, Sweden
| | - Emily J Telfer
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd.), Whakarewarewa, Rotorua, New Zealand. Mari Suontama is now at Skogforsk, Umeå, Sävar SE, Sweden
| | - Natalie J Graham
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd.), Whakarewarewa, Rotorua, New Zealand. Mari Suontama is now at Skogforsk, Umeå, Sävar SE, Sweden
| | - Charlie B Low
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd.), Whakarewarewa, Rotorua, New Zealand. Mari Suontama is now at Skogforsk, Umeå, Sävar SE, Sweden
| | - Grahame T Stovold
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd.), Whakarewarewa, Rotorua, New Zealand. Mari Suontama is now at Skogforsk, Umeå, Sävar SE, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hiraoka Y, Fukatsu E, Mishima K, Hirao T, Teshima KM, Tamura M, Tsubomura M, Iki T, Kurita M, Takahashi M, Watanabe A. Potential of Genome-Wide Studies in Unrelated Plus Trees of a Coniferous Species, Cryptomeria japonica (Japanese Cedar). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1322. [PMID: 30254658 PMCID: PMC6141754 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted on more than 30,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in unrelated first-generation plus tree genotypes from three populations of Japanese cedar Cryptomeria japonica D. Don with genomic prediction for traits of growth, wood properties and male fecundity. Among the assessed populations, genetic characteristics including the extent of linkage disequilibrium (LD) and genetic structure differed and these differences are considered to be due to differences in genetic background. Through population-independent GWAS, several significant SNPs found close to the regions associated with each of these traits and shared in common across the populations were identified. The accuracies of genomic predictions were dependent on the traits and populations and reflected the genetic architecture of traits and genetic characteristics. Prediction accuracies using SNPs selected based on GWAS results were similar to those using all SNPs for several combinations of traits and populations. We discussed the application of genome-wide studies for C. japonica improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Hiraoka
- Forest Tree Breeding Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Hitachi, Japan
| | - Eitaro Fukatsu
- Kyushu Regional Breeding Office, Forest Tree Breeding Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kentaro Mishima
- Forest Tree Breeding Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Hitachi, Japan
| | - Tomonori Hirao
- Forest Bio-Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Hitachi, Japan
| | | | - Miho Tamura
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Miyoko Tsubomura
- Forest Tree Breeding Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Hitachi, Japan
| | - Taiichi Iki
- Tohoku Regional Breeding Office, Forest Tree Breeding Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Takizawa, Japan
| | - Manabu Kurita
- Kyushu Regional Breeding Office, Forest Tree Breeding Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Makoto Takahashi
- Forest Tree Breeding Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Hitachi, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Leroy G, Carroll EL, Bruford MW, DeWoody JA, Strand A, Waits L, Wang J. Next-generation metrics for monitoring genetic erosion within populations of conservation concern. Evol Appl 2018; 11:1066-1083. [PMID: 30026798 PMCID: PMC6050182 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic erosion is a major threat to biodiversity because it can reduce fitness and ultimately contribute to the extinction of populations. Here, we explore the use of quantitative metrics to detect and monitor genetic erosion. Monitoring systems should not only characterize the mechanisms and drivers of genetic erosion (inbreeding, genetic drift, demographic instability, population fragmentation, introgressive hybridization, selection) but also its consequences (inbreeding and outbreeding depression, emergence of large-effect detrimental alleles, maladaptation and loss of adaptability). Technological advances in genomics now allow the production of data the can be measured by new metrics with improved precision, increased efficiency and the potential to discriminate between neutral diversity (shaped mainly by population size and gene flow) and functional/adaptive diversity (shaped mainly by selection), allowing the assessment of management-relevant genetic markers. The requirements of such studies in terms of sample size and marker density largely depend on the kind of population monitored, the questions to be answered and the metrics employed. We discuss prospects for the integration of this new information and metrics into conservation monitoring programmes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregoire Leroy
- Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, Animal Production and Health DivisionRomeItaly
| | - Emma L. Carroll
- Scottish Oceans Institute and School of BiologyUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsUK
| | - Mike W. Bruford
- Cardiff School of Biosciences and Sustainable Places InstituteCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - J. Andrew DeWoody
- Department of Forestry and Natural ResourcesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
- Department of Biological SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
| | - Allan Strand
- Department of BiologyGrice Marine Laboratory, College of CharlestonCharlestonSCUSA
| | - Lisette Waits
- Department of Fish and Wildlife SciencesUniversity of IdahoMoscowIDUSA
| | - Jinliang Wang
- Institute of ZoologyZoological Society of LondonLondonUK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mishima K, Hirao T, Tsubomura M, Tamura M, Kurita M, Nose M, Hanaoka S, Takahashi M, Watanabe A. Identification of novel putative causative genes and genetic marker for male sterility in Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D.Don). BMC Genomics 2018; 19:277. [PMID: 29685102 PMCID: PMC5914023 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4581-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) is an important tree for Japanese forestry. Male-sterile marker development in Japanese cedar would facilitate selection of male-sterile plus trees, addressing the widespread social problem of pollinosis and facilitating the identification of heterozygotes, which are useful for breeding. Results This study used next-generation sequencing for single-nucleotide polymorphism discovery in libraries constructed from several organs, including male-sterile and male-fertile strobili. The single-nucleotide polymorphisms obtained were used to construct a high-density linkage map, which enabled identification of a locus on linkage group 9 strongly correlated with male-sterile trait. Expressed sequence tags corresponding to 11 marker loci from 5 isotigs were associated with this locus within 33.4-34.5 cM. These marker loci explained 100% of the phenotypic variation. Several homologs of these sequences are associated with male sterility in rice or Arabidopsis, including a pre-mRNA splicing factor, a DEAD-box protein, a glycosyl hydrolase, and a galactosyltransferase. These proteins are thus candidates for the causal male-sterile gene at the ms-1 locus. After we used a SNaPshot assay to develop markers for marker-assisted selection (MAS), we tested F2 progeny between male-sterile and wild-type plus trees to validate the markers and extrapolated the testing to a larger plus-tree population. We found that two developed from one of the candidates for the causal gene were suitable for MAS. Conclusions More than half of the ESTs and SNPs we collected were new, enlarging the genomic basis for genetic research on Japanese cedar. We developed two SNP markers aimed at MAS that distinguished individuals carrying the male-sterile trait with 100% accuracy, as well as individuals heterozygous at the male-sterile locus, even outside the mapping population. These markers should enable practical MAS for conifer breeding. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4581-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Mishima
- Forest Tree Breeding Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Forest Research and Management Organization, 3809-1 Ishi, Juo, Hitachi, Ibaraki, 319-1301, Japan
| | - Tomonori Hirao
- Forest Tree Breeding Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Forest Research and Management Organization, 3809-1 Ishi, Juo, Hitachi, Ibaraki, 319-1301, Japan
| | - Miyoko Tsubomura
- Forest Tree Breeding Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Forest Research and Management Organization, 3809-1 Ishi, Juo, Hitachi, Ibaraki, 319-1301, Japan
| | - Miho Tamura
- Department of Forest Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Manabu Kurita
- Forest Tree Breeding Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Forest Research and Management Organization, 3809-1 Ishi, Juo, Hitachi, Ibaraki, 319-1301, Japan
| | - Mine Nose
- Forest Tree Breeding Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Forest Research and Management Organization, 3809-1 Ishi, Juo, Hitachi, Ibaraki, 319-1301, Japan
| | - So Hanaoka
- Forest Tree Breeding Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Forest Research and Management Organization, 3809-1 Ishi, Juo, Hitachi, Ibaraki, 319-1301, Japan
| | - Makoto Takahashi
- Forest Tree Breeding Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Forest Research and Management Organization, 3809-1 Ishi, Juo, Hitachi, Ibaraki, 319-1301, Japan
| | - Atsushi Watanabe
- Department of Forest Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chanroj V, Rattanawong R, Phumichai T, Tangphatsornruang S, Ukoskit K. Genome-wide association mapping of latex yield and girth in Amazonian accessions of Hevea brasiliensis grown in a suboptimal climate zone. Genomics 2017; 109:475-484. [PMID: 28751185 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Latex yield and growth are the key complex traits in commercial rubber production. The present study is the first to report genome-wide association mapping of latex yield and girth, for 170 Amazonian accessions grown in a suboptimal area characterized by limited rainfall and a lengthy dry season. Targeted sequence enrichment to capture gene transcripts generated 14,155 high quality filtered single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of which 94.3% resided in coding regions. The rapid decay of linkage disequilibrium over physical and genetic distance found in the accessions was comparable to those previously reported for several outcrossing species. A mixed linear model detected three significant SNPs in three candidate genes involved in plant adaptation to drought stress, individually explaining 12.7-15.7% of the phenotypic variance. The SNPs identified in the study will help to extend understanding, and to support genetic improvement of rubber trees grown in drought-affected regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vipavee Chanroj
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Klong Luang, Pathumtani 12121, Thailand
| | - Ratchanee Rattanawong
- Nong Khai Rubber Research Center, Rubber Research Institute of Thailand, Rattanawapi District, Nong Khai, 43120, Thailand
| | | | - Sithichoke Tangphatsornruang
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Phaholyothin Rd., Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Kittipat Ukoskit
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Klong Luang, Pathumtani 12121, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bartholomé J, Bink MCAM, van Heerwaarden J, Chancerel E, Boury C, Lesur I, Isik F, Bouffier L, Plomion C. Linkage and Association Mapping for Two Major Traits Used in the Maritime Pine Breeding Program: Height Growth and Stem Straightness. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165323. [PMID: 27806077 PMCID: PMC5091878 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Increasing our understanding of the genetic architecture of complex traits, through analyses of genotype-phenotype associations and of the genes/polymorphisms accounting for trait variation, is crucial, to improve the integration of molecular markers into forest tree breeding. In this study, two full-sib families and one breeding population of maritime pine were used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for height growth and stem straightness, through linkage analysis (LA) and linkage disequilibrium (LD) mapping approaches. Results The populations used for LA consisted of two unrelated three-generation full-sib families (n = 197 and n = 477). These populations were assessed for height growth or stem straightness and genotyped for 248 and 217 markers, respectively. The population used for LD mapping consisted of 661 founders of the first and second generations of the breeding program. This population was phenotyped for the same traits and genotyped for 2,498 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers corresponding to 1,652 gene loci. The gene-based reference genetic map of maritime pine was used to localize and compare the QTLs detected by the two approaches, for both traits. LA identified three QTLs for stem straightness and two QTLs for height growth. The LD study yielded seven significant associations (P ≤ 0.001): four for stem straightness and three for height growth. No colocalisation was found between QTLs identified by LA and SNPs detected by LD mapping for the same trait. Conclusions This study provides the first comparison of LA and LD mapping approaches in maritime pine, highlighting the complementary nature of these two approaches for deciphering the genetic architecture of two mandatory traits of the breeding program.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco CAM Bink
- Biometris, Wageningen University and Research Centre, NL-6700 AC, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Joost van Heerwaarden
- Biometris, Wageningen University and Research Centre, NL-6700 AC, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Isabelle Lesur
- BIOGECO, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33610, Cestas, France
- HelixVenture, Mérignac, France
| | - Fikret Isik
- North Carolina State University, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
He X, Johansson ML, Heath DD. Role of genomics and transcriptomics in selection of reintroduction source populations. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2016; 30:1010-1018. [PMID: 26756292 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The use and importance of reintroduction as a conservation tool to return a species to its historical range from which it has been extirpated will increase as climate change and human development accelerate habitat loss and population extinctions. Although the number of reintroduction attempts has increased rapidly over the past 2 decades, the success rate is generally low. As a result of population differences in fitness-related traits and divergent responses to environmental stresses, population performance upon reintroduction is highly variable, and it is generally agreed that selecting an appropriate source population is a critical component of a successful reintroduction. Conservation genomics is an emerging field that addresses long-standing challenges in conservation, and the potential for using novel molecular genetic approaches to inform and improve conservation efforts is high. Because the successful establishment and persistence of reintroduced populations is highly dependent on the functional genetic variation and environmental stress tolerance of the source population, we propose the application of conservation genomics and transcriptomics to guide reintroduction practices. Specifically, we propose using genome-wide functional loci to estimate genetic variation of source populations. This estimate can then be used to predict the potential for adaptation. We also propose using transcriptional profiling to measure the expression response of fitness-related genes to environmental stresses as a proxy for acclimation (tolerance) capacity. Appropriate application of conservation genomics and transcriptomics has the potential to dramatically enhance reintroduction success in a time of rapidly declining biodiversity and accelerating environmental change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping He
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Mattias L Johansson
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Daniel D Heath
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bartholomé J, Van Heerwaarden J, Isik F, Boury C, Vidal M, Plomion C, Bouffier L. Performance of genomic prediction within and across generations in maritime pine. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:604. [PMID: 27515254 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-12016-12879-12868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genomic selection (GS) is a promising approach for decreasing breeding cycle length in forest trees. Assessment of progeny performance and of the prediction accuracy of GS models over generations is therefore a key issue. RESULTS A reference population of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) with an estimated effective inbreeding population size (status number) of 25 was first selected with simulated data. This reference population (n = 818) covered three generations (G0, G1 and G2) and was genotyped with 4436 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. We evaluated the effects on prediction accuracy of both the relatedness between the calibration and validation sets and validation on the basis of progeny performance. Pedigree-based (best linear unbiased prediction, ABLUP) and marker-based (genomic BLUP and Bayesian LASSO) models were used to predict breeding values for three different traits: circumference, height and stem straightness. On average, the ABLUP model outperformed genomic prediction models, with a maximum difference in prediction accuracies of 0.12, depending on the trait and the validation method. A mean difference in prediction accuracy of 0.17 was found between validation methods differing in terms of relatedness. Including the progenitors in the calibration set reduced this difference in prediction accuracy to 0.03. When only genotypes from the G0 and G1 generations were used in the calibration set and genotypes from G2 were used in the validation set (progeny validation), prediction accuracies ranged from 0.70 to 0.85. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that the training of prediction models on parental populations can predict the genetic merit of the progeny with high accuracy: an encouraging result for the implementation of GS in the maritime pine breeding program.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joost Van Heerwaarden
- Biometris, Wageningen University and Research Centre, NL-6700 AC, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fikret Isik
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | - Marjorie Vidal
- BIOGECO, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33610, Cestas, France
- FCBA, Biotechnology and Advanced Silviculture Department, Genetics & Biotechnology Team, 33610, Cestas, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bartholomé J, Van Heerwaarden J, Isik F, Boury C, Vidal M, Plomion C, Bouffier L. Performance of genomic prediction within and across generations in maritime pine. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:604. [PMID: 27515254 PMCID: PMC4981999 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2879-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genomic selection (GS) is a promising approach for decreasing breeding cycle length in forest trees. Assessment of progeny performance and of the prediction accuracy of GS models over generations is therefore a key issue. RESULTS A reference population of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) with an estimated effective inbreeding population size (status number) of 25 was first selected with simulated data. This reference population (n = 818) covered three generations (G0, G1 and G2) and was genotyped with 4436 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. We evaluated the effects on prediction accuracy of both the relatedness between the calibration and validation sets and validation on the basis of progeny performance. Pedigree-based (best linear unbiased prediction, ABLUP) and marker-based (genomic BLUP and Bayesian LASSO) models were used to predict breeding values for three different traits: circumference, height and stem straightness. On average, the ABLUP model outperformed genomic prediction models, with a maximum difference in prediction accuracies of 0.12, depending on the trait and the validation method. A mean difference in prediction accuracy of 0.17 was found between validation methods differing in terms of relatedness. Including the progenitors in the calibration set reduced this difference in prediction accuracy to 0.03. When only genotypes from the G0 and G1 generations were used in the calibration set and genotypes from G2 were used in the validation set (progeny validation), prediction accuracies ranged from 0.70 to 0.85. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that the training of prediction models on parental populations can predict the genetic merit of the progeny with high accuracy: an encouraging result for the implementation of GS in the maritime pine breeding program.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joost Van Heerwaarden
- Biometris, Wageningen University and Research Centre, NL-6700 AC Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fikret Isik
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA
| | | | - Marjorie Vidal
- BIOGECO, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33610 Cestas, France
- FCBA, Biotechnology and Advanced Silviculture Department, Genetics & Biotechnology Team, 33610 Cestas, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bodénès C, Chancerel E, Ehrenmann F, Kremer A, Plomion C. High-density linkage mapping and distribution of segregation distortion regions in the oak genome. DNA Res 2016; 23:115-24. [PMID: 27013549 PMCID: PMC4833419 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsw001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed the densest single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based linkage genetic map to date for the genus Quercus An 8k gene-based SNP array was used to genotype more than 1,000 full-sibs from two intraspecific and two interspecific full-sib families of Quercus petraea and Quercus robur A high degree of collinearity was observed between the eight parental maps of the two species. A composite map was then established with 4,261 SNP markers spanning 742 cM over the 12 linkage groups (LGs) of the oak genome. Nine genomic regions from six LGs displayed highly significant distortions of segregation. Two main hypotheses concerning the mechanisms underlying segregation distortion are discussed: genetic load vs. reproductive barriers. Our findings suggest a predominance of pre-zygotic to post-zygotic barriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Bodénès
- INRA, UMR1202 BIOGECO, F-33610 Cestas, France Université de Bordeaux, UMR1202 BIOGECO, F-33610 Talence, France
| | - Emilie Chancerel
- INRA, UMR1202 BIOGECO, F-33610 Cestas, France Université de Bordeaux, UMR1202 BIOGECO, F-33610 Talence, France
| | - François Ehrenmann
- INRA, UMR1202 BIOGECO, F-33610 Cestas, France Université de Bordeaux, UMR1202 BIOGECO, F-33610 Talence, France
| | - Antoine Kremer
- INRA, UMR1202 BIOGECO, F-33610 Cestas, France Université de Bordeaux, UMR1202 BIOGECO, F-33610 Talence, France
| | - Christophe Plomion
- INRA, UMR1202 BIOGECO, F-33610 Cestas, France Université de Bordeaux, UMR1202 BIOGECO, F-33610 Talence, France
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Isik F, Bartholomé J, Farjat A, Chancerel E, Raffin A, Sanchez L, Plomion C, Bouffier L. Genomic selection in maritime pine. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 242:108-119. [PMID: 26566829 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A two-generation maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) breeding population (n=661) was genotyped using 2500 SNP markers. The extent of linkage disequilibrium and utility of genomic selection for growth and stem straightness improvement were investigated. The overall intra-chromosomal linkage disequilibrium was r(2)=0.01. Linkage disequilibrium corrected for genomic relationships derived from markers was smaller (rV(2)=0.006). Genomic BLUP, Bayesian ridge regression and Bayesian LASSO regression statistical models were used to obtain genomic estimated breeding values. Two validation methods (random sampling 50% of the population and 10% of the progeny generation as validation sets) were used with 100 replications. The average predictive ability across statistical models and validation methods was about 0.49 for stem sweep, and 0.47 and 0.43 for total height and tree diameter, respectively. The sensitivity analysis suggested that prior densities (variance explained by markers) had little or no discernible effect on posterior means (residual variance) in Bayesian prediction models. Sampling from the progeny generation for model validation increased the predictive ability of markers for tree diameter and stem sweep but not for total height. The results are promising despite low linkage disequilibrium and low marker coverage of the genome (∼1.39 markers/cM).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fikret Isik
- INRA, UMR1202, BIOGECO, Cestas F-33610, France
| | - Jérôme Bartholomé
- INRA, UMR1202, BIOGECO, Cestas F-33610, France; Univ. Bordeaux, UMR1202, BIOGECO, Talence F-33170, France
| | - Alfredo Farjat
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Emilie Chancerel
- INRA, UMR1202, BIOGECO, Cestas F-33610, France; Univ. Bordeaux, UMR1202, BIOGECO, Talence F-33170, France
| | - Annie Raffin
- INRA, UMR1202, BIOGECO, Cestas F-33610, France; Univ. Bordeaux, UMR1202, BIOGECO, Talence F-33170, France
| | | | - Christophe Plomion
- INRA, UMR1202, BIOGECO, Cestas F-33610, France; Univ. Bordeaux, UMR1202, BIOGECO, Talence F-33170, France
| | - Laurent Bouffier
- INRA, UMR1202, BIOGECO, Cestas F-33610, France; Univ. Bordeaux, UMR1202, BIOGECO, Talence F-33170, France.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Plomion C, Bartholomé J, Lesur I, Boury C, Rodríguez-Quilón I, Lagraulet H, Ehrenmann F, Bouffier L, Gion JM, Grivet D, de Miguel M, de María N, Cervera MT, Bagnoli F, Isik F, Vendramin GG, González-Martínez SC. High-density SNP assay development for genetic analysis in maritime pine (Pinus pinaster). Mol Ecol Resour 2015; 16:574-87. [PMID: 26358548 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Maritime pine provides essential ecosystem services in the south-western Mediterranean basin, where it covers around 4 million ha. Its scattered distribution over a range of environmental conditions makes it an ideal forest tree species for studies of local adaptation and evolutionary responses to climatic change. Highly multiplexed single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping arrays are increasingly used to study genetic variation in living organisms and for practical applications in plant and animal breeding and genetic resource conservation. We developed a 9k Illumina Infinium SNP array and genotyped maritime pine trees from (i) a three-generation inbred (F2) pedigree, (ii) the French breeding population and (iii) natural populations from Portugal and the French Atlantic coast. A large proportion of the exploitable SNPs (2052/8410, i.e. 24.4%) segregated in the mapping population and could be mapped, providing the densest ever gene-based linkage map for this species. Based on 5016 SNPs, natural and breeding populations from the French gene pool exhibited similar level of genetic diversity. Population genetics and structure analyses based on 3981 SNP markers common to the Portuguese and French gene pools revealed high levels of differentiation, leading to the identification of a set of highly differentiated SNPs that could be used for seed provenance certification. Finally, we discuss how the validated SNPs could facilitate the identification of ecologically and economically relevant genes in this species, improving our understanding of the demography and selective forces shaping its natural genetic diversity, and providing support for new breeding strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Plomion
- BIOGECO, UMR 1202, INRA, F-33610, Cestas, France.,BIOGECO, UMR 1202, University of Bordeaux, F-33400, Talence, France
| | - J Bartholomé
- BIOGECO, UMR 1202, INRA, F-33610, Cestas, France.,BIOGECO, UMR 1202, University of Bordeaux, F-33400, Talence, France
| | - I Lesur
- BIOGECO, UMR 1202, INRA, F-33610, Cestas, France.,HelixVenture, F-33700, Mérignac, France
| | - C Boury
- BIOGECO, UMR 1202, INRA, F-33610, Cestas, France.,BIOGECO, UMR 1202, University of Bordeaux, F-33400, Talence, France
| | | | - H Lagraulet
- BIOGECO, UMR 1202, INRA, F-33610, Cestas, France.,BIOGECO, UMR 1202, University of Bordeaux, F-33400, Talence, France
| | - F Ehrenmann
- BIOGECO, UMR 1202, INRA, F-33610, Cestas, France.,BIOGECO, UMR 1202, University of Bordeaux, F-33400, Talence, France
| | - L Bouffier
- BIOGECO, UMR 1202, INRA, F-33610, Cestas, France.,BIOGECO, UMR 1202, University of Bordeaux, F-33400, Talence, France
| | - J M Gion
- BIOGECO, UMR 1202, INRA, F-33610, Cestas, France.,UMR AGAP, CIRAD, F-33612, Cestas, France
| | - D Grivet
- Forest Research Centre, INIA, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - M de Miguel
- BIOGECO, UMR 1202, INRA, F-33610, Cestas, France.,BIOGECO, UMR 1202, University of Bordeaux, F-33400, Talence, France
| | - N de María
- Forest Research Centre, INIA, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - M T Cervera
- Forest Research Centre, INIA, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - F Bagnoli
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - F Isik
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - G G Vendramin
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
A Consensus Genetic Map for Pinus taeda and Pinus elliottii and Extent of Linkage Disequilibrium in Two Genotype-Phenotype Discovery Populations of Pinus taeda. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2015; 5:1685-94. [PMID: 26068575 PMCID: PMC4528325 DOI: 10.1534/g3.115.019588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
A consensus genetic map for Pinus taeda (loblolly pine) and Pinus elliottii (slash pine) was constructed by merging three previously published P. taeda maps with a map from a pseudo-backcross between P. elliottii and P. taeda. The consensus map positioned 3856 markers via genotyping of 1251 individuals from four pedigrees. It is the densest linkage map for a conifer to date. Average marker spacing was 0.6 cM and total map length was 2305 cM. Functional predictions of mapped genes were improved by aligning expressed sequence tags used for marker discovery to full-length P. taeda transcripts. Alignments to the P. taeda genome mapped 3305 scaffold sequences onto 12 linkage groups. The consensus genetic map was used to compare the genome-wide linkage disequilibrium in a population of distantly related P. taeda individuals (ADEPT2) used for association genetic studies and a multiple-family pedigree used for genomic selection (CCLONES). The prevalence and extent of LD was greater in CCLONES as compared to ADEPT2; however, extended LD with LGs or between LGs was rare in both populations. The average squared correlations, r2, between SNP alleles less than 1 cM apart were less than 0.05 in both populations and r2 did not decay substantially with genetic distance. The consensus map and analysis of linkage disequilibrium establish a foundation for comparative association mapping and genomic selection in P. taeda and P. elliottii.
Collapse
|
21
|
De La Torre AR, Birol I, Bousquet J, Ingvarsson PK, Jansson S, Jones SJM, Keeling CI, MacKay J, Nilsson O, Ritland K, Street N, Yanchuk A, Zerbe P, Bohlmann J. Insights into conifer giga-genomes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:1724-32. [PMID: 25349325 PMCID: PMC4256843 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.248708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Insights from sequenced genomes of major land plant lineages have advanced research in almost every aspect of plant biology. Until recently, however, assembled genome sequences of gymnosperms have been missing from this picture. Conifers of the pine family (Pinaceae) are a group of gymnosperms that dominate large parts of the world's forests. Despite their ecological and economic importance, conifers seemed long out of reach for complete genome sequencing, due in part to their enormous genome size (20-30 Gb) and the highly repetitive nature of their genomes. Technological advances in genome sequencing and assembly enabled the recent publication of three conifer genomes: white spruce (Picea glauca), Norway spruce (Picea abies), and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda). These genome sequences revealed distinctive features compared with other plant genomes and may represent a window into the past of seed plant genomes. This Update highlights recent advances, remaining challenges, and opportunities in light of the publication of the first conifer and gymnosperm genomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R De La Torre
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences (A.R.D.L.T., P.K.I.) and Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Plant Physiology (P.K.I., S.J., O.N., N.S.), Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umea, Sweden;Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 4S6 (I.B., S.J.M.J.);Canada Research Chair in Forest and Environmental Genomics (J.Bou.) and Center for Forest Research and Institute for Systems and Integrative Biology (J.Bou., J.M.), Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada G1V 0A6;Michael Smith Laboratories (C.I.K., P.Z., J.Boh.) and Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences (K.R., J.Boh.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4; andBritish Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands, and Natural Resource Operations, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 9C2 (A.Y.)
| | - Inanc Birol
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences (A.R.D.L.T., P.K.I.) and Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Plant Physiology (P.K.I., S.J., O.N., N.S.), Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umea, Sweden;Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 4S6 (I.B., S.J.M.J.);Canada Research Chair in Forest and Environmental Genomics (J.Bou.) and Center for Forest Research and Institute for Systems and Integrative Biology (J.Bou., J.M.), Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada G1V 0A6;Michael Smith Laboratories (C.I.K., P.Z., J.Boh.) and Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences (K.R., J.Boh.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4; andBritish Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands, and Natural Resource Operations, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 9C2 (A.Y.)
| | - Jean Bousquet
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences (A.R.D.L.T., P.K.I.) and Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Plant Physiology (P.K.I., S.J., O.N., N.S.), Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umea, Sweden;Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 4S6 (I.B., S.J.M.J.);Canada Research Chair in Forest and Environmental Genomics (J.Bou.) and Center for Forest Research and Institute for Systems and Integrative Biology (J.Bou., J.M.), Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada G1V 0A6;Michael Smith Laboratories (C.I.K., P.Z., J.Boh.) and Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences (K.R., J.Boh.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4; andBritish Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands, and Natural Resource Operations, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 9C2 (A.Y.)
| | - Pär K Ingvarsson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences (A.R.D.L.T., P.K.I.) and Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Plant Physiology (P.K.I., S.J., O.N., N.S.), Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umea, Sweden;Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 4S6 (I.B., S.J.M.J.);Canada Research Chair in Forest and Environmental Genomics (J.Bou.) and Center for Forest Research and Institute for Systems and Integrative Biology (J.Bou., J.M.), Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada G1V 0A6;Michael Smith Laboratories (C.I.K., P.Z., J.Boh.) and Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences (K.R., J.Boh.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4; andBritish Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands, and Natural Resource Operations, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 9C2 (A.Y.)
| | - Stefan Jansson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences (A.R.D.L.T., P.K.I.) and Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Plant Physiology (P.K.I., S.J., O.N., N.S.), Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umea, Sweden;Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 4S6 (I.B., S.J.M.J.);Canada Research Chair in Forest and Environmental Genomics (J.Bou.) and Center for Forest Research and Institute for Systems and Integrative Biology (J.Bou., J.M.), Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada G1V 0A6;Michael Smith Laboratories (C.I.K., P.Z., J.Boh.) and Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences (K.R., J.Boh.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4; andBritish Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands, and Natural Resource Operations, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 9C2 (A.Y.)
| | - Steven J M Jones
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences (A.R.D.L.T., P.K.I.) and Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Plant Physiology (P.K.I., S.J., O.N., N.S.), Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umea, Sweden;Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 4S6 (I.B., S.J.M.J.);Canada Research Chair in Forest and Environmental Genomics (J.Bou.) and Center for Forest Research and Institute for Systems and Integrative Biology (J.Bou., J.M.), Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada G1V 0A6;Michael Smith Laboratories (C.I.K., P.Z., J.Boh.) and Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences (K.R., J.Boh.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4; andBritish Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands, and Natural Resource Operations, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 9C2 (A.Y.)
| | - Christopher I Keeling
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences (A.R.D.L.T., P.K.I.) and Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Plant Physiology (P.K.I., S.J., O.N., N.S.), Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umea, Sweden;Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 4S6 (I.B., S.J.M.J.);Canada Research Chair in Forest and Environmental Genomics (J.Bou.) and Center for Forest Research and Institute for Systems and Integrative Biology (J.Bou., J.M.), Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada G1V 0A6;Michael Smith Laboratories (C.I.K., P.Z., J.Boh.) and Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences (K.R., J.Boh.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4; andBritish Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands, and Natural Resource Operations, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 9C2 (A.Y.)
| | - John MacKay
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences (A.R.D.L.T., P.K.I.) and Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Plant Physiology (P.K.I., S.J., O.N., N.S.), Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umea, Sweden;Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 4S6 (I.B., S.J.M.J.);Canada Research Chair in Forest and Environmental Genomics (J.Bou.) and Center for Forest Research and Institute for Systems and Integrative Biology (J.Bou., J.M.), Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada G1V 0A6;Michael Smith Laboratories (C.I.K., P.Z., J.Boh.) and Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences (K.R., J.Boh.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4; andBritish Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands, and Natural Resource Operations, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 9C2 (A.Y.)
| | - Ove Nilsson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences (A.R.D.L.T., P.K.I.) and Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Plant Physiology (P.K.I., S.J., O.N., N.S.), Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umea, Sweden;Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 4S6 (I.B., S.J.M.J.);Canada Research Chair in Forest and Environmental Genomics (J.Bou.) and Center for Forest Research and Institute for Systems and Integrative Biology (J.Bou., J.M.), Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada G1V 0A6;Michael Smith Laboratories (C.I.K., P.Z., J.Boh.) and Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences (K.R., J.Boh.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4; andBritish Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands, and Natural Resource Operations, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 9C2 (A.Y.)
| | - Kermit Ritland
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences (A.R.D.L.T., P.K.I.) and Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Plant Physiology (P.K.I., S.J., O.N., N.S.), Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umea, Sweden;Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 4S6 (I.B., S.J.M.J.);Canada Research Chair in Forest and Environmental Genomics (J.Bou.) and Center for Forest Research and Institute for Systems and Integrative Biology (J.Bou., J.M.), Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada G1V 0A6;Michael Smith Laboratories (C.I.K., P.Z., J.Boh.) and Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences (K.R., J.Boh.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4; andBritish Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands, and Natural Resource Operations, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 9C2 (A.Y.)
| | - Nathaniel Street
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences (A.R.D.L.T., P.K.I.) and Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Plant Physiology (P.K.I., S.J., O.N., N.S.), Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umea, Sweden;Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 4S6 (I.B., S.J.M.J.);Canada Research Chair in Forest and Environmental Genomics (J.Bou.) and Center for Forest Research and Institute for Systems and Integrative Biology (J.Bou., J.M.), Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada G1V 0A6;Michael Smith Laboratories (C.I.K., P.Z., J.Boh.) and Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences (K.R., J.Boh.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4; andBritish Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands, and Natural Resource Operations, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 9C2 (A.Y.)
| | - Alvin Yanchuk
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences (A.R.D.L.T., P.K.I.) and Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Plant Physiology (P.K.I., S.J., O.N., N.S.), Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umea, Sweden;Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 4S6 (I.B., S.J.M.J.);Canada Research Chair in Forest and Environmental Genomics (J.Bou.) and Center for Forest Research and Institute for Systems and Integrative Biology (J.Bou., J.M.), Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada G1V 0A6;Michael Smith Laboratories (C.I.K., P.Z., J.Boh.) and Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences (K.R., J.Boh.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4; andBritish Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands, and Natural Resource Operations, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 9C2 (A.Y.)
| | - Philipp Zerbe
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences (A.R.D.L.T., P.K.I.) and Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Plant Physiology (P.K.I., S.J., O.N., N.S.), Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umea, Sweden;Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 4S6 (I.B., S.J.M.J.);Canada Research Chair in Forest and Environmental Genomics (J.Bou.) and Center for Forest Research and Institute for Systems and Integrative Biology (J.Bou., J.M.), Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada G1V 0A6;Michael Smith Laboratories (C.I.K., P.Z., J.Boh.) and Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences (K.R., J.Boh.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4; andBritish Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands, and Natural Resource Operations, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 9C2 (A.Y.)
| | - Jörg Bohlmann
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences (A.R.D.L.T., P.K.I.) and Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Plant Physiology (P.K.I., S.J., O.N., N.S.), Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umea, Sweden;Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 4S6 (I.B., S.J.M.J.);Canada Research Chair in Forest and Environmental Genomics (J.Bou.) and Center for Forest Research and Institute for Systems and Integrative Biology (J.Bou., J.M.), Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada G1V 0A6;Michael Smith Laboratories (C.I.K., P.Z., J.Boh.) and Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences (K.R., J.Boh.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4; andBritish Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands, and Natural Resource Operations, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 9C2 (A.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|