1
|
Li C, Chen L, Liu X, Shi X, Guo Y, Huang R, Nie F, Zheng C, Zhang C, Ma RZ. A high-density BAC physical map covering the entire MHC region of addax antelope genome. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:479. [PMID: 31185912 PMCID: PMC6558854 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5790-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mammalian major histocompatibility complex (MHC) harbours clusters of genes associated with the immunological defence of animals against infectious pathogens. At present, no complete MHC physical map is available for any of the wild ruminant species in the world. RESULTS The high-density physical map is composed of two contigs of 47 overlapping bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones, with an average of 115 Kb for each BAC, covering the entire addax MHC genome. The first contig has 40 overlapping BAC clones covering an approximately 2.9 Mb region of MHC class I, class III, and class IIa, and the second contig has 7 BAC clones covering an approximately 500 Kb genomic region that harbours MHC class IIb. The relative position of each BAC corresponding to the MHC sequence was determined by comparative mapping using PCR screening of the BAC library of 192,000 clones, and the order of BACs was determined by DNA fingerprinting. The overlaps of neighboring BACs were cross-verified by both BAC-end sequencing and co-amplification of identical PCR fragments within the overlapped region, with their identities further confirmed by DNA sequencing. CONCLUSIONS We report here the successful construction of a high-quality physical map for the addax MHC region using BACs and comparative mapping. The addax MHC physical map we constructed showed one gap of approximately 18 Mb formed by an ancient autosomal inversion that divided the MHC class II into IIa and IIb. The autosomal inversion provides compelling evidence that the MHC organizations in all of the ruminant species are relatively conserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaokun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, S2-316 Building #2, West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Longxin Chen
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Zhengzhou Normal University, Zhengzhou, 450044, China
| | - Xuefeng Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Captive Wildlife Technologies, Beijing Zoo, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Xiaoqian Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, S2-316 Building #2, West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, S2-316 Building #2, West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Rui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, S2-316 Building #2, West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fangyuan Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, S2-316 Building #2, West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Changming Zheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Captive Wildlife Technologies, Beijing Zoo, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Chenglin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Captive Wildlife Technologies, Beijing Zoo, Beijing, 100044, China.
- Beijing Zoo, No. 137 West straight door Avenue, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100032, China.
| | - Runlin Z Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, S2-316 Building #2, West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Zhengzhou Normal University, Zhengzhou, 450044, China.
- School of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Differential toxicity and gene expression in Caco-2 cells exposed to arsenic species. Toxicol Lett 2013; 218:70-80. [PMID: 23353816 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 01/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic arsenic [As(V)+As(III)] and its metabolites, especially the trivalent forms [monomethylarsonous acid, MMA(III), and dimethylarsinous acid, DMA(III)], are considered the forms of arsenic with the highest degree of toxicity, linked to certain types of cancer and other pathologies. The gastrointestinal mucosa is exposed to these forms of arsenic, but it is not known what toxic effect these species may have on it. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the toxicity and some mechanisms of action of inorganic arsenic and its metabolites [monomethylarsonic acid, MMA(V), dimethylarsinic acid, DMA(V), MMA(III) and DMA(III)] in intestinal epithelial cells, using the Caco-2 human cell line as a model. The results show that the pentavalent forms do not produce toxic effects on the intestinal monolayer, but the trivalent species have a different degree of toxicity. As(III) induces death mainly by necrosis, whereas only apoptotic cells are detected after exposure to MMA(III), and for DMA(III) the percentages of apoptosis and necrosis are similar. The three forms produce reactive oxygen species, accompanied by a reduction in intracellular GSH and lipid peroxidation, the latter being especially notable in the dimethylated form. They also alter the enzyme activity of glutathione peroxidase and catalase and induce expression of stress proteins and metallothioneins. The results indicate that the trivalent forms of arsenic can affect cell viability of intestinal cells by mechanisms related to the induction of oxidative stress. Further studies are needed to evaluate how the effects observed in this study affect the structure and functionality of the intestinal epithelium.
Collapse
|
3
|
Yue G, Shi G, Azaro MA, Yang Q, Hu G, Luo M, Yin K, Nagele RG, Fine DH, Yang JM, Li H. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) potentiates hydrogen peroxide toxicity in T98G astrocytoma cells by suppression of anti-oxidative and growth factor gene expression. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:608. [PMID: 19087328 PMCID: PMC2631585 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a cell wall component of Gram-negative bacteria with proved role in pathogenesis of sepsis. Brain injury was observed with both patients dead from sepsis and animal septic models. However, in vitro administration of LPS has not shown obvious cell damage to astrocytes and other relative cell lines while it does cause endothelial cell death in vitro. These observations make it difficult to understand the role of LPS in brain parenchymal injury. Results To test the hypothesis that LPS may cause biological changes in astrocytes and make the cells to become vulnerable to reactive oxygen species, a recently developed highly sensitive and highly specific system for large-scale gene expression profiling was used to examine the gene expression profile of a group of 1,135 selected genes in a cell line, T98G, a derivative of human glioblastoma of astrocytic origin. By pre-treating T98G cells with different dose of LPS, it was found that LPS treatment caused a broad alteration in gene expression profile, but did not cause obvious cell death. However, after short exposure to H2O2, cell death was dramatically increased in the LPS pretreated samples. Interestingly, cell death was highly correlated with down-regulated expression of antioxidant genes such as cytochrome b561, glutathione s-transferase a4 and protein kinase C-epsilon. On the other hand, expression of genes encoding growth factors was significantly suppressed. These changes indicate that LPS treatment may suppress the anti-oxidative machinery, decrease the viability of the T98G cells and make the cells more sensitive to H2O2 stress. Conclusion These results provide very meaningful clue for further exploring and understanding the mechanism underlying astrocyte injury in sepsis in vivo, and insight for why LPS could cause astrocyte injury in vivo, but not in vitro. It will also shed light on the therapeutic strategy of sepsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Yue
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology/The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|