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Walker JT, McDermott PJ. Confirming the Presence of Legionella pneumophila in Your Water System: A Review of Current Legionella Testing Methods. J AOAC Int 2021; 104:1135-1147. [PMID: 33484265 PMCID: PMC8378878 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsab003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Legionnaires' disease has been recognized since 1976 and Legionella pneumophila still accounts for more than 95% of cases. Approaches in countries, including France, suggest that focusing risk reduction specifically on L. pneumophila is an effective strategy, as detecting L. pneumophila has advantages over targeting multiple species of Legionella. In terms of assays, the historically accepted plate culture method takes 10 days for confirmed Legionella spp. results, has variabilities which affect trending and comparisons, requires highly trained personnel to identify colonies on a plate in specialist laboratories, and does not recover viable-but-non-culturable bacteria. PCR is sensitive, specific, provides results in less than 24 h, and determines the presence/absence of Legionella spp. and/or L. pneumophila DNA. Whilst specialist personnel and laboratories are generally required, there are now on-site PCR options, but there is no agreement on comparing genome units to colony forming units and action limits. Immunomagnetic separation assays are culture-independent, detect multiple Legionella species, and results are available in 24 h, with automated processing options. Field-use lateral flow devices provide presence/absence determination of L. pneumophila serogroup 1 where sufficient cells are present, but testing potable waters is problematic. Liquid culture most probable number (MPN) assays provide confirmed L. pneumophila results in 7 days that are equivalent to or exceed plate culture, are robust and reproducible, and can be performed in a variety of laboratory settings. MPN isolates can be obtained for epidemiological investigations. This accessible, non-technical review will be of particular interest to building owners, operators, risk managers, and water safety groups and will enable them to make informed decisions to reduce the risk of L. pneumophila.
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Moumanis K, Sirbu L, Hassen WM, Frost E, de Carvalho LR, Hiernaux P, Dubowski JJ. Water Sampling Module for Collecting and Concentrating Legionella pneumophila from Low-to-Medium Contaminated Environment. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:34. [PMID: 33513950 PMCID: PMC7910891 DOI: 10.3390/bios11020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The detection of water contamination with Legionella pneumophila is of critical importance to manufacturers of water processing equipment and public health entities dealing with water networks and distribution systems. Detection methods based on polymerase chain reaction or biosensor technologies require preconcentration steps to achieve attractive sensitivity levels. Preconcentration must also be included in protocols of automated collection of water samples by systems designed for quasi-continuous monitoring of remotely located water reservoirs for the presence of L. pneumophila. We designed and characterized a water sampling module for filtration and backwashing intended for analysis of low-to-medium contaminated water, typically with L. pneumophila bacteria not exceeding 50 colony-forming units per milliliter. The concentration factors of 10× and 21× were achieved with 0.22 and 0.45 µm filters, respectively, for samples of bacteria prepared in clean saline solutions. However, a 5× concentration factor was achieved with 0.45 µm filters for a heavily contaminated or turbid water typical of some industrial water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Moumanis
- Laboratory for Quantum Semiconductors and Photon-Based BioNanotechnology, Interdisciplinary Institute for Technological Innovation (3IT), CNRS UMI-3463, Université de Sherbrooke, 3000 boul. de l’Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 0A5, Canada; (L.S.); (W.M.H.); (E.F.)
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. de l’Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Lilian Sirbu
- Laboratory for Quantum Semiconductors and Photon-Based BioNanotechnology, Interdisciplinary Institute for Technological Innovation (3IT), CNRS UMI-3463, Université de Sherbrooke, 3000 boul. de l’Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 0A5, Canada; (L.S.); (W.M.H.); (E.F.)
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. de l’Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Walid Mohamed Hassen
- Laboratory for Quantum Semiconductors and Photon-Based BioNanotechnology, Interdisciplinary Institute for Technological Innovation (3IT), CNRS UMI-3463, Université de Sherbrooke, 3000 boul. de l’Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 0A5, Canada; (L.S.); (W.M.H.); (E.F.)
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. de l’Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Eric Frost
- Laboratory for Quantum Semiconductors and Photon-Based BioNanotechnology, Interdisciplinary Institute for Technological Innovation (3IT), CNRS UMI-3463, Université de Sherbrooke, 3000 boul. de l’Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 0A5, Canada; (L.S.); (W.M.H.); (E.F.)
- Department of Microbiology and Infectiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue North, QC J1K 0A5, Canada
| | | | - Pierre Hiernaux
- Produits Chimiques Magnus Limitée, 1271, rue Ampère, Boucherville, QC J4B 5Z5, Canada; (L.R.d.C.); (P.H.)
| | - Jan Jerzy Dubowski
- Laboratory for Quantum Semiconductors and Photon-Based BioNanotechnology, Interdisciplinary Institute for Technological Innovation (3IT), CNRS UMI-3463, Université de Sherbrooke, 3000 boul. de l’Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 0A5, Canada; (L.S.); (W.M.H.); (E.F.)
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. de l’Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
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Abstract
The early detection of Legionella in water reservoirs, and the prevention of their often fatal diseases, requires the development of rapid and reliable detection processes. A method for the magnetic separation (MS) of Legionella pneumophila by superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles is developed, which represents the basis for future bacteria detection kits. The focus lies on the separation process and the simplicity of using magnetic nanomaterials. Iron oxide nanoparticles are functionalized with epoxy groups and Legionella-specific antibodies are immobilized. The resulting complexes are characterized with infrared spectroscopy and tested for the specific separation and enrichment of the selected microorganisms. The cell-particle complexes can be isolated in a magnetic field and detected with conventional methods such as fluorescence detection. A nonspecific enrichment of bacteria is also possible by using bare iron oxide nanoparticles (BIONs), which we used as a reference to the nanoparticles with immobilized antibodies. Furthermore, the immunomagnetic separation can be applied for the detection of multiple other microorganisms and thus might pave the way for simpler bacterial diagnosis.
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Bioassays: The best alternative for conventional methods in detection of Legionella pneumophila. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 121:1295-1307. [PMID: 30219511 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.09.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fastidious bacteria are group of bacteria that not only grow slowly but also have complex nutritional needs. In this review, recent progress made on development of biosensing strategies towards quantification of Legionella pneumophila as fastidious bacteria in microbiology was investigated. In coincidence with medical bacteriology, it is the most widely used bio-monitoring, biosensors based on DNA and antibody. Also, all of legionella pneumophila genosensors and immunosensors that developed in recent years were collected analyzed. This review is meant to provide an overview of the various types of bioassays have been developed for determination of Legionella Legionella, along with significant advances over the last several years in related technologies. In addition, this review described: i) Most frequently applied principles in bioassay/biosensing of Legionellaii) The aspects of fabrication in the perspective of bioassay/biosensing applications iii) The potential of various electrochemical and optical bioassay/biosensing for the determination of Legionella and the circumvention of the most serious problem in immunosensing/immunoassay was discussed. iv) Some of bioassay/biosensing has been discussed with and without labels. v) We also summarize the latest developments in the applications of bioassay/biosensing methods for detection of Legionella. vi) The development trends of optical and electrochemical based bioassay/biosensing are also introduced.
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New system for the detection of Legionella pneumophila in water samples. Talanta 2018; 189:324-331. [PMID: 30086926 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Waterborne pathogens are a global concern for public health worldwide. Despite continuing efforts to maintain water safety, water quality is still affected by deterioration and pollution. Legionella pneumophila colonizes man-made water systems and can infect humans causing Legionnaire's disease (LD), pneumonia. The prevention of LD is a public health issue and requires specific systems to control and detect these microorganisms. Culture plate is the only technique currently approved, but requires more than 10 days to obtain results. A rapid test that inform in hours about the presence of Legionella pneumophila in water samples will improve the control of this pathogen colonization. In order to control colonization by L. pneumophila we developed a membrane filter method to capture and immunodetect this microorganism in water samples. This membrane filter is used to retain the bacteria using a nitrocellulose disc inside a home-made cartridge. Subsequently we perform the immunodetection of the bacteria retained in the nitrocellulose (blocking, antibody incubation, washings and developing). On comparing our test with the gold-standard, the most important finding is the considerably reduction in time maintaining the same detection limit. This rapid test is easily automated for L. pneumophila detection allowing a comprehensive surveillance of L. pneumophila in water facilities and reducing the variability in the analyses due to the low need for manipulation. Moreover, corrective measures may be applied the same day of the analysis. This method considerably reduces the detection time compared with the conventional, gold-standard detection culture method that requires more than 10 days, being decisive to prevent outbreaks.
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Wang H, Bédard E, Prévost M, Camper AK, Hill VR, Pruden A. Methodological approaches for monitoring opportunistic pathogens in premise plumbing: A review. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 117:68-86. [PMID: 28390237 PMCID: PMC5693313 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Opportunistic premise (i.e., building) plumbing pathogens (OPPPs, e.g., Legionella pneumophila, Mycobacterium avium complex, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acanthamoeba, and Naegleria fowleri) are a significant and growing source of disease. Because OPPPs establish and grow as part of the native drinking water microbiota, they do not correspond to fecal indicators, presenting a major challenge to standard drinking water monitoring practices. Further, different OPPPs present distinct requirements for sampling, preservation, and analysis, creating an impediment to their parallel detection. The aim of this critical review is to evaluate the state of the science of monitoring OPPPs and identify a path forward for their parallel detection and quantification in a manner commensurate with the need for reliable data that is informative to risk assessment and mitigation. Water and biofilm sampling procedures, as well as factors influencing sample representativeness and detection sensitivity, are critically evaluated with respect to the five representative bacterial and amoebal OPPPs noted above. Available culturing and molecular approaches are discussed in terms of their advantages, limitations, and applicability. Knowledge gaps and research needs towards standardized approaches are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Emilie Bédard
- Department of Civil Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Michèle Prévost
- Department of Civil Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Anne K Camper
- Center for Biofilm Engineering and Department of Civil Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Vincent R Hill
- Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Amy Pruden
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Wasniewski M, Almeida I, Baur A, Bedekovic T, Boncea D, Chaves LB, David D, De Benedictis P, Dobrostana M, Giraud P, Hostnik P, Jaceviciene I, Kenklies S, König M, Mähar K, Mojzis M, Moore S, Mrenoski S, Müller T, Ngoepe E, Nishimura M, Nokireki T, Pejovic N, Smreczak M, Strandbygaard B, Wodak E, Cliquet F. First international collaborative study to evaluate rabies antibody detection method for use in monitoring the effectiveness of oral vaccination programmes in fox and raccoon dog in Europe. J Virol Methods 2016; 238:77-85. [PMID: 27751949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The most effective and sustainable method to control and eliminate rabies in wildlife is the oral rabies vaccination (ORV) of target species, namely foxes and raccoon dogs in Europe. According to WHO and OIE, the effectiveness of oral vaccination campaigns should be regularly assessed via disease surveillance and ORV antibody monitoring. Rabies antibodies are generally screened for in field animal cadavers, whose body fluids are often of poor quality. Therefore, the use of alternative methods such as the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been proposed to improve reliability of serological results obtained on wildlife samples. We undertook an international collaborative study to determine if the commercial BioPro ELISA Rabies Ab kit is a reliable and reproducible tool for rabies serological testing. Our results reveal that the overall specificity evaluated on naive samples reached 96.7%, and the coefficients of concordance obtained for fox and raccoon dog samples were 97.2% and 97.5%, respectively. The overall agreement values obtained for the four marketed oral vaccines used in Europe were all equal to or greater than 95%. The coefficients of concordance obtained by laboratories ranged from 87.2% to 100%. The results of this collaborative study show good robustness and reproducibility of the BioPro ELISA Rabies Ab kit.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wasniewski
- ANSES - Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire, CS 40009, 54220 Malzéville, France.
| | - I Almeida
- Laboratório Nacional de Investigação Veterinária (LNIV), Estrada de Benfica No 701, 1549-011 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - A Baur
- Vet Med Labor GmbH, Division of IDEXX Laboratories, Mörikestr. 28/3, 71636 Ludwigsburg, Germany
| | - T Bedekovic
- Croatian Veterinary Institute Laboratory for Rabies/Virology, Savska cesta 143, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - D Boncea
- Institute for Diagnosis and Animal Health, NRL For Rabies, no 63, Dr. Staicovici Street, sector 5 050557 Bucharest, Romania
| | - L B Chaves
- Laboratório de Diagnóstico da Raiva, Instituto Pasteur - Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, Avenida Paulista, 393 - Cerqueira César, São Paulo/SP 01311-000, Brazil
| | - D David
- Kimron Veterinary Institute Rabies Laboratory, Derech Hamacabim street, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - P De Benedictis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - M Dobrostana
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR" Animal Diseases Diagnostic Laboratory, Lejupes iela 3, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia
| | - P Giraud
- Laboratoire Départemental d'Analyses du Pas-de-Calais, Parc de Hautes technologies des Bonnettes 2, rue du genévrier, 62022 Arras cedex 2, France
| | - P Hostnik
- National Veterinary Institute, Laboratory for Virology, Gerbiceva 60, 1 000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - I Jaceviciene
- National Food and Veterinary Risk Assessment Institute, Virology Unit, Kairiukscio Str. 10, LT-08409 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - S Kenklies
- Landesamt für Verbraucherschutz Sachsen-Anhalt, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Haferbreiter Weg 132-135, 39576 Stendal, Germany
| | - M König
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, JLU-Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - K Mähar
- Estonian Veterinary and Food Laboratory, Virology and Serology Department, Kreutzwaldi 30, 51 006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - M Mojzis
- State Veterinary Institute Zvolen, Pod drahami 918, 960 86 Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - S Moore
- Kansas State University Rabies Laboratory, 2005 Research Park Circle, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - S Mrenoski
- University Ss Cyril and Methodius in Skopje, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Skopje, Department for Microbiology and Immunology, Lazar Pop Trajkov 5-7, 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - T Müller
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - E Ngoepe
- Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute (ARC-OVI), 100 old Soutpan road, Onderstepoort 0110 Pretoria, South Africa
| | - M Nishimura
- Research Institute for Animal Science In Biochemistry and Toxicology, 3-7-11, Hashimotodai, Midori-ku, Sagamihara-Kanagawa 252-0132, Japan
| | - T Nokireki
- Finnish Food Safety Authority, Evira Department Veterinary Virology, Mustialankatu, 3 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - N Pejovic
- Diagnostic Veterinary Laboratory - Podgorica Bul. Dzordza Vasingtona, bb p.fah 69, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - M Smreczak
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Virology, Partyzanow av. 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - B Strandbygaard
- DTU, National Veterinary Institute Division of Virology, Lindholm Kalvehave Havnevej 51 DK- 4771 Kalvehave, Denmark
| | - E Wodak
- AGES, Institute for Veterinary Disease Control Mödling, Department for Virology Robert Koch Gasse 17 A-2340 Mödling, Austria
| | - F Cliquet
- ANSES - Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire, CS 40009, 54220 Malzéville, France
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Improved PCR assay for the species-specific identification and quantitation of Legionella pneumophila in water. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:9227-36. [PMID: 26142386 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6759-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Legionellosis outbreak is a major global health care problem. However, current Legionella risk assessments may be compromised by uncertainties in Legionella detection methods, infectious dose, and strain infectivity. These limitations may place public health at significant risk, leading to significant monetary losses in health care. However, there are still unmet needs for its rapid identification and monitoring of legionellae in water systems. Therefore, in the present study, a primer set was designed based on a LysR-type transcriptional regulator (LTTR) family protein gene of Legionella pneumophila subsp. pneumophila str. Philadelphia 1 because it was found that this gene is structurally diverse among species through BLAST searches. The specificity of the primer set was evaluated using genomic DNA from 6 strains of L. pneumophila, 5 type strains of other related Legionella species, and other 29 reference pathogenic bacteria. The primer set used in the PCR assay amplified a 264-bp product for only targeted six strains of L. pneumophila. The assay was also able to detect at least 1.39 × 10(3) copies/μl of cloned amplified target DNA using purified DNA or 7.4 × 10(0) colony-forming unit per reaction when using calibrated cell suspension. In addition, the sensitivity and specificity of this assay were confirmed by successful detection of Legionella pneumophila in environmental water samples.
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Mercante JW, Winchell JM. Current and emerging Legionella diagnostics for laboratory and outbreak investigations. Clin Microbiol Rev 2015; 28:95-133. [PMID: 25567224 PMCID: PMC4284297 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00029-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Legionnaires' disease (LD) is an often severe and potentially fatal form of bacterial pneumonia caused by an extensive list of Legionella species. These ubiquitous freshwater and soil inhabitants cause human respiratory disease when amplified in man-made water or cooling systems and their aerosols expose a susceptible population. Treatment of sporadic cases and rapid control of LD outbreaks benefit from swift diagnosis in concert with discriminatory bacterial typing for immediate epidemiological responses. Traditional culture and serology were instrumental in describing disease incidence early in its history; currently, diagnosis of LD relies almost solely on the urinary antigen test, which captures only the dominant species and serogroup, Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 (Lp1). This has created a diagnostic "blind spot" for LD caused by non-Lp1 strains. This review focuses on historic, current, and emerging technologies that hold promise for increasing LD diagnostic efficiency and detection rates as part of a coherent testing regimen. The importance of cooperation between epidemiologists and laboratorians for a rapid outbreak response is also illustrated in field investigations conducted by the CDC with state and local authorities. Finally, challenges facing health care professionals, building managers, and the public health community in combating LD are highlighted, and potential solutions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W Mercante
- Pneumonia Response and Surveillance Laboratory, Respiratory Diseases Branch, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jonas M Winchell
- Pneumonia Response and Surveillance Laboratory, Respiratory Diseases Branch, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Mas Pons J, Dumont A, Sautejeau G, Fugier E, Baron A, Dukan S, Vauzeilles B. Identification of LivingLegionella pneumophilaUsing Species-Specific Metabolic Lipopolysaccharide Labeling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:1275-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201309072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Mas Pons J, Dumont A, Sautejeau G, Fugier E, Baron A, Dukan S, Vauzeilles B. Identification of LivingLegionella pneumophilaUsing Species-Specific Metabolic Lipopolysaccharide Labeling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201309072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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