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Wang YT, Lin YC, Hsieh YH, Lin YT, Hamada M, Chen CC, Liou JS, Lee AY, Zhang WL, Chen YT, Huang CH. Staphylococcus hsinchuensis sp. nov., Isolated from Soymilk. Pathogens 2024; 13:343. [PMID: 38668298 PMCID: PMC11055063 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13040343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
A novel coagulase-negative Staphylococcus strain (H164T) was isolated from soymilk in Taiwan. Comparative sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene revealed that the H164T strain is a member of the genus Staphylococcus. We used multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) and phylogenomic analyses to demonstrate that the novel strain was closely related to Staphylococcus gallinarum, Staphylococcus nepalensis, Staphylococcus cohnii, and Staphylococcus urealyuticus. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between H164T and its closest relatives were <95% and <70%, respectively. The H164T strain could also be distinguished from its closest relatives by the fermentation of d-fructose, d-maltose, d-trehalose, and d-mannitol, as well as by the activities of α-glucosidase and alkaline phosphatase. The major cellular fatty acids were C15:0 iso and C15:0 anteiso, and the predominant menaquinones were MK-7 and MK-8, respectively. The major cellular fatty acids and predominant menaquinones were C15:0 iso and C15:0 anteiso and MK-7 and MK-8, respectively. In conclusion, this strain represents a novel species, named Staphylococcus hsinchuensis sp. nov., with the type strain H164T (=BCRC 81404T = NBRC 116174T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Wang
- Division of Research and Analysis, Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei 115021, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Chun Lin
- Taiwan Livestock Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Tainan 71246, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.)
- Fisheries Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Keelung 202008, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Huei Hsieh
- Taiwan Livestock Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Tainan 71246, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.)
| | - Yu-Tzu Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung 404328, Taiwan;
| | - Moriyuki Hamada
- Biological Resource Center, National Institute of Technology and Evaluation (NBRC), 2-5-8 Kazusakamatari, Kisarazu 292-0818, Chiba, Japan
| | - Chih-Chieh Chen
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
- Rapid Screening Research Center for Toxicology and Biomedicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Shian Liou
- Bioresource Collection and Research Center (BCRC), Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu 30062, Taiwan (A.-Y.L.)
| | - Ai-Yun Lee
- Bioresource Collection and Research Center (BCRC), Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu 30062, Taiwan (A.-Y.L.)
| | - Wei-Ling Zhang
- Bioresource Collection and Research Center (BCRC), Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu 30062, Taiwan (A.-Y.L.)
| | - Yung-Tsung Chen
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202301, Taiwan;
| | - Chien-Hsun Huang
- Bioresource Collection and Research Center (BCRC), Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu 30062, Taiwan (A.-Y.L.)
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Wali M, Shah MS, Rehman TU, Wali H, Hussain M, Zaman L, Khan FU, Mangi AH. Detection of linezolid resistance cfr gene among MRSA isolates. J Infect Public Health 2022; 15:1142-1146. [PMID: 36155853 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Linezolid (Oxazolidinones) is commonly used against a variety of Gram-positive infections, especially methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The emerging resistance to linezolid curtail the treatment of infections caused by MRSA and other Gram-positive bacteria. Presence of cfr gene plays a crucial role in Linezolid resistance. OBJECTIVE Present study was aimed to detect cfr gene among clinical MRSA isolates. MATERIALS AND METHODS The suspected Staphylococcus aureus isolates were processed through Kirby Bauer disc diffusion methods for the confirmation of MRSA strains. Phenotypic Linezolid resistance was determined through broth micro-dilution method. The plasmid and DNA of Linezolid resistant isolates were subjected to molecular characterization for the presence of cfr gene. RESULTS Among 100 Staphylococcus aureus isolates, 85 of them were confirmed as MRSA isolates. Categorically, 65% MRSA isolates were sensitive to linezolid with MIC lower than 8 µg/ml, whereas, 35% of them were resistant to linezolid having MIC greater than 8 µg/ml. MIC level of 128 µg/ml was observed among 3.5% of the resistant isolates. Similarly, MIC level of 64 µg/ml, 32 µg/ml, 16 µg/ml and 8 µg/ml were noted for 3.5%, 4.7%, 8.2% and 15.3% isolates respectively. Linezolid resistance cfr gene was detected only in 9.4% of the resistant isolates. CONCLUSION Multi drug resistance among MRSA isolates is keenly attributed to the presence of cfr gene as evident in the present study, and horizontal dissemination of cfr gene among MRSA strains is accredited to cfr-carrying transposons and plasmids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneeba Wali
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, CECOS University of IT and Emerging Sciences, Peshawar, Pakistan.
| | - Mir Sadiq Shah
- Department of Zoology, University of Science & Technology, Bannu, Pakistan.
| | - Tayyab Ur Rehman
- Allied Health Sciences, Iqra National University, Swat Campus, Pakistan.
| | - Hammad Wali
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Masroor Hussain
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Science & Technology, Bannu, Pakistan.
| | - Laiq Zaman
- Department of Zoology, University of Science & Technology, Bannu, Pakistan.
| | - Fahim Ullah Khan
- Department of Zoology, University of Science & Technology, Bannu, Pakistan.
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Brenciani A, Morroni G, Schwarz S, Giovanetti E. Oxazolidinones: mechanisms of resistance and mobile genetic elements involved. J Antimicrob Chemother 2022; 77:2596-2621. [PMID: 35989417 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkac263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The oxazolidinones (linezolid and tedizolid) are last-resort antimicrobial agents used for the treatment of severe infections in humans caused by MDR Gram-positive bacteria. They bind to the peptidyl transferase centre of the bacterial ribosome inhibiting protein synthesis. Even if the majority of Gram-positive bacteria remain susceptible to oxazolidinones, resistant isolates have been reported worldwide. Apart from mutations, affecting mostly the 23S rDNA genes and selected ribosomal proteins, acquisition of resistance genes (cfr and cfr-like, optrA and poxtA), often associated with mobile genetic elements [such as non-conjugative and conjugative plasmids, transposons, integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs), prophages and translocatable units], plays a critical role in oxazolidinone resistance. In this review, we briefly summarize the current knowledge on oxazolidinone resistance mechanisms and provide an overview on the diversity of the mobile genetic elements carrying oxazolidinone resistance genes in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Brenciani
- Unit of Microbiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche Medical School, Ancona, Italy
| | - Gianluca Morroni
- Unit of Microbiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche Medical School, Ancona, Italy
| | - Stefan Schwarz
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research (TZR), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eleonora Giovanetti
- Unit of Microbiology, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
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Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Clones Are Widely Distributed in the Hospital and Community. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070792. [PMID: 34201417 PMCID: PMC8308670 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) may be considered contaminants when isolated from clinical specimens but may also be a cause of true infection. This study aimed to compare the clonality and SCCmec type of a collection of CoNS isolated from blood cultures of inpatients, nasal swabs of healthy individuals, and patients with chronic wounds, all from the same community, using SCCmec typing, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and MLST. Staphylococcus epidermidis, exhibited high clonal diversity, but hospital and community clusters were observed. Nosocomial S. epidermidis clones belonged to sequence types ST2, ST6, and ST23. Some Staphylococcus haemolyticus clones were found to circulate in the hospital and community, while Staphylococcus saprophyticus exhibited very high clonal diversity. Staphylococcus lugdunensis, Staphylococcus warneri, and Staphylococcus capitis revealed several isolates belonging to the same clone in the hospital and community. The detection of different SCCmec types within the same cluster indicated high diversity. S. epidermidis was associated with SCCmec I and III, S. haemolyticus with I and II, S. capitis with type V, Staphylococcus hominis with mec complex type A and ccr1, and S. warneri and S. saprophyticus with SCCmec I. The generation of elements and new combinations of cassette genes were highly associated with CoNS isolates, suggesting that SCCmec may not be a good marker of clonality in these bacteria.
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Schwarz S, Zhang W, Du XD, Krüger H, Feßler AT, Ma S, Zhu Y, Wu C, Shen J, Wang Y. Mobile Oxazolidinone Resistance Genes in Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria. Clin Microbiol Rev 2021; 34:e0018820. [PMID: 34076490 PMCID: PMC8262807 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00188-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven mobile oxazolidinone resistance genes, including cfr, cfr(B), cfr(C), cfr(D), cfr(E), optrA, and poxtA, have been identified to date. The cfr genes code for 23S rRNA methylases, which confer a multiresistance phenotype that includes resistance to phenicols, lincosamides, oxazolidinones, pleuromutilins, and streptogramin A compounds. The optrA and poxtA genes code for ABC-F proteins that protect the bacterial ribosomes from the inhibitory effects of oxazolidinones. The optrA gene confers resistance to oxazolidinones and phenicols, while the poxtA gene confers elevated MICs or resistance to oxazolidinones, phenicols, and tetracycline. These oxazolidinone resistance genes are most frequently found on plasmids, but they are also located on transposons, integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs), genomic islands, and prophages. In these mobile genetic elements (MGEs), insertion sequences (IS) most often flanked the cfr, optrA, and poxtA genes and were able to generate translocatable units (TUs) that comprise the oxazolidinone resistance genes and occasionally also other genes. MGEs and TUs play an important role in the dissemination of oxazolidinone resistance genes across strain, species, and genus boundaries. Most frequently, these MGEs also harbor genes that mediate resistance not only to antimicrobial agents of other classes, but also to metals and biocides. Direct selection pressure by the use of antimicrobial agents to which the oxazolidinone resistance genes confer resistance, but also indirect selection pressure by the use of antimicrobial agents, metals, or biocides (the respective resistance genes against which are colocated on cfr-, optrA-, or poxtA-carrying MGEs) may play a role in the coselection and persistence of oxazolidinone resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schwarz
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wanjiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Dang Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Henrike Krüger
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea T. Feßler
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Shizhen Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Congming Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Wu D, Wang H, Zhu F, Jiang S, Sun L, Zhao F, Yu Y, Chen Y. Characterization of an ST5-SCCmec II-t311 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain with a widespread cfr-positive plasmid. J Infect Chemother 2020; 26:699-705. [PMID: 32245640 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2020.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the genetic characteristics of the Chinese epidemic ST5-SCCmec II-t311 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clone and to investigate the transmission characteristics of the cfr-positive plasmid. METHODS The complete genome of SR153 was sequenced. Genomic comparison with MRSA strains of other lineages was performed. The cfr-positive plasmid was investigated and compared with other cfr-positive plasmids from different origins and different areas. RESULTS The cfr-positive MRSA strain SR153 was a Chinese epidemic ST5-SCCmec II-t311 strain. It clustered much closer to the Japanese ST5-SCCmec II clone than to the European and American ST5-SCCmec II clones. The genome of SR153 contains one circular chromosome and three plasmids. It harbors the genomic islands νSaα, νSaβ, νSaγ, ΦSa1 and ΦSa3, the pathogenicity island νSa4, and genes encoding virulence factors such as tst and many enterotoxins. The SR153 genome also contains several resistance genes and mutations, such as ermA, aadD, spc, aacA-aphD, lnuA, tetK, blaZ and mutations in grlA and gyrA. SR153 harbors a cfr-positive plasmid, pSR01, which is highly similar to pSX01 from a Staphylococcus xylosus of pig origin from Henan Province. pSR01 was also highly similar to pXWZ from a Staphylococcus capitis and pLRSA417 from S. aureus. Both were obtained from geographically separated hospitals in Zhejiang Province. CONCLUSIONS SR153, which clustered closely to the Japanese ST5-SCCmec II clone, is more resistant than N315. A pSR01-like cfr-positive plasmid was widespread among different Staphylococcus species of both human and animal origin in different hospitals and areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Haiping Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China
| | - Feiteng Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China
| | - Shengnan Jiang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China
| | - Lu Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China
| | - Yunsong Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China; Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China.
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China; Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China; Department of Hospital Epidemiology and Infection Control, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China.
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7
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Li SM, Zhou YF, Li L, Fang LX, Duan JH, Liu FR, Liang HQ, Wu YT, Gu WQ, Liao XP, Sun J, Xiong YQ, Liu YH. Characterization of the Multi-Drug Resistance Gene cfr in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Strains Isolated From Animals and Humans in China. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2925. [PMID: 30538695 PMCID: PMC6277690 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated cfr-positive and -negative MRSA strains isolated from animals and humans in different geographical areas of China, from 2011 to 2016. Twenty cfr-positive strains (15.6%) were identified from 128 MRSA strains including 17 from food animals and three from humans. The resistance rates and prevalence of the tested antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the cfr-positive MRSA isolates were higher than that in the cfr-negative MRSA isolates. All cfr-positive MRSA isolates were co-carrying fexA and ermC, and had significantly higher optrA incidence rate vs. the cfr-negative isolates (P < 0.05). In addition, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) assays showed that ST9 and spa-type t899 were the most prevalent ST and spa types in the study strains. However, all of the 20 cfr-positive and 10 randomly selected cfr-negative MRSA isolates were clonally unrelated as determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analyses. Importantly, the cfr gene was successfully transferred to a recipient Staphylococcus aureus strain RN4220 from 13 of the 20 cfr-positive MRSA isolates by electroporation. Among these 13 cfr-positive MRSA isolates, two different genetic contexts surrounding cfr were determined and each was associated with one type of cfr-carrying plasmids. Of note, the predominant genetic context of cfr was found to be a Tn558 variant and locate on large plasmids (∼50 kb) co-harboring fexA in 11 of the 13 MRSA isolates. Furthermore, the cfr gene was also identified on small plasmids (∼ 7.1 kb) that co-carried ermC in two of the 13 MRSA isolates. Our results demonstrated a high occurrence of multi-drug resistance in cfr-positive MRSA isolates, and the spread of cfr might be attributed to horizontal dissemination of similar cfr-carrying transposons and plasmids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Min Li
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Feng Zhou
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
| | - Liang Li
- LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
| | - Liang-Xing Fang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Hong Duan
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan-Rui Liu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua-Qing Liang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Ting Wu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Qi Gu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Liao
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Qiong Xiong
- LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States.,Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ya-Hong Liu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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The cfr and cfr-like multiple resistance genes. Res Microbiol 2018; 169:61-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Argudín MA, Deplano A, Meghraoui A, Dodémont M, Heinrichs A, Denis O, Nonhoff C, Roisin S. Bacteria from Animals as a Pool of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes. Antibiotics (Basel) 2017; 6:antibiotics6020012. [PMID: 28587316 PMCID: PMC5485445 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics6020012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial agents are used in both veterinary and human medicine. The intensive use of antimicrobials in animals may promote the fixation of antimicrobial resistance genes in bacteria, which may be zoonotic or capable to transfer these genes to human-adapted pathogens or to human gut microbiota via direct contact, food or the environment. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the use of antimicrobial agents in animal health and explores the role of bacteria from animals as a pool of antimicrobial resistance genes for human bacteria. This review focused in relevant examples within the ESC(K)APE (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium difficile (Klebsiella pneumoniae), Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacteriaceae) group of bacterial pathogens that are the leading cause of nosocomial infections throughout the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Angeles Argudín
- National Reference Centre-Staphylococcus aureus, Department of Microbiology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Ariane Deplano
- National Reference Centre-Staphylococcus aureus, Department of Microbiology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Alaeddine Meghraoui
- National Reference Centre-Staphylococcus aureus, Department of Microbiology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Magali Dodémont
- National Reference Centre-Staphylococcus aureus, Department of Microbiology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Amelie Heinrichs
- National Reference Centre-Staphylococcus aureus, Department of Microbiology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Olivier Denis
- National Reference Centre-Staphylococcus aureus, Department of Microbiology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
- Ecole de Santé Publique, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Avenue Franklin Roosevelt 50, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium.
| | - Claire Nonhoff
- National Reference Centre-Staphylococcus aureus, Department of Microbiology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Sandrine Roisin
- National Reference Centre-Staphylococcus aureus, Department of Microbiology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
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Liu XQ, Wang J, Li W, Zhao LQ, Lu Y, Liu JH, Zeng ZL. Distribution of cfr in Staphylococcus spp. and Escherichia coli Strains from Pig Farms in China and Characterization of a Novel cfr-Carrying F43:A-:B- Plasmid. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:329. [PMID: 28293235 PMCID: PMC5329041 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The multi-resistance gene cfr is widely distributed among various gram-positive and gram-negative species in livestock in China. To better understand the epidemiology of cfr among Staphylococcus spp. and E. coli isolates, 254 Staphylococcus spp. and 398 E. coli strains collected from six swine farms in China were subjected to prevalence and genetic analysis. Forty (15.7%) Staphylococcus spp. isolates, including 38 Staphylococcus sciuri strains, one Staphylococcus chromogenes strain, and one Staphylococcus lentus strain, and two (0.5%) E. coli isolates were found to contain the cfr gene. Most of the 38 S. sciuri strains were clonally unrelated; however, clonal dissemination of cfr-positive S. sciuri was detected at the same farm. In eight randomly selected cfr-positive staphylococci, a cfr-harboring module (IS21-558-cfr-ΔtnpB) was detected in six S. sciuri isolates; cfr was bracketed by two copies of ISEnfa4 or IS256 in the remaining two S. sciuri isolates. In the two E. coli isolates, EP25 and EP28, cfr was flanked by two IS26 elements in the same or opposite orientation, respectively. Complete sequence analysis of the novel F43:A-:B- plasmid pHNEP28 revealed that it contains two multi-resistance regions: cfr together with floR, qnrS1 interspersed with IS26, ΔISCR2 and ISKpn19, and blaTEM-1 together with tet(M) interspersed with IS26, ISApl1, ΔTn2, and ΔIS1B. The coexistence of cfr with other resistance genes on a conjugative plasmid may contribute to the dissemination of these genes by co-selection. Thus, rational drug use and continued surveillance of cfr in swine farms are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qin Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Li
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Qing Zhao
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Lu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Hua Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen-Ling Zeng
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou, China
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First Report of cfr-Carrying Plasmids in the Pandemic Sequence Type 22 Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec Type IV Clone. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:3007-15. [PMID: 26953212 PMCID: PMC4862533 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02949-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Linezolid is often the drug of last resort for serious methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections. Linezolid resistance is mediated by mutations in 23S rRNA and genes for ribosomal proteins; cfr, encoding phenicol, lincosamide, oxazolidinone, pleuromutilin, and streptogramin A (PhLOPSA) resistance; its homologue cfr(B); or optrA, conferring oxazolidinone and phenicol resistance. Linezolid resistance is rare in S. aureus, and cfr is even rarer. This study investigated the clonality and linezolid resistance mechanisms of two MRSA isolates from patients in separate Irish hospitals. Isolates were subjected to cfr PCR, PhLOPSA susceptibility testing, 23S rRNA PCR and sequencing, DNA microarray profiling, spa typing, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), plasmid curing, and conjugative transfer. Whole-genome sequencing was used for single-nucleotide variant (SNV) analysis, multilocus sequence typing, L protein mutation identification, cfr plasmid sequence analysis, and optrA and cfr(B) detection. Isolates M12/0145 and M13/0401 exhibited linezolid MICs of 64 and 16 mg/liter, respectively, and harbored identical 23S rRNA and L22 mutations, but M12/0145 exhibited the mutation in 2/6 23S rRNA alleles, compared to 1/5 in M13/0401. Both isolates were sequence type 22 MRSA staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec type IV (ST22-MRSA-IV)/spa type t032 isolates, harbored cfr, exhibited the PhLOPSA phenotype, and lacked optrA and cfr(B). They differed by five PFGE bands and 603 SNVs. Isolate M12/0145 harbored cfr and fexA on a 41-kb conjugative pSCFS3-type plasmid, whereas M13/0401 harbored cfr and lsa(B) on a novel 27-kb plasmid. This is the first report of cfr in the pandemic ST22-MRSA-IV clone. Different cfr plasmids and mutations associated with linezolid resistance in genotypically distinct ST22-MRSA-IV isolates highlight that prudent management of linezolid use is essential.
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12
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Osman KM, Amer AM, Badr JM, Helmy NM, Elhelw RA, Orabi A, Bakry M, Saad ASA. Antimicrobial Resistance, Biofilm Formation and mecA Characterization of Methicillin-Susceptible S. aureus and Non-S. aureus of Beef Meat Origin in Egypt. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:222. [PMID: 26973606 PMCID: PMC4770614 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) have been found in various farm animal species throughout the world. Yet, methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA), methicillin-susceptible non-S. aureus (MS-NSA), and methicillin-resistant non-S. aureus (MR-NSA) were not investigated. Therefore, we persued to determine the diversity in their phenotypic virulence assay, phenotypic antimicrobial resistance profile and molecular characterization in one of the food chains in Egypt. Samples were collected during 2013 from beef meat at retail. Twenty seven isolates comprising five species (S. hyicus, S. aureus, S. schleiferi subsp. coagulans, S. intermedius, and S. lentus) were characterized for their antibiotic resistance phenotypic profile and antibiotic resistance genes (mecA, cfr, gyrA, gyrB, and grlA). Out of the 27 Staphylococcus isolates only one isolate was resistant to the 12 antibiotics representing nine classes. Raw beef meat sold across the Great Cairo zone, contains 66.7% of MRS, with highest prevalence was reported in S. aureus (66.7%), while the MRS non-S. aureus strains constituted 66.7% from which S. hyicus (60%), S. intermedius (33.3%), S. schleiferi subsp. coagulans (100%), and S. lentus (100%) were MRS. Seven S. aureus, six S. hyicus, four S. schleiferi subsp. coagulans, three S. intermedius, and one S. lentus isolates although being resistant to oxacillin yet, 11/27 (40.7%) carried the mecA gene. At the same time, the cfr gene was present in 2 of the nine S. aureus isolates, and totally undetectable in S. hyicus, S. schleiferi subsp. coagulans, S. intermedius, and S. lentus. Although, global researches largely focused into MRSA and MR-NSA in animals on pigs, the analysis of our results stipulates, that buffaloes and cattle could be MRSA dispersers and that this theme is not specific to pigs. Detection of MSSA virulence determinants is a must, as although oxacillin resistance may be absent yet, the MSSA may carry the virulence determinants which could be a source of perilous S. aureus for the human community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamelia M Osman
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University Giza, Egypt
| | - Aziza M Amer
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University Giza, Egypt
| | - Jihan M Badr
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Animal Health Research Institute Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nashwa M Helmy
- Departments of Biotechnology, Animal Health Research Institute Giza, Egypt
| | - Rehab A Elhelw
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Orabi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University Giza, Egypt
| | - Magdy Bakry
- Department of Microbiology, National Research Center Cairo, Egypt
| | - Aalaa S A Saad
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Animal Health Research Institute Cairo, Egypt
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Cuny C, Wieler LH, Witte W. Livestock-Associated MRSA: The Impact on Humans. Antibiotics (Basel) 2015; 4:521-43. [PMID: 27025639 PMCID: PMC4790311 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics4040521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During the past 25 years an increase in the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (HA-MRSA) was recorded worldwide. Additionally, MRSA infections may occur outside and independent of hospitals, caused by community associated MRSA (CA-MRSA). In Germany, we found that at least 10% of these sporadic infections are due to livestock-associated MRSA (LA-MRSA), which is initially associated with livestock. The majority of these MRSA cases are attributed to clonal complex CC398. LA-MRSA CC398 colonizes the animals asymptomatically in about half of conventional pig farms. For about 77%-86% of humans with occupational exposure to pigs, nasal carriage has been reported; it can be lost when exposure is interrupted. Among family members living at the same farms, only 4%-5% are colonized. Spread beyond this group of people is less frequent. The prevalence of LA-MRSA in livestock seems to be influenced by farm size, farming systems, usage of disinfectants, and in-feed zinc. LA-MRSA CC398 is able to cause the same kind of infections in humans as S. aureus and MRSA in general. It can be introduced to hospitals and cause nosocomial infections such as postoperative surgical site infections, ventilator associated pneumonia, septicemia, and infections after joint replacement. For this reason, screening for MRSA colonization at hospital admittance is recommended for farmers and veterinarians with livestock contacts. Intrahospital dissemination, typical for HA-MRSA in the absence of sufficient hygiene, has only rarely been observed for LA-MRSA to date. The proportion of LA-MRSA among all MRSA from nosocomial infections is about 3% across Germany. In geographical areas with a comparatively high density of conventional farms, LA-MRSA accounts for up to 10% of MRSA from septicemia and 15% of MRSA from wound infections. As known from comparative genome analysis, LA-MRSA has evolved from human-adapted methicillin-susceptible S. aureus, and the jump to livestock was obviously associated with several genetic changes. Reversion of the genetic changes and readaptation to humans bears a potential health risk and requires tight surveillance. Although most LA-MRSA (>80%) is resistant to several antibiotics, there are still sufficient treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Cuny
- Robert Koch Institute,Wernigerode Branch, 38855 Wernigerode, Germany.
| | - Lothar H Wieler
- Robert Koch Institute, Main Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Witte
- Robert Koch Institute,Wernigerode Branch, 38855 Wernigerode, Germany.
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Wang J, Lin DC, Guo XM, Wei HK, Liu XQ, Chen XJ, Guo JY, Zeng ZL, Liu J. Distribution of the Multidrug Resistance GenecfrinStaphylococcusIsolates from Pigs, Workers, and the Environment of a Hog Market and a Slaughterhouse in Guangzhou, China. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2015; 12:598-605. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2014.1891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Da-Chuan Lin
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiao-Mu Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Kun Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Jie Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Ying Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen-Ling Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian–Hua Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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15
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Li S, Zhao L, Zheng B, Shen P, Ji J, Lv J, Li L, Xiao Y. Identification and characterization of cfr-positive Staphylococcus aureus isolates from community-onset infectious patients in a county hospital in China. J Med Microbiol 2015; 64:910-915. [PMID: 26066634 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The cfr gene was detected in 14 meticillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus isolates recovered from outpatients with community-onset infections in a county hospital in China. The MIC of linezolid was 4 μg ml- 1 in eight isolates and 2 μg ml- 1 in six isolates. All isolates were susceptible to vancomycin and teicoplanin, but had elevated MICs for penicillin (0.5-128 μg ml- 1), chloramphenicol (2-32 μg ml- 1), clindamycin (0.5-128 μg ml- 1) and erythromycin (4-128 μg ml- 1). Nine isolates had mutations on domain V of 23S rRNA and/or the ribosomal L proteins that were not located close to the linezolid-binding pocket. Southern blotting experiments demonstrated that the cfr genes in all 14 isolates resided on plasmids. Sequence analysis of the 5.6 kb cfr-carrying plasmid segment revealed 99 % identity to the corresponding sequences in plasmid pSS-01 from animal staphylococci and plasmid pRM-01 from human staphylococci. Five isolates belonged to sequence type (ST)188 and three to ST965; the two ST types were previously reported in isolates of animal origin in some areas of China. These results indicate that the cfr-carrying plasmids in this study are likely of animal origin. The present study shows that cfr-harbouring S. aureus isolates have emerged in some areas of China and that cfr-carrying isolates may be transmitted between animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, PR China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, PR China
| | - Lina Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, PR China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, PR China
| | - Beiwen Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, PR China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, PR China
| | - Ping Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, PR China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, PR China
| | - Jinru Ji
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, PR China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, PR China
| | - Jifang Lv
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, PR China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, PR China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, PR China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, PR China
| | - Yonghong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, PR China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, PR China
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