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Yin S, Yuan M, Zhang S, Chen H, Zhou J, He T, Li G, Yu Y, Zhang F, Li M, Zhao Y. Streptococcus suis Serotype 2 Type IV Secretion Effector SspA-1 Induces Proinflammatory Cytokine Production via TLR2 Endosomal and Type I Interferon Signaling. J Infect Dis 2023:jiad454. [PMID: 37967252 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The subtilisin-like protease-1 (SspA-1) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of a highly virulent strain of Streptococcus suis 2. However, the mechanism of SspA-1-triggered excessive inflammatory response is still unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that activation of type I IFN signaling is required for SspA-1-induced excessive proinflammatory cytokine production. Further experiments showed that the TLR2 endosomal pathway mediates SspA-1-induced type I IFN signaling and the inflammatory response. Finally, we mapped the major signaling components of the related pathway and found that the TIR adaptor proteins Mal, TRAM, and MyD88 and the downstream activation of IRF1 and IRF7 were involved in this pathway. These results explain the molecular mechanism by which SspA-1 triggers an excessive inflammatory response and reveal a novel effect of type I IFN in S. suis 2 infection, possibly providing further insights into the pathogenesis of this highly virulent S. suis 2 strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supeng Yin
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Mengmeng Yuan
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering Under the Educational Committee in Chongqing, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Sirui Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongdan Chen
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering Under the Educational Committee in Chongqing, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tongyu He
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering Under the Educational Committee in Chongqing, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering Under the Educational Committee in Chongqing, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanlan Yu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering Under the Educational Committee in Chongqing, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering Under the Educational Committee in Chongqing, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering Under the Educational Committee in Chongqing, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Cooke MB, Herman C. Conjugation's Toolkit: the Roles of Nonstructural Proteins in Bacterial Sex. J Bacteriol 2023; 205:e0043822. [PMID: 36847532 PMCID: PMC10029717 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00438-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial conjugation, a form of horizontal gene transfer, relies on a type 4 secretion system (T4SS) and a set of nonstructural genes that are closely linked. These nonstructural genes aid in the mobile lifestyle of conjugative elements but are not part of the T4SS apparatus for conjugative transfer, such as the membrane pore and relaxosome, or the plasmid maintenance and replication machineries. While these nonstructural genes are not essential for conjugation, they assist in core conjugative functions and mitigate the cellular burden on the host. This review compiles and categorizes known functions of nonstructural genes by the stage of conjugation they modulate: dormancy, transfer, and new host establishment. Themes include establishing a commensalistic relationship with the host, manipulating the host for efficient T4SS assembly and function and assisting in conjugative evasion of recipient cell immune functions. These genes, taken in a broad ecological context, play important roles in ensuring proper propagation of the conjugation system in a natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B. Cooke
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Christophe Herman
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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Proteomics of extracellular vesicles produced by Granulicatella adiacens, which causes infective endocarditis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227657. [PMID: 33216751 PMCID: PMC7679012 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
When oral bacteria accidentally enter the bloodstream due to transient tissue damage during dental procedures, they have the potential to attach to the endocardium or an equivalent surface of an indwelling prosthesis and cause infection. Many bacterial species produce extracellular vesicles (EVs) as part of normal physiology, but also use it as a virulence strategy. In this study, it was hypothesized that Granulicatella adiacens produce EVs that possibly help it in virulence. Therefore, the objectives were to isolate and characterize EVs produced by G. adiacens and to investigate its immune-stimulatory effects. The reference strain G. adiacens CCUG 27809 was cultured on chocolate blood agar for 2 days. From subsequent broth culture, the EVs were isolated using differential centrifugation and filtration protocol and then observed using scanning electron microscopy. Proteins in the vesicle preparation were identified by nano LC-ESI-MS/MS. The EVs proteome was analyzed and characterized using different bioinformatics tools. The immune-stimulatory effect of the EVs was studied via ELISA quantification of IL-8, IL-1β and CCL5, major proinflammatory cytokines, produced from stimulated human PBMCs. It was revealed that G. adiacens produced EVs, ranging in diameter from 30 to 250 nm. Overall, G. adiacens EVs contained 112 proteins. The proteome consists of several ribosomal proteins, DNA associated proteins, binding proteins, and metabolic enzymes. It was also shown that these EVs carry putative virulence factors including moonlighting proteins. These EVs were able to induce the production of IL-8, IL-1β and CCL5 from human PBMCs. Further functional characterization of the G. adiacens EVs may provide new insights into virulence mechanisms of this important but less studied oral bacterial species.
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Karched M, Bhardwaj RG, Tiss A, Asikainen S. Proteomic Analysis and Virulence Assessment of Granulicatella adiacens Secretome. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:104. [PMID: 31069174 PMCID: PMC6491454 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite reports on the occurrence of Granulicatella adiacens in infective endocarditis, few mechanistic studies on its virulence characteristics or pathogenicity are available. Proteins secreted by this species may act as determinants of host-microbe interaction and play a role in virulence. Our aim in this study was to investigate and functionally characterize the secretome of G. adiacens. Proteins in the secretome preparation were digested by trypsin and applied to nanoLC-ESI-MS/MS. By using a combined mass spectrometry and bioinformatics approach, we identified 101 proteins. Bioinformatics tools predicting subcellular localization revealed that 18 of the secreted proteins possessed signal sequence. More than 20% of the secretome proteins were putative virulence proteins including serine protease, superoxide dismutase, aminopeptidase, molecular chaperone DnaK, and thioredoxin. Ribosomal proteins, molecular chaperones, and glycolytic enzymes, together known as "moonlighting proteins," comprised fifth of the secretome proteins. By Gene Ontology analysis, more than 60 proteins of the secretome were grouped in biological processes or molecular functions. KEGG pathway analysis disclosed that the secretome consisted of enzymes involved in biosynthesis of antibiotics. Cytokine profiling revealed that secreted proteins stimulated key cytokines, such as IL-1β, MCP-1, TNF-α, and RANTES from human PBMCs. In summary, the results from the current investigation of the G. adiacens secretome provide a basis for understanding possible pathogenic mechanisms of G. adiacens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maribasappa Karched
- Oral Microbiology Research Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Radhika G Bhardwaj
- Oral Microbiology Research Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Ali Tiss
- Functional Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Sirkka Asikainen
- Oral Microbiology Research Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
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Characterization and functional analysis of PnuC that is involved in the oxidative stress tolerance and virulence of Streptococcus suis serotype 2. Vet Microbiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Zhang H, Zhang C, Wang H, Yan YX, Sun J. A novel prophage lysin Ply5218 with extended lytic activity and stability against Streptococcus suis infection. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2016; 363:fnw186. [PMID: 27481700 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnw186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is an emerging zoonotic agent that exhibits high level resistance to classic antibiotics and a heavy burden in the swine industry. Therefore alternative antibacterial agents need to be developed. A novel endolysin derived from the S. suis temperate phage phi5218, termed Ply5218, was identified. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Ply5218 was 2.5 μg ml(-1) against S. suis strain HA9801, an activity many times greater than the lysins reported previously (MIC of LY7917 and Ply30 against HA9801 were 80 and 64 μg ml(-1), respectively). Ply5218 at 10 μg ml(-1) in vitro exerted broad antibacterial activities against S. suis strains with OD600 ratios decreased from 1 to <0.2 within 1 h. Moreover, Ply5218 showed favorable thermal stability. It was stable at 50°C >30 min, 4°C >30 days, -80°C >7 months, and >60% of the enzyme activity remained after 5 min pre-incubation at 70°C. In vivo, a 0.2 mg dose of Ply5218 protected 90% (9/10) of mice after infection with S. suis HA9801. Finally, Ply5218 maintained high antibacterial activity in some bio-matrices, such as culture media and milk. The data indicate that Ply5218 has all the characteristics to be an effective therapeutic agent against multiple S. suis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Agriculture and Biology, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuanpeng Zhang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Agriculture and Biology, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Hengan Wang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Agriculture and Biology, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya Xian Yan
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Agriculture and Biology, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhe Sun
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Agriculture and Biology, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, China
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Yin S, Li M, Rao X, Yao X, Zhong Q, Wang M, Wang J, Peng Y, Tang J, Hu F, Zhao Y. Subtilisin-like protease-1 secreted through type IV secretion system contributes to high virulence of Streptococcus suis 2. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27369. [PMID: 27270879 PMCID: PMC4897608 DOI: 10.1038/srep27369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis serotype 2 is an emerging zoonotic pathogen that triggered two outbreaks of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS) in China. Our previous research demonstrated that a type IV secretion system (T4SS) harbored in the 89K pathogenicity island contributes to the pathogenicity of S. suis 2. In the present study, a shotgun proteomics approach was employed to identify the effectors secreted by T4SS in S. suis 2, and surface-associated subtilisin-like protease-1 (SspA-1) was identified as a potential virulence effector. Western blot analysis and pull-down assay revealed that SspA-1 secretion depends on T4SS. Knockout mutations affecting sspA-1 attenuated S. suis 2 and impaired the pathogen’s ability to trigger inflammatory response in mice. And purified SspA-1 induced the secretion of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-12p70 in THP-1 cells directly. SspA-1 is the first T4SS virulence effector reported in Gram-positive bacteria. Overall, these findings allow us to gain further insights into the pathogenesis of T4SS and STSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supeng Yin
- Department of Microbiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Microbiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiancai Rao
- Department of Microbiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinyue Yao
- Department of Microbiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiu Zhong
- Department of Microbiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yizhi Peng
- Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiaqi Tang
- PLA Research Institute of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing general hospital of Nanjing Military command, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Fuquan Hu
- Department of Microbiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Huang J, Liang Y, Guo D, Shang K, Ge L, Kashif J, Wang L. Comparative Genomic Analysis of the ICESa2603 Family ICEs and Spread of erm(B)- and tet(O)-Carrying Transferable 89K-Subtype ICEs in Swine and Bovine Isolates in China. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:55. [PMID: 26870017 PMCID: PMC4735348 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs) of the ICESa2603 family have been isolated from several species of Streptococcus spp.; however, the comparative genomic and evolutionary analyses of these particular ICEs are currently only at their initial stages. By investigating 13 ICEs of the ICESa2603 family and two ICESa2603 family-like ICEs derived from diverse hosts and locations, we have determined that ICEs comprised a backbone of 30 identical syntenic core genes and accessory genes that were restricted to the intergenic sites or the 3′-end of the non-conserved domain of core genes to maintain its function. ICESa2603 family integrase IntICESa2603 specifically recognized a 15-bp att sequence (TTATTTAAGAGTAAC) at the 3′-end of rplL, which was highly conserved in genus Streptococcus. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that extensive recombination/insertion and the occurrence of a hybrid/mosaic in the ICESa2603 family were responsible for the significant increase in ICE diversity, thereby broadening its host range. Approximately 42.5 and 38.1% of the tested Streptococcus suis and Streptococcus agalactiae clinical isolates respectively contained ICESa2603 family Type IV secretion system (T4SS) genes, and 80.5 and 62.5% of which also respectively carried intICESa2603, indicating that ICESa2603 family is widely distributed across these bacteria. Sequencing and conjugation transfer of a novel sequence type ST303 clinical S. suis isolate HB1011 demonstrated that the 89K-subtype ICESsuHB1011 retained its transferrable function, thereby conferring tetracycline and macrolide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhu Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
| | - Dawei Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
| | - Kexin Shang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Ge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
| | - Jam Kashif
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Sindh Agricultural University Tandojam, Pakistan
| | - Liping Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
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