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Fernandes CAH, Perez AM, Barros AC, Dreyer TR, da Silva MS, Morea EGO, Fontes MRM, Cano MIN. Dual cellular localization of the Leishmania amazonensis Rbp38 (LaRbp38) explains its affinity for telomeric and mitochondrial DNA. Biochimie 2019; 162:15-25. [PMID: 30930281 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Rbp38 is a protein exclusively found in trypanosomatid parasites, including Leishmania amazonensis, the etiologic agent of tegumentar leishmaniasis in the Americas. The protein was first described as a Leishmania tarentolae mitochondrial RNA binding protein. Later, it was shown that the trypanosomes Rbp38 orthologues were exclusively found in the mitochondria and involved in the stabilization and replication of kinetoplast DNA (kDNA). In contrast, L. amazonensis Rbp38 (LaRbp38), co-purifies with telomerase activity and interacts not only with kDNA but also with telomeric DNA, although shares with its counterparts high sequence identity and a putative N-terminal mitochondrial targeting signal (MTS). To understand how LaRbp38 interacts both with nuclear and kDNA, we have first investigated its subcellular localization. Using hydroxy-urea synchronized L. amazonensis promastigotes we could show that LaRbp38 shuttles from mitochondria to the nucleus at late S and G2 phases. Further, we identified a non-classical nuclear localization signal (NLS) at LaRbp38 C-terminal that binds with importin alpha, a protein involved in the nuclear transport of several proteins. Also, we obtained LaRbp38 truncated forms among which, some of them also showed an affinity for both telomeric DNA and kDNA. Analysis of these truncated forms showed that LaRbp38 DNA-binding region is located between amino acid residues 95-235. Together, our findings strongly suggest that LaRbp38 is multifunctional with dual subcellular localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A H Fernandes
- Department of Genetics, Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil; Department of Physics and Biophysics, Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Arina M Perez
- Department of Genetics, Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Andrea C Barros
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago R Dreyer
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo S da Silva
- Laboratório Especial de Ciclo Cellular, (LECC), Center of Toxins, Immune Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Edna Gicela O Morea
- Department of Genetics, Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos R M Fontes
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Isabel N Cano
- Department of Genetics, Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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Khan I, Khan M, Umar MN, Oh DH. Attenuation and Production of the Amphotericin B-Resistant Leishmania tropica Strain. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2016; 9:e32159. [PMID: 27630762 PMCID: PMC5011406 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.32159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Infections caused by Leishmania are becoming major public health problems on a global scale. Many species of Leishmania around the world are obtaining resistance levels of up to 15 folds, as estimated by the World Health Organization. Leishmania showing resistance is relatively difficult to observe and maintain in laboratory settings. Objectives The current study deals with the generation of Leishmania tropica strains that are resistant to amphotericin B (amp B). Materials and Methods The L. tropica strain was attenuated using continuous passaging 20 times. The infectivity of L. tropica was confirmed in BALB/c mice. The L. tropica resistant strain was produced in vitro using a continuous increase in drug pressure. The cross resistance of L. tropica to other drugs was also investigated. Results After 20 continuous passages, the BALB/c mice tested negative in the development of leishmaniasis. At a concentration of 0.1 µg/mL, L. tropica showed resistance to amp B. The newly developed promastigotes were 16 times more resistant compared to the resistance of the wild type promastigotes. The resistant L. tropica strain showed cross resistance to itraconazole and had a resistance index that was greater than five. The resistant strain displayed maximum stability for more than three months in the drug-free medium. Conclusions The resistant strain of L. tropica can be produced in laboratories using continuous drug pressure. The attenuated resistant strain has significant implications (both medically and academically) in the ability to overcome resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Khan
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabd, Pakistan
| | - Momin Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabd, Pakistan
| | | | - Deog-Hwan Oh
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author: Deog-Hwan Oh, Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea. Tel: +82-332506457, Fax: +82-332506457, E-mail:
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RPA-1 from Leishmania amazonensis (LaRPA-1) structurally differs from other eukaryote RPA-1 and interacts with telomeric DNA via its N-terminal OB-fold domain. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:4740-8. [PMID: 25451229 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Replication protein A-1 (RPA-1) is a single-stranded DNA-binding protein involved in DNA metabolism. We previously demonstrated the interaction between LaRPA-1 and telomeric DNA. Here, we expressed and purified truncated mutants of LaRPA-1 and used circular dichroism measurements and molecular dynamics simulations to demonstrate that the tertiary structure of LaRPA-1 differs from human and yeast RPA-1. LaRPA-1 interacts with telomeric ssDNA via its N-terminal OB-fold domain, whereas RPA from higher eukaryotes show different binding modes to ssDNA. Our results show that LaRPA-1 is evolutionary distinct from other RPA-1 proteins and can potentially be used for targeting trypanosomatid telomeres.
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Systematic review of biomarkers to monitor therapeutic response in leishmaniasis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 59:1-14. [PMID: 25367913 DOI: 10.1128/aac.04298-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, there has been a renewed interest in the development of new drugs for the treatment of leishmaniasis. This has spurred the need for pharmacodynamic markers to monitor and compare therapies specifically for visceral leishmaniasis, in which the primary recrudescence of parasites is a particularly long-term event that remains difficult to predict. We performed a systematic review of studies evaluating biomarkers in human patients with visceral, cutaneous, and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis, which yielded a total of 170 studies in which 53 potential pharmacodynamic biomarkers were identified. In conclusion, the large majority of these biomarkers constituted universal indirect markers of activation and subsequent waning of cellular immunity and therefore lacked specificity. Macrophage-related markers demonstrate favorable sensitivity and times to normalcy, but more evidence is required to establish a link between these markers and clinical outcome. Most promising are the markers directly related to the parasite burden, but future effort should be focused on optimization of molecular or antigenic targets to increase the sensitivity of these markers. In general, future research should focus on the longitudinal evaluation of the pharmacodynamic biomarkers during treatment, with an emphasis on the correlation of studied biomarkers and clinical parameters.
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Presence of anti-Lepp12 antibody: a marker for diagnostic and prognostic evaluation of visceral leishmaniasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2008; 102:167-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2007.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2007] [Revised: 10/31/2007] [Accepted: 11/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Kasai S, Shiku H, Torisawa YS, Nagamine K, Yasukawa T, Watanabe T, Matsue T. Cytokine assay on a cellular chip by combining collagen gel embedded culture with scanning electrochemical microscopy. Anal Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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