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Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Frequency of bla and qnr Genes in Salmonella enterica Isolated from Slaughtered Pigs. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10121442. [PMID: 34943653 PMCID: PMC8698178 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10121442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is known as one of the most common foodborne pathogens worldwide. While salmonellosis is usually self-limiting, severe infections may require antimicrobial therapy. However, increasing resistance of Salmonella to antimicrobials, particularly fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins, is of utmost concern. The present study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility of S. enterica isolated from pork, the major product in Philippine livestock production. Our results show that both the qnrS and the blaTEM antimicrobial resistance genes were present in 61.2% of the isolates. While qnrA (12.9%) and qnrB (39.3%) were found less frequently, co-carriage of blaTEM and one to three qnr subtypes was observed in 45.5% of the isolates. Co-carriage of blaTEM and blaCTX-M was also observed in 3.9% of the isolates. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that the majority of isolates were non-susceptible to ampicillin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and 13.5% of the isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR). MDR isolates belonged to either O:3,10, O:4, or an unidentified serogroup. High numbers of S. enterica carrying antimicrobial resistance genes (ARG), specifically the presence of isolates co-carrying resistance to both β-lactams and fluoroquinolones, raise a concern on antimicrobial use in the Philippine hog industry and on possible transmission of ARG to other bacteria.
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Barmak SM, Sinyavskiy YA, Berdygaliev AB, Sharmanov TS, Savitskaya IS, Sultankulova GT, Zholdybayeva EV. Development and Evaluation of Alternative Methods to Identify the Three Most Common Serotypes of Salmonella enterica Causing Clinical Infections in Kazakhstan. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112319. [PMID: 34835445 PMCID: PMC8625340 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to compare the performance of conventional PCR and real-time PCR assays as screening methods for identification of three frequent, clinically significant Salmonella serovars in Kazakhstan. We determined the diagnostic efficacy of three molecular methods for detection of S. enterica subsp. enterica and typing S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis, and S. Virchow. A total of 137 clinical samples and 883 food samples were obtained in Almaty in 2018–2019. All tests showed high analytical specificity for detecting S. enterica and its corresponding serovariants (100%). The sensitivity of real-time PCR for each of the tested targets was 1–10 microbial cells and in conventional PCR 10–100 microbial cells. The trials with conventional PCR and real-time PCR had a diagnostic efficacy (DE) of 100% and 99.71%, respectively. The DE of real-time PCR and conventional PCR for detecting S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium was 99.90%, while the DE of conventional PCR and real-time PCR for detecting S. Virchow was 99.31% and 99.80%, respectively. The RAPD-PCR analysis of the genomic DNA of Salmonella enterica showed the genetic kinship of S. Enteritidis isolates, and the genetic heterogeneity of S. Typhimurium and S. Virchow isolates. Thus, the developed methods can be considered as alternatives to classical serotyping using antisera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabyrkhan M Barmak
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
- Biotechnology and Biologically Active Substances Laboratory, Kazakh Academy of Nutrition, Almaty 050008, Kazakhstan
| | - Yuriy A Sinyavskiy
- Biotechnology and Biologically Active Substances Laboratory, Kazakh Academy of Nutrition, Almaty 050008, Kazakhstan
| | - Aidar B Berdygaliev
- Biotechnology and Biologically Active Substances Laboratory, Kazakh Academy of Nutrition, Almaty 050008, Kazakhstan
| | - Turegeldy Sh Sharmanov
- Biotechnology and Biologically Active Substances Laboratory, Kazakh Academy of Nutrition, Almaty 050008, Kazakhstan
| | - Irina S Savitskaya
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Gulmira T Sultankulova
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan
| | - Elena V Zholdybayeva
- National Center for Biotechnology, National Scientific Shared Laboratory of Biotechnology, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan
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3
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Xin S, Zhu H, Tao C, Zhang B, Yao L, Zhang Y, Afayibo DJA, Li T, Tian M, Qi J, Ding C, Yu S, Wang S. Rapid Detection and Differentiating of the Predominant Salmonella Serovars in Chicken Farm by TaqMan Multiplex Real-Time PCR Assay. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:759965. [PMID: 34660351 PMCID: PMC8512842 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.759965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella has been known as an important zoonotic pathogen that can cause a variety of diseases in both animals and humans. Poultry are the main reservoir for the Salmonella serovars Salmonella Pullorum (S. Pullorum), Salmonella Gallinarum (S. Gallinarum), Salmonella Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis), and Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium). The conventional serotyping methods for differentiating Salmonella serovars are complicated, time-consuming, laborious, and expensive; therefore, rapid and accurate molecular diagnostic methods are needed for effective detection and prevention of contamination. This study developed and evaluated a TaqMan multiplex real-time PCR assay for simultaneous detection and differentiation of the S. Pullorum, S. Gallinarum, S. Enteritidis, and S. Typhimurium. In results, the optimized multiplex real-time PCR assay was highly specific and reliable for all four target genes. The analytical sensitivity corresponded to three colony-forming units (CFUs) for these four Salmonella serovars, respectively. The detection limit for the multiplex real-time PCR assay in artificially contaminated samples was 500 CFU/g without enrichment, while 10 CFU/g after pre-enrichment. Moreover, the multiplex real-time PCR was applied to the poultry clinical samples, which achieved comparable results to the traditional bacteriological examination. Taken together, these results indicated that the optimized TaqMan multiplex real-time PCR assay will be a promising tool for clinical diagnostics and epidemiologic study of Salmonella in chicken farm and poultry products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhua Xin
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenglin Tao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Beibei Zhang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Yao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaodong Zhang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Tao Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingxing Tian
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjing Qi
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chan Ding
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengqing Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaohui Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
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4
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Yang SM, Kim E, Kim D, Kim HB, Baek J, Ko S, Kim D, Yoon H, Kim HY. Rapid Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction for Salmonella Serotyping Based on Novel Unique Gene Markers by Pangenome Analysis. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:750379. [PMID: 34621261 PMCID: PMC8491608 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.750379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An accurate diagnostic method for Salmonella serovars is fundamental to preventing the spread of associated diseases. A diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method has proven to be an effective tool for detecting pathogenic bacteria. However, the gene markers currently used in real-time PCR to detect Salmonella serovars have low specificity and are developed for only a few serovars. Therefore, in this study, we explored the novel unique gene markers for 60 serovars that share similar antigenic formulas and show high prevalence using pangenome analysis and developed a real-time PCR to detect them. Before exploring gene markers, the 535 Salmonella genomes were evaluated, and some genomes had serovars different from the designated serovar information. Based on these analyses, serovar-specific gene markers were explored. These markers were identified as genes present in all strains of target serovar genomes but absent in strains of other serovar genomes. Serovar-specific primer pairs were designed from the gene markers, and a real-time PCR method that can distinguish between 60 of the most common Salmonella serovars in a single 96-well plate assay was developed. As a result, real-time PCR showed 100% specificity for 199 Salmonella and 29 non-Salmonella strains. Subsequently, the method developed was applied successfully to both strains with identified serovars and an unknown strain, demonstrating that real-time PCR can accurately detect serovars of strains compared with traditional serotyping methods, such as antisera agglutination. Therefore, our method enables rapid and economical Salmonella serotyping compared with the traditional serotyping method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Min Yang
- Institute of Life Sciences and Resources, Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Eiseul Kim
- Institute of Life Sciences and Resources, Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Dayoung Kim
- Institute of Life Sciences and Resources, Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Hyeon-Be Kim
- Institute of Life Sciences and Resources, Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Jiwon Baek
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Seyoung Ko
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea.,School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Donghyuk Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea.,School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Hyunjin Yoon
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hae-Yeong Kim
- Institute of Life Sciences and Resources, Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
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Santos PDM, Widmer KW, Rivera WL. PCR-based detection and serovar identification of Salmonella in retail meat collected from wet markets in Metro Manila, Philippines. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239457. [PMID: 32997676 PMCID: PMC7526908 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to detect Salmonella from retail meat collected from nine wet markets in Metro Manila, and identify the subtypes of Salmonella isolates using molecular serotyping assays from previously developed primers. Of the 720 collected meat samples, 57.64% were found to be Salmonella-contaminated. The most predominant serogroup was Salmonella O:3, and Salmonella serogroups O:4, O:6,7, O:8, O:9, and undetermined serogroups were also found. Most frequently detected isolates in bovine meat were S. 3:e,h:1,6 (putative identity: S. Anatum) and S: 4:e,h:1,2 (putative identity: S. Saintpaul), in porcine meat was S. 3:e,h:1,6 (putative identity: S. Anatum), and S. 8:i:z6 (putative identity: S. Kentucky) was common in poultry products. This study also demonstrated retail meat samples were contaminated with multiple Salmonella serogroups and serovars. This is the first Philippine study that utilized PCR-based assays to characterize Salmonella isolates down to a serovar level and provides baseline information regarding Salmonella prevalence and serovar distribution in retail meat. Molecular serotyping performed in this study can be used as an alternative approach to traditional serotyping in surveillance of Salmonella in the Philippines since the latter is expensive, time-consuming, and requires skilled technicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Dianne M. Santos
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Kenneth W. Widmer
- International Environmental Research Institute, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Windell L. Rivera
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
- * E-mail:
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Zhou YY, Kang XL, Meng C, Xiong D, Xu Y, Geng SZ, Pan ZM, Jiao XA. Multiple PCR assay based on the cigR gene for detection of Salmonella spp. and Salmonella Pullorum/Gallinarum identification. Poult Sci 2020; 99:5991-5998. [PMID: 33142517 PMCID: PMC7647733 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. are important zoonotic pathogens that are responsible for severe diseases in both animals and humans. Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Gallinarum biovar Gallinarum (S. Gallinarum) and biovar Pullorum (S. Pullorum) are typical infectious pathogens detected in the chicken industry that have caused great economic losses. To facilitate their detection and prevent contamination, we developed a rapid multiple PCR method, which can simultaneously detect Salmonella spp. and further identify the biovars S. Pullorum/Gallinarum. This PCR detection method is based on the cigR gene, which is conserved among Salmonella spp. but has a 42-bp deletion in S. Pullorum/Gallinarum. The specificity and sensitivity of the PCR assay was evaluated with 41 different strains: 34 Salmonella strains, including 5 S. Pullorum/Gallinarum strains, and 7 non-Salmonella strains. The lower limit of detection was 8.15 pg of S. Pullorum (S06004) genomic DNA and 20 cfu in PCR, which shows a great sensitivity. In addition, this method was applied to detect or identify Salmonella from processing chicken liver and egg samples, and the results corresponded to those obtained from serotype analysis using the conventional slide agglutination test. Overall, the new cigR-based PCR assay is efficient and practical for Salmonella detection and S. Pullorum/Gallinarum identification and will greatly reduce the workload of epidemiologic investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Xi-Long Kang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Chuang Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Dan Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Shi-Zhong Geng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Zhi-Ming Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - Xin-An Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
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7
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Zuo L, Jiang M, Jiang Y, Shi X, Li Y, Lin Y, Qiu Y, Deng Y, Li M, Lin Z, Liao Y, Xie J, Li Q, Hu Q. Multiplex ligation reaction based on probe melting curve analysis: a pragmatic approach for the identification of 30 common Salmonella serovars. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2019; 18:39. [PMID: 31805936 PMCID: PMC6894471 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-019-0338-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While Salmonella serotyping is of paramount importance for the disease intervention of salmonellosis, a fast and easy-to-operate molecular serotyping solution remains elusive. We have developed a multiplex ligation reaction based on probe melting curve analysis (MLMA) for the identification of 30 common Salmonella serovars. METHODS Serovar-specific primers and probes were designed based on a comparison of gene targets (wzx and wzy encoding for somatic antigen biosynthesis; fliC and fljB for flagellar antigens) from 5868 Salmonella genomes. The ssaR gene, a type III secretion system component, was included for the confirmation of Salmonella. RESULTS All gene targets were detected and gave expected Tm values during assay evaluation. Cross reactions were not demonstrated between the 30 serovars (n = 211), or with an additional 120 serovars (n = 120) and other Enterobacteriaceae (n = 3). The limit of identification for all targets ranged from using 1.2 ng/μL to 1.56 ng/μL of DNA. The intra- and inter-assay standard deviations and the coefficients of variation were no more than 0.5 °C and less than 1% respectively, indicating high reproducibility. From consecutive outpatient stool samples (n = 3590) collected over a 10-month period at 11 sentinel hospitals in Shenzhen, China, we conducted a multicenter study using the traditional Salmonella identification workflow and the MLMA assay workflow in parallel. From Salmonella isolates (n = 496, 13.8%) derived by both workflows, total agreement (kappa = 1.0) between the MLMA assay and conventional serotyping was demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS With an assay time of 2.5 h, this simple assay has shown promising potential to provide rapid and high-throughput identification of Salmonella serovars for clinical and public health laboratories to facilitate timely surveillance of salmonellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Zuo
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 8 Longyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Min Jiang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 8 Longyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yixiang Jiang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 8 Longyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaolu Shi
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 8 Longyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yinghui Li
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 8 Longyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yiman Lin
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 8 Longyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yaqun Qiu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 8 Longyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yinhua Deng
- College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Minxu Li
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zeren Lin
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yiqun Liao
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jianbin Xie
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 8 Longyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qingge Li
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Qinghua Hu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 8 Longyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, China.
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8
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Wajid M, Saleemi MK, Sarwar Y, Ali A. Detection and characterization of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis as an emerging threat in poultry farms of Faisalabad, Pakistan. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 127:248-261. [PMID: 30990250 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was the molecular identification of Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis (S. Infantis) isolated from poultry samples and their antimicrobial resistance and virulence profiling. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 149 isolates, belonging to genus Salmonella, originally isolated from 340 suspected poultry post mortem specimens reported by us earlier were preliminary identified as Salmonella by biochemical methods and confirmed by polymerase chain reaction targeting genus-specific gene invA. Targeting serovar-specific gene fragment (fljB) resulted in confirmation of 54 isolates as S. Infantis which were further confirmed by sequencing of 16S RNA and fljB genes. Swimming and swarming motilities were detected in 98·1 and 11·1% isolates respectively. Phenotypic disc diffusion assay against 23 antimicrobial agents showed the highest resistance against pefloxacin (PEF) (94·4%), chloramphenicol (83·3%) and imipenem (77·7%) while 5·3% isolates showed extended-spectrum β-lactamase production. Fifty-nine genes reported for antimicrobial resistance and 12 for conferring virulence were targeted. The most prevalent resistance gene for aminoglycosides was aadA (42·3%), for quinolone resistance determining region parE (62·5%), for penicillin's Int1 (62·9%), for chloramphenicol cat3 (66·1%) and for beta-lactams blaTEM -1 (44·4%). Among efflux pump coding genes, armA showed highest (74·2%) prevalence and for virulence, a high prevalence of SopE (89·2%) showed the zoonotic potential of the isolates. The activity of efflux pumps was detected through Ethidium Bromide-agar method. CONCLUSIONS Poultry could act as reservoirs of multidrug resistance Salmonella. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY We firstly report the prevalence and molecular characterization of virulence/drug resistance in S. Infantis from this region and the results may contribute to designing precisely targeted therapy. This study has also highlighted the possible emergence of S. Infantis with zoonotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wajid
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan.,Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - M K Saleemi
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Y Sarwar
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan.,Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - A Ali
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan.,Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
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9
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Zhai L, Li J, Tao T, Lu Z, Lv F, Bie X. Propidium monoazide real-time PCR amplification for viable Salmonella species and Salmonella Heidelberg in pork. Can J Microbiol 2019; 65:477-485. [PMID: 30865841 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2018-0547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg causes foodborne infections and is a major threat to the food chain and public health. In this study, we aimed to develop a rapid molecular typing approach to identify Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg. Using comparative genomics, four serovar-specific gene fragments were identified, and a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) combined with a propidium monoazide (PMA) pretreatment method was developed for simultaneous detection of viable Salmonella sp. (invA) and Salmonella Heidelberg (SeHA_C3258). The assay showed 100% specificity for all strains tested. The assay was able to distinguish effectively viable or dead cells with the PMA. The detection limit was 2.4 CFU/mL following 6 h of incubation in enrichment Luria-Bertani medium, and the assay could detect 1.7 × 102 CFU/mL in the presence of pork background flora. In artificially contaminated pork, real-time PCR detected inoculum levels of 1.15 CFU/25 g of pork after a 6 h enrichment. Thus, our findings indicated that this comparative genomics approach could be used to screen for serovar-specific fragments and that real-time PCR with PMA was a simple and reliable method for detecting viability of Salmonella species and Salmonella Heidelberg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligong Zhai
- a College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Food Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.,b College of Food Engineering, Anhui Science and Technology University Chuzhou, Anhui Province, China
| | - Junjie Li
- a College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Food Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tingting Tao
- a College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Food Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhaoxin Lu
- a College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Food Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fengxia Lv
- a College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Food Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaomei Bie
- a College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Food Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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10
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Hu S, Yu Y, Zhou D, Li R, Xiao X, Wu H. Global transcriptomic Acid Tolerance Response in Salmonella Enteritidis. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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11
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Application of proteotyping Strain Solution™ ver. 2 software and theoretically calculated mass database in MALDI-TOF MS typing of Salmonella serotype. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:8557-8569. [PMID: 29032472 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8563-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS)-based microbial identification is a popular analytical method. Strain Solution proteotyping software available for MALDI-TOF MS has great potential for the precise and detailed discrimination of microorganisms at serotype- or strain-level, beyond the conventional mass fingerprinting approaches. Here, we constructed a theoretically calculated mass database of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica consisting of 12 biomarker proteins: ribosomal proteins S8, L15, L17, L21, L25, and S7, Mn-cofactor-containing superoxide dismutase (SodA), peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase C (PPIase C), and protein Gns, and uncharacterized proteins YibT, YaiA, and YciF, that can allow serotyping of Salmonella. Strain Solution ver. 2 software with the novel database constructed in this study demonstrated that 109 strains (94%), including the major outbreak-associated serotypes, Enteritidis, Typhimurium, and Infantis, could be correctly identified from others by colony-directed MALDI-TOF MS using 116 strains belonging to 23 kinds of typed and untyped serotypes of S. enterica from culture collections, patients, and foods. We conclude that Strain Solution ver. 2 software integrated with the accurate mass database will be useful for the bacterial proteotyping by MALDI-TOF MS-based microbial classification in the clinical and food safety fields.
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12
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ASSIS FEA, DALLAGASSA CB, FARAH SMSS, SOUZA EM, PEDROSA FO, CHUBATSU LS, FADEL-PICHETH CMT. Molecular characterisation of Salmonella strains isolated from outbreaks and sporadic cases of diarrhoea occurred in Paraná State, South of Brazil. Epidemiol Infect 2017; 145:1953-1960. [PMID: 28367777 PMCID: PMC9203290 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268817000619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 46 strains of Salmonella isolated from patients with sporadic diarrhoea or involved in foodborne outbreaks were analysed by PCR for genus identification and serotyping. Subtyping was performed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multiple amplification of phage locus typing (MAPLT) for seven variable loci. Bacteria were identified as belonging to serotype Enteritidis (33 strains; 71·7%) or Typhimurium (13 strains; 28·3%). A high similarity coefficient (94·6%) was observed in the Salmonella Enteritidis group for which were found three related PFGE profiles and only one MAPLT; strains representing profile PA/P1/MI were prevalent (27; 81·8%). Two Salmonella Typhimurium isolates were untypeable by PFGE. The remaining 11 strains had eight PFGE and three MAPLT profiles. The discriminatory power of MAPLT was lower than that of PFGE. Salmonella Enteritidis of clonal nature is predominant in Paraná State, with the most prevalent profile PA/P1/M1 associated with sporadic diarrhoea and with seven of nine reported outbreaks. In conclusion, PFGE shows higher discriminatory power among Salmonella strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. E. A. ASSIS
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba-PR, Brazil
| | - C. B. DALLAGASSA
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba-PR, Brazil
| | | | - E. M. SOUZA
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba-PR, Brazil
| | - F. O. PEDROSA
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba-PR, Brazil
| | - L. S. CHUBATSU
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba-PR, Brazil
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13
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Xiong D, Song L, Tao J, Zheng H, Zhou Z, Geng S, Pan Z, Jiao X. An Efficient Multiplex PCR-Based Assay as a Novel Tool for Accurate Inter-Serovar Discrimination of Salmonella Enteritidis, S. Pullorum/Gallinarum and S. Dublin. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:420. [PMID: 28360901 PMCID: PMC5352712 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovars Enteritidis, Pullorum/Gallinarum, and Dublin are infectious pathogens causing serious problems for pig, chicken, and cattle production, respectively. Traditional serotyping for Salmonella is costly and labor-intensive. Here, we established a rapid multiplex PCR method to simultaneously identify three prevalent Salmonella serovars Enteritidis, Pullorum/Gallinarum, and Dublin individually for the first time. The multiplex PCR-based assay focuses on three genes tcpS, lygD, and flhB. Gene tcpS exists only in the three Salmonella serovars, and lygD exists only in S. Enteritidis, while a truncated region of flhB gene is only found in S. Pullorum/Gallinarum. The sensitivity and specificity of the multiplex PCR assay using three pairs of specific primers for these genes were evaluated. The results showed that this multiplex PCR method could accurately identify Salmonella Enteritidis, Pullorum/Gallinarum, and Dublin from eight non-Salmonella species and 27 Salmonella serovars. The least concentration of genomic DNA that could be detected was 58.5 pg/μL and the least number of cells was 100 CFU. Subsequently, this developed method was used to analyze clinical Salmonella isolates from one pig farm, one chicken farm, and one cattle farm. The results showed that blinded PCR testing of Salmonella isolates from the three farms were in concordance with the traditional serotyping tests, indicating the newly developed multiplex PCR system could be used as a novel tool to accurately distinguish the three specific Salmonella serovars individually, which is useful, especially in high-throughput screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhou, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of EducationYangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, China
| | - Li Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhou, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of EducationYangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, China
| | - Jing Tao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhou, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of EducationYangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, China
| | - Huijuan Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhou, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of EducationYangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, China
| | - Zihao Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhou, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of EducationYangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, China
| | - Shizhong Geng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhou, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of EducationYangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, China
| | - Zhiming Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhou, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of EducationYangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, China
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhou, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of EducationYangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, China
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14
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Chiang YC, Wang HH, Ramireddy L, Chen HY, Shih CM, Lin CK, Tsen HY. Designing a biochip following multiplex polymerase chain reaction for the detection of Salmonella serovars Typhimurium, Enteritidis, Infantis, Hadar, and Virchow in poultry products. J Food Drug Anal 2017; 26:58-66. [PMID: 29389589 PMCID: PMC9332633 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2016.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella-contaminated foods, especially poultry-derived foods (eggs, chicken meat), are the major source of salmonellosis. Not only in the European Union (EU), but also in the United States, Japan, and other countries, has salmonellosis been an issue of concern for food safety control agencies. In 2005, EU regulation 1003/2005 set a target for the control and reduction of five target Salmonella enterica serovars—S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis, S. Infantis, S. Hadar, and S. Virchow—in breeding flocks. Thus, a simple biochip for the rapid detection of any of these five Salmonella serovars in poultry products may be required. The objectives of this study were to design S. Virchow-specific primers and to develop a biochip for the simultaneous identification of all or any of these five Salmonella serovars in poultry and poultry products. Experimentally, we designed novel polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers for the specific detection of S. Virchow, S. Infantis, and S. Hadar. The specificity of all these primers and two known primer sets for S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis was then confirmed under the same PCR conditions using 57 target strains and 112 nontarget Salmonella strains as well as 103 non-Salmonella strains. Following multiplex PCR, strains of any of these five Salmonella serovars could be detected by a chromogenic biochip deployed with DNA probes specific to these five Salmonella serovars. In comparison with the multiplex PCR methods, the biochip assay could improve the detection limit of each of the Salmonella serovars from N × 103 cfu/mL to N × 102 cfu/mL sample in either the pure culture or the chicken meat samples. With an 8-hour enrichment step, the detection limit could reach up to N × 100 cfu/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Cheng Chiang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Hung Kuang University, Number 1018, Section 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung City 43302, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Hsien-Huang Wang
- DR. Chip Biotech, Science-Based Industrial Park, Chu-Nan, Miao-Li County 350, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Latha Ramireddy
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Hung Kuang University, Number 1018, Section 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung City 43302, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsin-Yen Chen
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Hung Kuang University, Number 1018, Section 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung City 43302, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chia-Ming Shih
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Hung Kuang University, Number 1018, Section 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung City 43302, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chien-Ku Lin
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Hung Kuang University, Number 1018, Section 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung City 43302, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hau-Yang Tsen
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Hung Kuang University, Number 1018, Section 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung City 43302, Taiwan, ROC.
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15
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Xiong D, Song L, Geng S, Tao J, An S, Pan Z, Jiao X. One-Step PCR Detection of Salmonella Pullorum/Gallinarum Using a Novel Target: The Flagellar Biosynthesis Gene flhB. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1863. [PMID: 27920764 PMCID: PMC5118417 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Pullorum/Gallinarum is an important infectious pathogen that has caused widespread problems for chicken industry. Traditional Salmonella serotyping is an expensive and time-consuming process. In this study, we developed a rapid one-step polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method to identify S. Pullorum/Gallinarum. The PCR-based assay focuses on flhB, which shows a deficient region only in S. Pullorum/Gallinarum, compared with that of other serovars. The specificity and sensitivity of the PCR system were evaluated. The developed PCR method could identify S. Pullorum/Gallinarum from 27 different Salmonella serovars and eight non-Salmonella pathogens. The minimum limit of DNA and the lowest number of cells of S. Pullorum for the PCR detection were no less than 5.85 pg/μL and 10 CFU, respectively. The method was applied to the analysis of Salmonella strains isolated from the chicken farm. The PCR-based testing results of the farm isolates were in concordance with those obtained using traditional serotyping method. This newly developed PCR-based system could be used to accurately screen for the presence of S. Pullorum/Gallinarum, and support traditional serotyping methods, especially in high-throughput screening situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhou, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of EducationYangzhou, China
| | - Li Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhou, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of EducationYangzhou, China
| | - Shizhong Geng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhou, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of EducationYangzhou, China
| | - Jing Tao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhou, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of EducationYangzhou, China
| | - Shumin An
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhou, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of EducationYangzhou, China
| | - Zhiming Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhou, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of EducationYangzhou, China
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhou, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of EducationYangzhou, China
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16
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Oh SI, Kim JW, Chae M, Jung JA, So B, Kim B, Kim HY. Characterization and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella Typhimurium Isolates from Clinically Diseased Pigs in Korea. J Food Prot 2016; 79:1884-1890. [PMID: 28221916 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the prevalence of Salmonella enterica serovar and antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella Typhimurium isolates from clinically diseased pigs collected from 2008 to 2014 in Korea. Isolates were also characterized according to the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns. Among 94 Salmonella isolates, 81 (86.2%) were identified as being of the Salmonella Typhimurium serotype, followed by Salmonella Derby (6 of 94, 6.4%), Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- (4 of 94, 4.3%), Salmonella Enteritidis (2 of 94, 2.1%), and Salmonella Brandenburg (1 of 94, 1.1%). The majority of Salmonella Typhimurium isolates were resistant to tetracycline (92.6%), followed by streptomycin (88.9%) and ampicillin (80.2%). Overall, 96.3% of Salmonella Typhimurium isolates showed multidrug-resistant phenotypes and commonly harbored the resistance genes blaTEM (64.9%), flo (32.8%), aadA (55.3%), strA (58.5%), strB (58.5%), sulII (53.2%), and tetA (61.7%). The pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis of 45 Salmonella Typhimurium isolates from individual farms revealed 27 distinct patterns that formed one major and two minor clusters in the dendrogram analysis, suggesting that most of the isolates (91.1%) from diseased pigs were genetically related. These findings can assist veterinarians in the selection of appropriate antimicrobial agents to combat Salmonella Typhimurium infections in pigs. Furthermore, they highlight the importance of continuous surveillance of antimicrobial resistance and genetic status in Salmonella Typhimurium for the detection of emerging resistance trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Ik Oh
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Wan Kim
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeongju Chae
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-A Jung
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungjae So
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumseok Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Young Kim
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
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17
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Development of a Novel Hexa-plex PCR Method for Identification and Serotyping of Salmonella Species. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2014; 11:75-7. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2013.1551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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18
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Shi C, Singh P, Ranieri ML, Wiedmann M, Moreno Switt AI. Molecular methods for serovar determination of Salmonella. Crit Rev Microbiol 2013; 41:309-25. [PMID: 24228625 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2013.837862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella is a diverse foodborne pathogen, which has more than 2600 recognized serovars. Classification of Salmonella isolates into serovars is essential for surveillance and epidemiological investigations; however, determination of Salmonella serovars, by traditional serotyping, has some important limitations (e.g. labor intensive, time consuming). To overcome these limitations, multiple methods have been investigated to develop molecular serotyping schemes. Currently, molecular methods to predict Salmonella serovars include (i) molecular subtyping methods (e.g. PFGE, MLST), (ii) classification using serovar-specific genomic markers and (iii) direct methods, which identify genes encoding antigens or biosynthesis of antigens used for serotyping. Here, we reviewed reported methodologies for Salmonella molecular serotyping and determined the "serovar-prediction accuracy", as the percentage of isolates for which the serovar was correctly classified by a given method. Serovar-prediction accuracy ranged from 0 to 100%, 51 to 100% and 33 to 100% for molecular subtyping, serovar-specific genomic markers and direct methods, respectively. Major limitations of available schemes are errors in predicting closely related serovars (e.g. Typhimurium and 4,5,12:i:-), and polyphyletic serovars (e.g. Newport, Saintpaul). The high diversity of Salmonella serovars represents a considerable challenge for molecular serotyping approaches. With the recent improvement in sequencing technologies, full genome sequencing could be developed into a promising molecular approach to serotype Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Shi
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY , USA and
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19
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Facile synthesis of a pentasaccharide repeating unit corresponding to the common O-antigen of Salmonella enterica O57 and Escherichia coli O51. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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20
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Avitabile C, Capparelli R, Rigano MM, Fulgione A, Barone A, Pedone C, Romanelli A. Antimicrobial peptides from plants: stabilization of theγcore of a tomato defensin by intramolecular disulfide bond. J Pept Sci 2013; 19:240-5. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Avitabile
- University of Naples ‘Federico II’, School of Biotechnological Sciences; Department of Biological Sciences; Via Mezzocannone 16; 80134; Naples; Italy
| | - R. Capparelli
- University of Naples ‘Federico II’, School of Biotechnological Sciences; Department of Soil, Plant, Environmental and Animal Production Sciences; Via Università 100; 80055; Portici; Italy
| | - M. M. Rigano
- University of Naples ‘Federico II’, School of Biotechnological Sciences; Department of Soil, Plant, Environmental and Animal Production Sciences; Via Università 100; 80055; Portici; Italy
| | - A. Fulgione
- University of Naples ‘Federico II’, School of Biotechnological Sciences; Department of Soil, Plant, Environmental and Animal Production Sciences; Via Università 100; 80055; Portici; Italy
| | - A. Barone
- University of Naples ‘Federico II’, School of Biotechnological Sciences; Department of Soil, Plant, Environmental and Animal Production Sciences; Via Università 100; 80055; Portici; Italy
| | - C. Pedone
- University of Naples ‘Federico II’, School of Biotechnological Sciences; Department of Biological Sciences; Via Mezzocannone 16; 80134; Naples; Italy
| | - A. Romanelli
- University of Naples ‘Federico II’, School of Biotechnological Sciences; Department of Biological Sciences; Via Mezzocannone 16; 80134; Naples; Italy
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21
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Avitabile C, Netti F, Orefice G, Palmieri M, Nocerino N, Malgieri G, D'Andrea LD, Capparelli R, Fattorusso R, Romanelli A. Design, structural and functional characterization of a Temporin-1b analog active against Gram-negative bacteria. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:3767-75. [PMID: 23403136 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Temporins are small antimicrobial peptides secreted by the Rana temporaria showing mainly activity against Gram-positive bacteria. However, different members of the temporin family, such as Temporin B, act in synergy also against Gram-negative bacteria. With the aim to develop a peptide with a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity we designed and analyzed a series of Temporin B analogs. METHODS Peptides were initially obtained by Ala scanning on Temporin B sequence; antimicrobial activity tests allowed to identify the TB_G6A sequence, which was further optimized by increasing the peptide positive charge (TB_KKG6A). Interactions of this active peptide with the LPS of E. coli were investigated by CD, fluorescence and NMR. RESULTS TB_KKG6A is active against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria at low concentrations. The peptide strongly interacts with the LPS of Gram-negative bacteria and folds upon interaction into a kinked helix. CONCLUSION Our results show that it is possible to widen the activity spectrum of an antimicrobial peptide by subtle changes of the primary structure. TB_KKG6A, having a simple composition, a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity and a very low hemolytic activity, is a promising candidate for the design of novel antimicrobial peptides. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The activity of antimicrobial peptides is strongly related to the ability of the peptide to interact and break the bacterial membrane. Our studies on TB_KKG6A indicate that efficient interactions with LPS can be achieved when the peptide is not perfectly amphipathic, since this feature seems to help the toroidal pore formation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Avitabile
- Università di Napoli Federico II, Dipartimento delle Scienze Biologiche, Napoli, Italy
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22
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Rigano MM, Romanelli A, Fulgione A, Nocerino N, D'Agostino N, Avitabile C, Frusciante L, Barone A, Capuano F, Capparelli R. A novel synthetic peptide from a tomato defensin exhibits antibacterial activities against Helicobacter pylori. J Pept Sci 2012; 18:755-62. [PMID: 23124812 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Defensins are a class of cysteine-rich proteins, which exert broad spectrum antimicrobial activity. In this work, we used a bioinformatic approach to identify putative defensins in the tomato genome. Fifteen proteins had a mature peptide that includes the well-conserved tetradisulfide array. We selected a representative member of the tomato defensin family; we chemically synthesized its γ-motif and tested its antimicrobial activity. Here, we demonstrate that the synthetic peptide exhibits potent antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus A170, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Listeria monocytogenes, and Gram-negative bacteria, including Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi, Escherichia coli, and Helicobacter pylori. In addition, the synthetic peptide shows minimal (<5%) hemolytic activity and absence of cytotoxic effects against THP-1 cells. Finally, SolyC exerts an anti-inflammatory activity in vitro, as it downregulates the level of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IFN-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Rigano
- University of Naples 'Federico II', School of Biotechnological Sciences, Department of Soil, Plant, Environmental and Animal Production Sciences, Via Università 100, 80055, Portici, Italy
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Liu B, Zhou X, Zhang L, Liu W, Dan X, Shi C, Shi X. Development of a novel multiplex PCR assay for the identification of Salmonella enterica Typhimurium and Enteritidis. Food Control 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Persson S, Jacobsen T, Olsen JE, Olsen KEP, Hansen F. A new real-time PCR method for the identification of Salmonella Dublin. J Appl Microbiol 2012; 113:615-21. [PMID: 22747740 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05378.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Development of a real-time PCR method for the specific detection of Salmonella Dublin. METHODS AND RESULTS The method was directed towards a Salm. Dublin-specific sequence of the vagC gene on the Salmonella virulence plasmid (pSDV) and towards Salmonella genus-specific sequence of the invA gene, serving as an internal amplification control. The method showed 100% inclusivity and exclusivity when tested on a strain collection containing 50 serotyped S . Dublin strains, 20 strains of other Salmonella serotypes and 10 non- Salmonella strains. The method also showed 100% inclusivity and 99% exclusivity in a collaborative study comprising eight laboratories, where each laboratory received ten different S . Dublin strains and 10 other Salmonella serotypes. CONCLUSIONS The method showed excellent performance both when validated in the laboratory and in the collaborative study. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Application of the present method in food control, for example at slaughterhouses, can improve the contamination control of this veterinary and clinically important Salmonella serotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Persson
- Department of Microbiological Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Chu C, Doublet B, Lee YL, Cloeckaert A, Chiou CS, Chen SW, Lin CW, Chiu CH. Salmonella genomic island 1-J variants associated with change in the antibiotic resistance gene cluster in multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Virchow isolated from humans, Taiwan, 2004–2006. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18:47-53. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03464.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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26
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Su YC, Yu CY, Lin JL, Lai JM, Chen SW, Tu PC, Chu C. Emergence of Salmonella enterica serovar Potsdam as a major serovar in waterfowl hatcheries and chicken eggs. Avian Dis 2011; 55:217-22. [PMID: 21793436 DOI: 10.1637/9420-060910-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Salmonellosis is a common food-borne illness in humans caused by Salmonella-contaminated poultry and their products. In hatcheries, 110 Salmonella isolates were identified, mostly from first enrichment, and few from delayed enrichment. The Salmonella prevalence in goose and duck hatcheries was higher when measured by four multiplex PCR methods than by traditional culture (73.8% vs. 44.35%, P < 0.05); 97.3% of 110 isolates were Salmonella Potsdam of serogroup C1 and other isolates were Salmonella Montevideo of C1 and Salmonella Albany of C2. Plasmid and pulsed field gel electrophoresis genetic analysis revealed that isolates from duck hatcheries were more diverse than those from goose hatcheries. In Salmonella Potsdam, host species-specific genotypes were observed in geese for genotypes 3, 4, and 5 and in ducks for genotypes 7, 8, and 9, suggesting that Salmonella Potsdam may evolve into goose- and duck-specific isolates. An examination of 1121 eggs found that only Salmonella Potsdam was identified in 1.8% (7/591) of eggs from chickens fed on the ground, not housed in cages, and in egg content (6/7) as well as eggshell membrane (1/7). In conclusion, Salmonella Potsdam may be a major Salmonella infection in waterfowl and chicken eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Chi Su
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, 300 University Road, Chiayi City 60004, Taiwan, Republic of China
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27
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Maurer JJ, Lee MD, Cheng Y, Pedroso A. An allelotyping PCR for identifying Salmonella enterica serovars Enteritidis, Hadar, Heidelberg, and Typhimurium. J Vis Exp 2011:3130. [PMID: 21808227 PMCID: PMC3196185 DOI: 10.3791/3130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Current commercial PCRs tests for identifying Salmonella target genes unique to this genus. However, there are two species, six subspecies, and over 2,500 different Salmonella serovars, and not all are equal in their significance to public health. For example, finding S. enterica subspecies IIIa Arizona on a table egg layer farm is insignificant compared to the isolation of S. enterica subspecies I serovar Enteritidis, the leading cause of salmonellosis linked to the consumption of table eggs. Serovars are identified based on antigenic differences in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)(O antigen) and flagellin (H1 and H2 antigens). These antigenic differences are the outward appearance of the diversity of genes and gene alleles associated with this phenotype. We have developed an allelotyping, multiplex PCR that keys on genetic differences between four major S. enterica subspecies I serovars found in poultry and associated with significant human disease in the US. The PCR primer pairs were targeted to key genes or sequences unique to a specific Salmonella serovar and designed to produce an amplicon with size specific for that gene or allele. Salmonella serovar is assigned to an isolate based on the combination of PCR test results for specific LPS and flagellin gene alleles. The multiplex PCRs described in this article are specific for the detection of S. enterica subspecies I serovars Enteritidis, Hadar, Heidelberg, and Typhimurium. Here we demonstrate how to use the multiplex PCRs to identify serovar for a Salmonella isolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Maurer
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, USA.
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Parker WD, Lungu B, Berghaus RD, Sellers HS, Alvarado IR, Hofacre CL. Comparison of Real-Time PCR with Conventional PCR and Culture to Assess the Efficacy of a Live Attenuated Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Vaccine Against Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis in Commercial Leghorn Chicks Vaccinated Under Field and Laboratory Conditions. Avian Dis 2011; 55:248-54. [DOI: 10.1637/9561-100410-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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MassCode liquid arrays as a tool for multiplexed high-throughput genetic profiling. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18967. [PMID: 21544191 PMCID: PMC3081317 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiplexed detection assays that analyze a modest number of nucleic acid targets over large sample sets are emerging as the preferred testing approach in such applications as routine pathogen typing, outbreak monitoring, and diagnostics. However, very few DNA testing platforms have proven to offer a solution for mid-plexed analysis that is high-throughput, sensitive, and with a low cost per test. In this work, an enhanced genotyping method based on MassCode technology was devised and integrated as part of a high-throughput mid-plexing analytical system that facilitates robust qualitative differential detection of DNA targets. Samples are first analyzed using MassCode PCR (MC-PCR) performed with an array of primer sets encoded with unique mass tags. Lambda exonuclease and an array of MassCode probes are then contacted with MC-PCR products for further interrogation and target sequences are specifically identified. Primer and probe hybridizations occur in homogeneous solution, a clear advantage over micro- or nanoparticle suspension arrays. The two cognate tags coupled to resultant MassCode hybrids are detected in an automated process using a benchtop single quadrupole mass spectrometer. The prospective value of using MassCode probe arrays for multiplexed bioanalysis was demonstrated after developing a 14plex proof of concept assay designed to subtype a select panel of Salmonella enterica serogroups and serovars. This MassCode system is very flexible and test panels can be customized to include more, less, or different markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J. Maurer
- Department of Population Health, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
- Center for Food Safety, The University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia 30223;
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Rajtak U, Leonard N, Bolton D, Fanning S. A real-time multiplex SYBR Green I polymerase chain reaction assay for rapid screening of salmonella serotypes prevalent in the European Union. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2011; 8:769-80. [PMID: 21381925 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2010.0768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A two-step real-time SYBR Green I multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay with melting curve analysis was developed for rapid detection of 19 Salmonella serotypes frequently encountered in humans, animals, and animal-associated meat products within the European Union. The first-step single-tube reaction (Multiplex PCR I), consisting of five primer pairs, classified an initial test panel of eight Salmonella serotypes into five groups on the basis of characteristic amplicon melting temperatures produced by each strain. Following designation into groups, two subsequent triplex reactions (Multiplex PCR II-G1 and II-G3) allowed for further identification of five Salmonella serotypes by their melting peak temperatures. Primers for serotype differentiation were designed to target the genes encoding either phase 1 and 2 flagellar antigens fliC and fljB or unique serotype-specific loci. In addition, the assay simultaneously screened for the presence of the ampicilin-amoxicillin, chloramphenicol-florfenicol, streptomycin-spectinomycin, sulfanomides, and tetracycline (ACSSuT)-type multidrug resistance pattern, indicated by the floR gene, and for the Salmonella virulence plasmid encoded by the svp operon in Salmonella serotype Typhimurium. The established multiplex assays were successfully tested on 97 isolates, comprising 37 distinct Salmonella serotypes and 12 non-Salmonella strains. The two-step assay correctly detected 19 of 37 Salmonella serotypes and all non-Salmonella strains produced negative results. Of the 19 serotypes detected in the assays, 7 serotypes, including Salmonella serotypes Ohio, Goldcoast, Livingstone, Kedougou, Enteritidis, Kentucky, ACSSuT-type Salmonella serotype Typhimurium DT104 and DT104b, as well as non-ACSSuT-type Salmonella serotype Typhimurium strains, were definitively identified. The developed multiplex real-time SYBR Green I PCR assay represents a more rapid and reliable method for identification of large numbers of Salmonella serotypes prevalent throughout the European Union than assays using phenotypic serotyping methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Rajtak
- School of Agriculture, Food Science, and Veterinary Medicine, UCD Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Akiba M, Kusumoto M, Iwata T. Rapid identification of Salmonella enterica serovars, Typhimurium, Choleraesuis, Infantis, Hadar, Enteritidis, Dublin and Gallinarum, by multiplex PCR. J Microbiol Methods 2011; 85:9-15. [PMID: 21329737 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica poses a threat to both human and animal health, with more than 2500 serovars having been reported to date. Salmonella serovars are identified by slide and tube agglutination tests using O and H antigen-specific anti-sera, although this procedure is both labor intensive and time consuming. Establishment of a method for rapid screening of the major Salmonella serovars is therefore required. We have established multiplex polymerase chain reaction (m-PCR) assays for identification of seven serovars of Salmonella, i.e., Typhimurium, Choleraesuis, Infantis, Hadar, Enteritidis, Dublin and Gallinarum. Three serovar-specific genomic regions (SSGRs) of each serovar were selected using an approach in comparative genomics. The Salmonella-specific invA gene was used to confirm the genetic background of the organisms. The isolates tested were identified as a target serovar when the three selected SSGRs and invA were all positive for amplification. The specificity of each m-PCR assay was investigated using 118 serovars of Salmonella and 12 species of non-Salmonella strains. Although a small number of false-positive results were observed in the m-PCR assays used to identify Typhimurium, Choleraesuis, Enteritidis and Dublin for closely related serovars, false-negative results were not observed in any assays. These assays had sufficient specificity to identify the seven Salmonella serovars, and therefore, have the potential for use as rapid screening methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Akiba
- Safety Research Team, National Institute of Animal Health, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba 305-0856, Japan.
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Dilmaghani M, Ahmadi M, Zahraei Salehi T, Talebi A. The analysis of groEL gene in Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium isolated from avians by PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism method. Vet Res Commun 2011; 35:133-43. [PMID: 21312060 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-011-9460-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium causes food-borne outbreaks and systemic diseases in humans and animals. groEL gene (also known as mopA gene in S. Typhimurium), possessing conserved sequence, plays an important role in invasion of bacteria. The purpose of present study was to identify the polymorphism of groEL gene among different avians in different regions by PCR-RFLP method. Fifty two S. Typhimurium isolates (Broiler (n = 13), Layer (n = 12), Duck (n = 5), Goose (n = 5), Sparrow (n = 8), Canary (n = 3), Pigeon (n = 5) and Casco parrot (n = 1). were identified using serotyping as well as multiplex-PCR. Then, amplification of groEL gene performed and amplified products subjected to restriction digestion with BsuRI enzyme. Three RFLP profiles, A, B and C, generated DNA fragments between approximately 100-1,000 bp in size, were observed. The RFLP profile A was observed in 35 (67.3%), profile B in 14 (26.9%) and profile C in 3 (5.77%) of isolates. S. Typhimurium isolates recovered from 13 broilers (two of which profile A, 9 profile B and 2 profile C) and from 8 sparrows (two of which profile A, 5 profile B and 1 profile C) showed all three profiles, but 12 layers and other avians (including Canary (n = 3), Goose (n = 5), Duck (n = 5), Pigeon (n = 5) and Casco parrot (n = 1)) showed profile A. None of these profiles was allotted for a special region. The result of present study showed that S. Typhimurium undergoes genetic mutations in groEL gene under unpleasant milieu in different regions and in different avians. Thus, genetic diversity, despite conserved nature of groEL gene in S. Typhimurium, may exist but it depends on the condition where bacteria have settled. To our knowledge, three RFLP profiles of groEL gene generated by BsuRI restriction enzyme were not reported previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Dilmaghani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Urmia, PO Box 1177, Urmia, Iran.
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Romanelli A, Moggio L, Montella RC, Campiglia P, Iannaccone M, Capuano F, Pedone C, Capparelli R. Peptides from Royal Jelly: studies on the antimicrobial activity of jelleins, jelleins analogs and synergy with temporins. J Pept Sci 2011; 17:348-52. [PMID: 21254310 DOI: 10.1002/psc.1316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Peptides isolated from natural fonts are the object of several studies aimed at finding new molecules possessing antibacterial activity. We focused our studies on peptides originally isolated from the Royal Jelly, the jelleins and on some analogs having a UV reporter at the N- or C-terminus. We found that jelleins are mainly active against gram-positive bacteria; interestingly, they act in synergy with peptides belonging to the family of temporins such as temporin A and temporin B against Staphylococcus aureus A170 and Listeria monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Romanelli
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biotechnological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy.
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Dilmaghani M, Ahmadi M, Zahraei Salehi T, Talebi A, Darvishzadeh R. PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism analysis of fljB gene in Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium isolated from avians. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2010; 2:178-84. [PMID: 22347569 PMCID: PMC3279790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Economic constraint of diseases arising from Salmonella Typhimurium causes the study of this zoonotic organism more important. Most studies on identification and characterization of S. Typhimurium are conducted at DNA level. Flagellin genes (fliC and fljB genes encoding phase-1 and phase-2 flagella, respectively) are useful as a model system for studying genetic differentiation. The objectives of the present study were to identify the polymorphism of fljB among avians in different regions by the PCR-RFLP method. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty-two S. Typhimurium isolates out of 1,870 intestine samples were identified using culture and serotyping as well as multiplex-PCR (broiler (n=13), layer (n=12), duck (n=5), goose (n=5), sparrow (n=8), canary (n=3), pigeon (n=5) and casco parrot (n=1)). Amplification of fljB gene was performed and amplified products subjected to restriction digestion with Hha I enzyme. RESULTS Two RFLP patterns generated DNA fragments between approximately 50 to 800 bps. Pattern A was observed in 33 (63.46%) and pattern B in 19 (36.54%) of isolates. Salmonella Typhimurium recovered from 13 broilers (ten with pattern A and 3 with pattern B) and 8 sparrow (three with pattern A and 5 with pattern B) showed both A and B patterns. Twelve layers, 5 pigeons and 3 canaries showed pattern A and 5 ducks, 5 geese and one casco parrot showed pattern B. None of these patterns was allotted for a special region. CONCLUSION The results of the present study showed that fljB gene is highly conserved among avians in different geographical regions, suggesting not only the importance of fljB gene in survival of organism in different environmental conditions but also the relation between proteins encoded by fljB gene and serotyping scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dilmaghani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Urmia,Urmia, Iran
| | - M Ahmadi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Urmia,Urmia, Iran
| | - T Zahraei Salehi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Talebi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Urmia,Urmia, Iran
| | - R Darvishzadeh
- Department of Agronomy and Plant breeding University of Urmia, Urmia, Iran
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Identification by PCR of non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica serovars associated with invasive infections among febrile patients in Mali. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010; 4:e621. [PMID: 20231882 PMCID: PMC2834738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In sub-Saharan Africa, non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) are emerging as a prominent cause of invasive disease (bacteremia and focal infections such as meningitis) in infants and young children. Importantly, including data from Mali, three serovars, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Dublin, account for the majority of non-typhoidal Salmonella isolated from these patients. Methods We have extended a previously developed series of polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) based on O serogrouping and H typing to identify Salmonella Typhimurium and variants (mostly I 4,[5],12:i:-), Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Dublin. We also designed primers to detect Salmonella Stanleyville, a serovar found in West Africa. Another PCR was used to differentiate diphasic Salmonella Typhimurium and monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium from other O serogroup B, H:i serovars. We used these PCRs to blind-test 327 Salmonella serogroup B and D isolates that were obtained from the blood cultures of febrile patients in Bamako, Mali. Principal Findings We have shown that when used in conjunction with our previously described O-serogrouping PCR, our PCRs are 100% sensitive and specific in identifying Salmonella Typhimurium and variants, Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Dublin and Salmonella Stanleyville. When we attempted to differentiate 171 Salmonella Typhimurium (I 4,[ 5],12:i:1,2) strains from 52 monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium (I 4,[5],12:i:-) strains, we were able to correctly identify 170 of the Salmonella Typhimurium and 51 of the Salmonella I 4,[5],12:i:- strains. Conclusion We have described a simple yet effective PCR method to support surveillance of the incidence of invasive disease caused by NTS in developing countries. The genus Salmonella has more than 2500 serological variants (serovars), such as Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A and B, that cause, respectively, typhoid and paratyphoid fevers (enteric fevers), and a large number of non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) serovars that cause gastroenteritis in healthy hosts. In young infants, the elderly and immunocompromised hosts, NTS can cause severe, fatal invasive disease. Multiple studies of pediatric patients in sub-Saharan Africa have documented the important role of NTS, in particular Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis (and to a lesser degree Salmonella Dublin), as invasive bacterial pathogens. Salmonella spp. are isolated from blood and identified by standard microbiological techniques and the serovar is ascertained by agglutination with commercial antisera. PCR-based typing techniques are becoming increasingly popular in developing countries, in part because high quality typing sera are difficult to obtain and expensive and H serotyping is technically difficult. We have developed a series of polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) to identify Salmonella Typhimurium and variants, Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Dublin. We successfully identified 327 Salmonella isolates using our multiplex PCR. We also designed primers to detect Salmonella Stanleyville, a serovar found in West Africa. Another PCR generally differentiated diphasic Salmonella Typhimurium and monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium variant strains from other closely related strains. The PCRs described here will enable more laboratories in developing countries to serotype NTS that have been isolated from blood.
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Hong Y, Liu T, Lee MD, Hofacre CL, Maier M, White DG, Ayers S, Wang L, Berghaus R, Maurer J. A rapid screen of broth enrichments for Salmonella enterica serovars enteritidis, Hadar, Heidelberg, and Typhimurium by Using an allelotyping multiplex PCR that targets O- and H-antigen alleles. J Food Prot 2009; 72:2198-201. [PMID: 19833046 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-72.10.2198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella continues to cause significant foodborne outbreaks, best illustrated with recent outbreaks associated with peanut butter, raw tomatoes, and serrano peppers. To ascertain the likely source of the outbreak, bacterial typing is essential to this process. While PCR has become an important detection tool for pathogens in foods, PCR can also identify strain differences by targeting gene(s) or sequences exhibiting polymorphisms or variability in its distribution within the bacterial population. Over 2,500 Salmonella enterica serovars identified based on antigenic differences in lipopolysaccharide and flagellin have been identified to date. We developed an allelotyping PCR scheme that identifies the O and H alleles associated with S. enterica serovars Enteritidis, Hadar, Heidelberg, Typhimurium, and others, with the same antigen alleles but in different O- and H-allele combinations (e.g., S. enterica Kentucky), and validated it as a screen to identify samples contaminated with these Salmonella serovars. We correctly identified poultry samples containing S. enterica serovars Enteritidis, Kentucky, and Typhimurium from our multiplex screen of primary enrichments of environmental drag swabs. PCR agreed well (kappa values = 0.81 to 1.0) with conventional serotyping methods used to type salmonellae isolated from primary enrichment. Coupled with Salmonella-specific PCR, such as invA, this allelotyping PCR could prove useful in the identification of Salmonella and specific S. enterica serovars present in foods or the environment and could decrease the time and cost associated with conventional serotyping methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hong
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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Synergistic antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activity of temporin A and modified temporin B in vivo. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7191. [PMID: 19784377 PMCID: PMC2747021 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Accepted: 08/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporins are antimicrobial peptides secreted by the granular glands of the European red frog (Rana temporaria). They are 10–14 amino acid long polypeptides active prevalently against gram positive bacteria. This study shows that a synthetic temporin B analogue (TB-YK), acquires the capacity to act in synergism with temporin A and to exert antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity in vivo against gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Administration of 3.4 mg/Kg of temporin A (TA)+1.6 mg/Kg TB-YK, given to individual mice concurrently with a lethal dose of bacteria (gram positive or negative), rescued 100% of the animals. More importantly, the same doses of temporins, administered one week after experimental infection with a sub lethal dose of bacteria, sterilized 100% of the animals within 3–6 days. Also, it is described an animal model based on the use of sub lethal doses of bacteria, which closely mimics bacterial infection in humans. The model offers the possibility to test in a preclinical setting the true potential of TA and TB-YK in combination as antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agents.
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