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Rae R, Sheehy L, McDonald-Howard K. Thirty years of slug control using the parasitic nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita and beyond. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:3408-3424. [PMID: 37394691 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Several slug species are highly pestiferous and threaten global sustainable agriculture. Current control methods rely heavily on metaldehyde pellets, which are often ineffective, harm nontarget organisms and have been banned in some countries. A viable alternative is the parasitic nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita (and recently P. californica), which has been formulated into a biological control agent (Nemaslug®) to control slugs across northern Europe. Nematodes are mixed with water and applied to soil where they seek out slugs, penetrate behind the mantle and kill them in 4-21 days. Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita has been on the market since 1994 and since then there has been ample research on its use. Here we review the research carried out on P. hermaphrodita over the last 30 years since its development and release as a commercial product. We provide information on life cycle, worldwide distribution, history of commercialisation, gastropod immunity, host range, ecological and environmental factors that affect its success in the field, bacterial relationships, and summarise results of field trials. Finally, we suggest future directions for P. hermaphrodita research (and other Phasmarhabditis species) to enhance its use as a biological control agent to control slugs for the next 30 years. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robbie Rae
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Laura Sheehy
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Kerry McDonald-Howard
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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Li F, Gao H, Zhu P, Li Z, Zhao W, Song J, Yang S. Moraxella nasicaprae sp. nov., Isolated from a Goat with Respiratory Disease. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:78. [PMID: 36651991 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03185-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A novel Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, irregular coccus designated as ZY201224T, was isolated from the nasal cavity of a goat with respiratory disease in a goat farm, located at Jianshui, Yunnan Province, PR China and its taxonomic position was clarified using a polyphasic approach. The strain grew optimally at 37 °C, at pH 8.0 and in the presence of 1% NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence and phylogenomic analysis based on 808 single-copy genes revealed that the strain is affiliated to the genus Moraxella and is distinct from the recognized species of the genus. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity analysis indicated that the strain is most closely related to Moraxella caviae CCUG 355T with sequence similarity of 98.1%. The genomic OrthoANI and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between the strain and the type strains of Moraxella species were no higher than 74.7% (Moraxella pluranimalium CCUG 54913T) and 26.0% (Moraxella oblonga NBRC 102422T), respectively. The G + C content of the complete genome sequence was 43.6 mol%. The strain contained CoQ-8 as the major respiratory quinone, and C18:1ω9c, C17:1ω8c, C16:0 and summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω7c and/ or C16:1ω6c) as the predominant fatty acids (> 5%). The major polar lipids comprised phosphatidylglycerol (PG), cardiolipin (CL), monolysocardiolipin (MLCL), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and lysophosphatidylglycerol (LPG). Based on these taxonomic characterizations, strain ZY201224T represents a novel species of the genus Moraxella, for which the name Moraxella nasicaprae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is ZY201224T (= CCTCC AB 2021474T = NBRC 115473T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuxiang Li
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, 650224, People's Republic of China
| | - Huafeng Gao
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, 650224, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei Zhu
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, 650224, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanhong Li
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, 650224, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhua Zhao
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, 650224, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianling Song
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, 650224, People's Republic of China
| | - Shibiao Yang
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, 650224, People's Republic of China.
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Li F, Zhu P, Li Z, Zhao W, Gao H, Hong Q, Song J, Yang S. Moraxella nasovis sp. nov., isolated from a sheep with respiratory disease. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2022; 72. [DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.005511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, coccus-shaped bacteria, designated ZY201115T, was isolated from the nasal cavity of a sheep with respiratory disease in Yunnan Province, south-west China, and its taxonomic affiliation was studied by applying a polyphasic approach. The strain grew at 18–41 °C (optimum, 37 °C), at pH 6.0–9.0 (optimum, pH 8.0) and in 0.5–3.0% (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 1.0 % NaCl). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the strain is affiliated to the genus
Moraxella
with highest similarity to
Moraxella bovis
ATCC 10900T (96.6 %). Phylogenomic analysis based on 811 single-copy genes also indicated that the strain represents a novel species in the genus
Moraxella
and formed a deep and separated clade with
Moraxella caviae
NCTC 10293T. The highest genomic orthologous average nucleotide identity and digital DNA–DNA hybridization values between the strain and the type strains in the genus
Moraxella
were 73.7% (
M. caviae
NCTC 10293T) and 25.3% (
Moraxella osloensis
CCUG 350T), respectively. The G+C content of the complete genome sequence was 42.1 mol%. The predominant fatty acids (>5 %) were C18:1 ω9c, C17:1 ω8c, C12:03OH and summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω7c and/or C16:1 ω6c). The major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, cardiolipin, monolysocardiolipin, phosphatidylethanolamine and hemibismonoacylglycerophosphate. The major respiratory quinone was CoQ-8. On the basis of the results of phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characterizations, strain ZY201115T clearly represents a novel species of the genus
Moraxella
, for which the name Moraxella nasovis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is ZY201115T (=CCTCC AB 2021473T=CCUG 75922T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuxiang Li
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, 650224, PR China
| | - Pei Zhu
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, 650224, PR China
| | - Zhanhong Li
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, 650224, PR China
| | - Wenhua Zhao
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, 650224, PR China
| | - Huafeng Gao
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, 650224, PR China
| | - Qionghua Hong
- Yunnan Provincial Meat Caprine Engineering Research Center, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, 650224, PR China
| | - Jianling Song
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, 650224, PR China
| | - Shibiao Yang
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, 650224, PR China
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Schurkman J, Liu R, Alavi S, Tandingan De Ley I, Hsiao A, Dillman AR. The Native Microbial Community of Gastropod-Associated Phasmarhabditis Species Across Central and Southern California. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:903136. [PMID: 35910595 PMCID: PMC9329066 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.903136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nematodes in the genus Phasmarhabditis can infect and kill slugs and snails, which are important agricultural pests. This useful trait has been commercialized by the corporation BASF after they mass produced a product labeled Nemaslug®. The product contains Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita, which has been cultured with Moraxella osloensis, a bacterial strain that was originally thought to be responsible for causing mortality in slugs and snails. The exact mechanism leading to death in a Phasmarhabditis infected host is unknown but may involve contributions from nematode-associated bacteria. The naturally occurring microbial community of Phasmarhabditis is unexplored; the previous Phasmarhabditis microbial community studies have focused on laboratory grown or commercially reared nematodes, and in order to obtain a deeper understanding of the parasite and its host interactions, it is crucial to characterize the natural microbial communities associated with this organism in the wild. We sampled Phasmarhabditis californica, Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita, and Phasmarhabditis papillosa directly from their habitats in Central and Southern California nurseries and garden centers and identified their native microbial community via 16S amplicon sequencing. We found that the Phasmarhabditis microbial community was influenced by species, location, and possibly gastropod host from which the nematode was collected. The predominant bacteria of the Phasmarhabditis isolates collected included Shewanella, Clostridium perfringens, Aeromonadaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, and Acinetobacter. Phasmarhabditis papillosa isolates exhibited an enrichment with species belonging to Acinetobacter or Pseudomonadaceae. However, further research must be performed to determine if this is due to the location of isolate collection or a species specific microbial community pattern. More work on the natural microbial community of Phasmarhabditis is needed to determine the role of bacteria in nematode virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Schurkman
- Department of Nematology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Salma Alavi
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Irma Tandingan De Ley
- Department of Nematology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Ansel Hsiao
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Adler R. Dillman,
| | - Adler R. Dillman
- Department of Nematology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Adler R. Dillman,
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Sheehy L, Cutler J, Weedall GD, Rae R. Microbiome Analysis of Malacopathogenic Nematodes Suggests No Evidence of a Single Bacterial Symbiont Responsible for Gastropod Mortality. Front Immunol 2022; 13:878783. [PMID: 35515005 PMCID: PMC9065361 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.878783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nematodes and bacteria are prevalent in soil ecosystems, and some have evolved symbiotic relationships. In some cases, symbionts carry out highly specialized functions: a prime example being entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs), which vector bacteria (Xenorhabdus or Photorhabdus) into insect hosts, killing them to provide a food source for the nematodes. It is thought that the commercially available malacopathogenic (kills slugs and snails) biocontrol nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita vectors a bacterium (Moraxella osloensis) into slugs to kill them. To investigate this further we used a metagenomic approach to profile the bacteria present in the commercial strain of P. hermaphrodita, a wild strain of P. hermaphrodita and two other Phasmarhabditis species (P. californica and P. neopapillosa), after they had killed their slug host (Deroceras invadens). We show that these nematodes do not exclusively associate with one bacterium but a range of species, with members of the phyla Pseudomonadota, Bacillota, Actinobacteriota and Bacteroidota the most prevalent. The commercial strain of P. hermaphrodita had the least diverse bacterial community. Furthermore, we found that the bacterium P. hermaphrodita has been cultured on for 25 years is not the expected species M. osloensis but is Psychrobacter spp. and the only strain of the Phasmarhabditis species to associate with Psychrobacter spp. was the commercial strain of P. hermaphrodita. In summary, we found no evidence to show that P. hermaphrodita rely exclusively on one bacterium to cause host mortality but found variable and diverse bacterial communities associated with these nematodes in their slug hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sheehy
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - James Cutler
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth D Weedall
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Robbie Rae
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Loera-Muro A, Caamal-Chan MG, Castellanos T, Luna-Camargo A, Aguilar-Díaz T, Barraza A. Growth effects in oregano plants ( Origanum vulgare L.) assessment through inoculation of bacteria isolated from crop fields located on desert soils. Can J Microbiol 2020; 67:381-395. [PMID: 33136463 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2020-0352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria can establish beneficial interactions with plants by acting as growth promoters and enhancing stress tolerance during plant interactions. Likewise, bacteria can develop multispecies communities where multiple interactions are possible. In this work, we assessed the physiological effects of three bacteria isolated from an arid environment (Bacillus niacini, Bacillus megaterium, and Moraxella osloensis) applied as single species or as a consortium on oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) plants. Moreover, we assessed the quorum-sensing (QS) signaling activity to determine the molecular communication between plant-growth-promoting bacteria. The plant inoculation with B. megaterium showed a positive effect on morphometric and physiologic parameters. However, no synergistic effects were observed when a bacterial consortium was inoculated. Likewise, activation of QS signaling in biofilm assays was observed only for interspecies interaction within the Bacillus genus, not for either interaction with M. osloensis. These results suggest a neutral or antagonistic interaction for interspecific bacterial biofilm establishment, as well as for the interaction with oregano plants when bacteria were inoculated in a consortium. In conclusion, we were able to determine that the bacterial interactions are not always positive or synergistic, but they also might be neutral or antagonistic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Loera-Muro
- CONACYT - Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C., Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 195 Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, Baja California Sur, C.P. 23096, México
| | - María Goretty Caamal-Chan
- CONACYT - Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C., Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 195 Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, Baja California Sur, C.P. 23096, México
| | - Thelma Castellanos
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C., Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 195 Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, Baja California Sur, C.P. 23096, Mexico
| | - Angélica Luna-Camargo
- Instituto Tecnológico de La Paz, 4720 Boulevard Forjadores de Baja California Sur, 8 de Octubre 2da Secc, La Paz, Baja California Sur, C.P. 23080, Mexico
| | - Trinidad Aguilar-Díaz
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C., Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 195 Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, Baja California Sur, C.P. 23096, Mexico
| | - Aarón Barraza
- CONACYT - Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C., Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 195 Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, Baja California Sur, C.P. 23096, México
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Atack JM, Guo C, Yang L, Zhou Y, Jennings MP. DNA sequence repeats identify numerous Type I restriction-modification systems that are potential epigenetic regulators controlling phase-variable regulons; phasevarions. FASEB J 2019; 34:1038-1051. [PMID: 31914596 PMCID: PMC7383803 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901536rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Over recent years several examples of randomly switching methyltransferases, associated with Type III restriction‐modification (R‐M) systems, have been described in pathogenic bacteria. In every case examined, changes in simple DNA sequence repeats result in variable methyltransferase expression and result in global changes in gene expression, and differentiation of the bacterial cell into distinct phenotypes. These epigenetic regulatory systems are called phasevarions, phase‐variable regulons, and are widespread in bacteria, with 17.4% of Type III R‐M system containing simple DNA sequence repeats. A distinct, recombination‐driven random switching system has also been described in Streptococci in Type I R‐M systems that also regulate gene expression. Here, we interrogate the most extensive and well‐curated database of R‐M systems, REBASE, by searching for all possible simple DNA sequence repeats in the hsdRMS genes that encode Type I R‐M systems. We report that 7.9% of hsdS, 2% of hsdM, and of 4.3% of hsdR genes contain simple sequence repeats that are capable of mediating phase variation. Phase variation of both hsdM and hsdS genes will lead to differential methyltransferase expression or specificity, and thereby the potential to control phasevarions. These data suggest that in addition to well characterized phasevarions controlled by Type III mod genes, and the previously described Streptococcal Type I R‐M systems that switch via recombination, approximately 10% of all Type I R‐M systems surveyed herein have independently evolved the ability to randomly switch expression via simple DNA sequence repeats.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Atack
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Chengying Guo
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, China
| | - Long Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, China
| | - Yaoqi Zhou
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Michael P Jennings
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
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9
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de Carvalho CCCR, Caramujo MJ. Bacterial diversity assessed by cultivation-based techniques shows predominance ofStaphylococccusspecies on coins collected in Lisbon and Casablanca. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2013; 88:26-37. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6941.12266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carla C. C. R. de Carvalho
- IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering; Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering; Department of Bioengineering; Instituto Superior Técnico; Universidade de Lisboa; Lisbon Portugal
| | - Maria José Caramujo
- Centre for Environmental Biology; Faculty of Sciences; Universidade de Lisboa; Lisbon Portugal
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Selective Capture of Transcribed Sequences: A Promising Approach for Investigating Bacterium-Insect Interactions. INSECTS 2012; 3:295-306. [PMID: 26467961 PMCID: PMC4553629 DOI: 10.3390/insects3010295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial interactions with eukaryotic hosts are complex processes which vary from pathogenic to mutualistic. Identification of bacterial genes differentially expressed in the host, promises to unravel molecular mechanisms driving and maintaining such interactions. Several techniques have been developed in the past 20 years to investigate bacterial gene expression within their hosts. The most commonly used techniques include in-vivo expression technology, signature-tagged mutagenesis, differential fluorescence induction, and cDNA microarrays. However, the limitations of these techniques in analyzing bacterial in-vivo gene expression indicate the need to develop alternative tools. With many advantages over the other methods for analyzing bacterial in-vivo gene expression, selective capture of transcribed sequences (SCOTS) technique has the prospect of becoming an elegant tool for discovery of genes involved in the bacterium-host interaction. Here, we summarize the advances in SCOTS technique, including its current and potential applications in bacterial gene expression studies under a variety of conditions from in-vitro to in-vivo and from mammals to insects.
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An R, Grewal PS. Comparative study of differential gene expression in closely related bacterial species by comparative hybridization. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 815:103-119. [PMID: 22130987 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-424-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The ability to profile bacterial gene expression has markedly advanced the capacity to understand the molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis, epidemiology, and therapeutics. This advance has been coupled with the development of techniques that enable investigators to identify bacterial specifically expressed genes and promise to open new avenues of functional genomics by allowing researchers to focus on the identified differentially expressed genes. During the past two decades, a number of approaches have been developed to investigate bacterial genes differentially expressed in response to the changing environment, particularly during interaction with their hosts. The most commonly used techniques include in vivo expression technology, signature-tagged mutagenesis, differential fluorescence induction, and cDNA microarrays, which fall into two broad classes: mutagenesis-based technologies and hybridization-based technologies. Selective capture of transcribed sequences, a recently emerging method, is a hybridization-based technique. This technique is powerful in analyzing differential gene expression of the bacteria, with the superb ability to investigate the bacterial species with unknown genomic information. Herein, we describe the application of this technique in a comparative study of the gene expression between two closely related bacteria induced or repressed under a variety of conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruisheng An
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH 44691, USA.
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Rae RG, Tourna M, Wilson MJ. The slug parasitic nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita associates with complex and variable bacterial assemblages that do not affect its virulence. J Invertebr Pathol 2010; 104:222-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2010.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Revised: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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Sifri CD, Brassinga AKC, Flohr T, Kinchen JM, Hazen KC, Sawyer RG, Pruett TL, Bonatti H. Moraxella osloensisbacteremia in a kidney transplant recipient. Transpl Int 2008; 21:1011-3. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2008.00727.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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