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Heine PA, Ballmann R, Thevarajah P, Russo G, Moreira GMSG, Hust M. Biomarker Discovery by ORFeome Phage Display. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2702:543-561. [PMID: 37679638 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3381-6_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Phage display is an efficient and robust method for protein-protein interaction studies. Although it is mostly used for antibody generation, it can be also utilized for the discovery of immunogenic proteins that could be used as biomarkers. Through this technique, a genome or metagenome is fragmented and cloned into a phagemid vector. The resulting protein fragments from this genetic material are displayed on M13 phage surface, while the corresponding gene fragments are packaged. This packaging process uses the pIII deficient helperphage, called Hyperphage (M13KO7 ΔpIII), so open reading frames (ORFs) are enriched in these libraries, giving the name to this method: ORFeome phage display. After conducting a selection procedure, called "bio-panning," relevant immunogenic peptides or protein fragments are selected using purified antibodies or serum samples, and can be used as potential biomarkers. As ORFeome phage display is an in vitro method, only the DNA or cDNA of the species of interest is needed. Therefore, this approach is also suitable for organisms that are hard to cultivate, or metagenomic samples, for example. An additional advantage is that the biomarker discovery is not limited to surface proteins due to the presentation of virtually every kind of peptide or protein fragment encoded by the ORFeome on the phage surface. At last, the selected biomarkers can be the start for the development of diagnostic assays, vaccines, or protein interaction studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Alexander Heine
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Departments Biotechnology and Medical Biotechnology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rico Ballmann
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Departments Biotechnology and Medical Biotechnology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Praveen Thevarajah
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Departments Biotechnology and Medical Biotechnology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Giulio Russo
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Departments Biotechnology and Medical Biotechnology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Gustavo Marçal Schmidt Garcia Moreira
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Departments Biotechnology and Medical Biotechnology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Tacalyx GmbH, Sector for Antibody and Protein Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Hust
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Departments Biotechnology and Medical Biotechnology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.
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Baseline analysis of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides antigens as targets for a DIVA assay for use with a subunit vaccine for contagious bovine pleuropneumonia. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:236. [PMID: 32650780 PMCID: PMC7350692 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02453-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (Mmm) is the causative agent of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in cattle. A prototype subunit vaccine is being developed, however, there is currently no diagnostic test that can differentiate between infected cattle and those vaccinated with the prototype subunit vaccine. This study characterized Mmm proteins to identify potential antigens for use in differentiating infected from vaccinated animals. RESULTS Ten Mmm antigens expressed as recombinant proteins were tested in an indirect ELISA using experimental sera from control groups, infected, and vaccinated animals. Data were imported into R software for analysis and drawing of the box and scatter plots while Cohen's Kappa assessed the level of agreement between the Mmm antigens. Two vaccine antigens (MSC_0499 and MSC_0776) were superior in detecting antibodies in sera of animals vaccinated with the subunit vaccines while two non-vaccine antigens (MSC_0636 and LppB) detected antibodies in sera of infected animals showing all clinical stages of the disease. Sensitivity and specificity of above 87.5% were achieved when the MSC_0499 and MSC_0636 antigens were tested on sera from vaccinated and infected animals. CONCLUSIONS The MSC_0499 and MSC_0776 antigens were the most promising for detecting vaccinated animals, while MSC_0636 and LppB were the best targets to identify infected animals. Further testing of sera from vaccinated and infected animals collected at different time intervals in the field should help establish how useful a diagnostic test based on a cocktail of these proteins would be.
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Gaurivaud P, Ganter S, Villard A, Manso-Silvan L, Chevret D, Boulé C, Monnet V, Tardy F. Mycoplasmas are no exception to extracellular vesicles release: Revisiting old concepts. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208160. [PMID: 30485365 PMCID: PMC6261642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Release of extracellular vesicles (EV) by Gram-negative and positive bacteria is being frequently reported. EV are nano-sized, membrane-derived, non-self-replicating, spherical structures shed into the extracellular environment that could play a role in bacteria-host interactions. Evidence of EV production in bacteria belonging to the class Mollicutes, which are wall-less, is mainly restricted to the genus Acholeplasma and is scanty for the Mycoplasma genus that comprises major human and animal pathogens. Here EV release by six Mycoplasma (sub)species of clinical importance was investigated. EV were obtained under nutritional stress conditions, purified by ultracentrifugation and observed by electron microscopy. The membrane proteins of EV from three different species were further identified by mass spectrometry as a preliminary approach to determining their potential role in host-pathogen interactions. EV were shown to be released by all six (sub)species although their quantities and sizes (30-220 nm) were very variable. EV purification was complicated by the minute size of viable mycoplasmal cells. The proteins of EV-membranes from three (sub)species included major components of host-pathogen interactions, suggesting that EV could contribute to make the host-pathogen interplay more complex. The process behind EV release has yet to be deciphered, although several observations demonstrated their active release from the plasma membrane of living cells. This work shed new light on old concepts of "elementary bodies" and "not-cell bound antigens".
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice Gaurivaud
- Université de Lyon, Anses, Laboratoire de Lyon, UMR Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants, Lyon, France
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, UMR Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants, Marcy-L’étoile, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Sarah Ganter
- Université de Lyon, Anses, Laboratoire de Lyon, UMR Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants, Lyon, France
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, UMR Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants, Marcy-L’étoile, France
| | - Alexandre Villard
- Université de Lyon, Anses, Laboratoire de Lyon, UMR Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants, Lyon, France
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, UMR Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants, Marcy-L’étoile, France
| | - Lucia Manso-Silvan
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
- INRA, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
| | - Didier Chevret
- PAPPSO, Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Christelle Boulé
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre Technologique des Microstructures, Service « Etudes à façon » EZUS Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Véronique Monnet
- PAPPSO, Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Florence Tardy
- Université de Lyon, Anses, Laboratoire de Lyon, UMR Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants, Lyon, France
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, UMR Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants, Marcy-L’étoile, France
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Abstract
ORFeome phage display allows the efficient functional screening of entire proteomes or even metaproteomes to identify immunogenic proteins. For this purpose, randomly fragmented, whole genomes or metagenomes are cloned into a phage-display vector allowing positive selection for open reading frames (ORF) to improve the library quality. These libraries display all possible proteins encoded by a pathogen or a microbiome on the phage surface. Consequently, immunogenic proteins can be selected from these libraries using disease-related immunoglobulins from patient serum. ORFeome phage display in particular allows the identification of immunogenic proteins that are only expressed in the host-pathogen interaction but not in cultivation, as well as the detection of very low expressed and very small immunogens and immunogenic proteins of non-cultivable organisms. The identified immunogenic proteins are potential biomarkers for the development of diagnostic assays or vaccines. These articles will give an introduction to ORFeome phage-display technology and give detailed protocols to identify immunogenic proteins by phage display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Zantow
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Dübel
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Hust
- Abteilung Biotechnologie, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.
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Perez-Casal J, Prysliak T, Maina T, Wang Y, Townsend H, Berverov E, Nkando I, Wesonga H, Liljander A, Jores J, Naessens J, Gerdts V, Potter A. Analysis of immune responses to recombinant proteins from strains of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides, the causative agent of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 168:103-10. [PMID: 26384697 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Current contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) vaccines are based on live-attenuated strains of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (Mmm). These vaccines have shortcomings in terms of efficacy, duration of immunity and in some cases show severe side effects at the inoculation site; hence the need to develop new vaccines to combat the disease. Reverse vaccinology approaches were used and identified 66 candidate Mycoplasma proteins using available Mmm genome data. These proteins were ranked by their ability to be recognized by serum from CBPP-positive cattle and thereafter used to inoculate naïve cattle. We report here the inoculation of cattle with recombinant proteins and the subsequent humoral and T-cell-mediated immune responses to these proteins and conclude that a subset of these proteins are candidate molecules for recombinant protein-based subunit vaccines for CBPP control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Perez-Casal
- Vaccine Infectious Disease Organization - International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), 120 Veterinary Rd, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada.
| | - Tracy Prysliak
- Vaccine Infectious Disease Organization - International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), 120 Veterinary Rd, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Teresa Maina
- Vaccine Infectious Disease Organization - International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), 120 Veterinary Rd, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Yejun Wang
- Vaccine Infectious Disease Organization - International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), 120 Veterinary Rd, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Hugh Townsend
- Vaccine Infectious Disease Organization - International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), 120 Veterinary Rd, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Emil Berverov
- Vaccine Infectious Disease Organization - International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), 120 Veterinary Rd, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Isabel Nkando
- Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organisation (KALRO), Kaptagat Rd, Loresho, P.O. Box 57811, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Hezron Wesonga
- Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organisation (KALRO), Kaptagat Rd, Loresho, P.O. Box 57811, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anne Liljander
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Joerg Jores
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Jan Naessens
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Volker Gerdts
- Vaccine Infectious Disease Organization - International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), 120 Veterinary Rd, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Andrew Potter
- Vaccine Infectious Disease Organization - International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), 120 Veterinary Rd, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
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Oligopeptide m13 phage display in pathogen research. Viruses 2013; 5:2531-45. [PMID: 24136040 PMCID: PMC3814601 DOI: 10.3390/v5102531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phage display has become an established, widely used method for selection of peptides, antibodies or alternative scaffolds. The use of phage display for the selection of antigens from genomic or cDNA libraries of pathogens which is an alternative to the classical way of identifying immunogenic proteins is not well-known. In recent years several new applications for oligopeptide phage display in disease related fields have been developed which has led to the identification of various new antigens. These novel identified immunogenic proteins provide new insights into host pathogen interactions and can be used for the development of new diagnostic tests and vaccines. In this review we focus on the M13 oligopeptide phage display system for pathogen research but will also give examples for lambda phage display and for applications in other disease related fields. In addition, a detailed technical work flow for the identification of immunogenic oligopeptides using the pHORF system is given. The described identification of immunogenic proteins of pathogens using oligopeptide phage display can be linked to antibody phage display resulting in a vaccine pipeline.
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Meyer T, Schirrmann T, Frenzel A, Miethe S, Stratmann-Selke J, Gerlach GF, Strutzberg-Minder K, Dübel S, Hust M. Identification of immunogenic proteins and generation of antibodies against Salmonella Typhimurium using phage display. BMC Biotechnol 2012; 12:29. [PMID: 22703709 PMCID: PMC3423037 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-12-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Solely in Europoe, Salmonella Typhimurium causes more than 100,000 infections per year. Improved detection of livestock colonised with S. Typhimurium is necessary to prevent foodborne diseases. Currently, commercially available ELISA assays are based on a mixture of O-antigens (LPS) or total cell lysate of Salmonella and are hampered by cross-reaction. The identification of novel immunogenic proteins would be useful to develop ELISA based diagnostic assays with a higher specificity. RESULTS A phage display library of the entire Salmonella Typhimurium genome was constructed and 47 immunogenic oligopeptides were identified using a pool of convalescent sera from pigs infected with Salmonella Typhimurium. The corresponding complete genes of seven of the identified oligopeptids were cloned. Five of them were produced in E. coli. The immunogenic character of these antigens was validated with sera from pigs infeced with S. Tyhimurium and control sera from non-infected animals. Finally, human antibody fragments (scFv) against these five antigens were selected using antibody phage display and characterised. CONCLUSION In this work, we identified novel immunogenic proteins of Salmonella Typhimurium and generated antibody fragments against these antigens completely based on phage display. Five immunogenic proteins were validated using a panel of positive and negative sera for prospective applications in diagnostics of Salmonela Typhimurium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Meyer
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr.7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas Schirrmann
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr.7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - André Frenzel
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr.7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sebastian Miethe
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr.7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Janin Stratmann-Selke
- IVD GmbH Heisterbergallee 12, 30453 Hannover, Germany
- Present address: vaxxinova GmbH diagnostics, Johann-Krane-Weg 42, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | | | - Stefan Dübel
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr.7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Hust
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr.7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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Schirrmann T, Meyer T, Schütte M, Frenzel A, Hust M. Phage display for the generation of antibodies for proteome research, diagnostics and therapy. Molecules 2011; 16:412-26. [PMID: 21221060 PMCID: PMC6259421 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16010412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty years after its development, antibody phage display using filamentous bacteriophage represents the most successful in vitro antibody selection technology. Initially, its development was encouraged by the unique possibility of directly generating recombinant human antibodies for therapy. Today, antibody phage display has been developed as a robust technology offering great potential for automation. Generation of monospecific binders provides a valuable tool for proteome research, leading to highly enhanced throughput and reduced costs. This review presents the phage display technology, application areas of antibodies in research, diagnostics and therapy and the use of antibody phage display for these applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Michael Hust
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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González E, Robles Y, Govezensky T, Bobes RJ, Gevorkian G, Manoutcharian K. Isolation of neurocysticercosis-related antigens from a genomic phage display library of Taenia solium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 15:1268-73. [PMID: 20974903 DOI: 10.1177/1087057110385229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the authors have generated a tapeworm Taenia solium genomic DNA expression library where foreign peptides/proteins were fused to N-termini of M13 cpVIII and expressed at a high copy number on the phage surface, and they showed that this library may be used in bioselection against antipathogen immune sera, allowing the identification of disease-related antigens recognizing antibodies present in clinical samples. They isolated 2 phage clones expressing T. solium-derived antigens specifically reacting with antibodies present in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid samples of neuroimaging-confirmed neurocysticercosis patients. The described antigen discovery strategy may be used for the direct identification of antigens useful for host-pathogen interaction studies as well as for the development of molecular vaccines and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik González
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México DF, México
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Totté P, Mather A, Reslan L, Boublik Y, Niang M, Du Plessis D, Dedieu L. Identification of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small colony genes coding for T-cell antigens. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2010; 17:1211-6. [PMID: 20534794 PMCID: PMC2916241 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00132-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Revised: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Genes of the Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small colony biotype (MmmSC) coding for proteins capable of eliciting protective T-cell memory responses have potential for incorporation into a recombinant subunit vaccine against contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP). Here we used lymphocytes from cattle that had completely recovered from infection to screen products of MmmSC genes for recognition by CD4(+) effector memory (Tem) and central memory (Tcm) T lymphocytes. Six MmmSC genes (abc, gapN, glpO, lppA, lppB, and ptsG) were expressed as histidine-tagged recombinant polypeptides, or synthetic overlapping peptides, before inclusion in proliferation and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) assays. Only two MmmSC antigens, LppA and PtsG, consistently induced recall proliferation from immune CD4(+) T cells and IFN-gamma production in all animals tested. Moreover, LppA and PtsG were shown to possess epitopes recognized by both short-lived CD4(+) Tem and long-lived CD4(+) Tcm cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Totté
- CIRAD, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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Vilei EM, Frey J. Detection of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids of cows based on a TaqMan real-time PCR discriminating wild type strains from an lppQ(-) mutant vaccine strain used for DIVA-strategies. J Microbiol Methods 2010; 81:211-8. [PMID: 20381545 PMCID: PMC2877883 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2010.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2009] [Revised: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is the most serious cattle disease in Africa, caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small-colony type (SC). CBPP control strategies currently rely on vaccination with a vaccine based on live attenuated strains of the organism. Recently, an lppQ(-) mutant of the existing vaccine strain T1/44 has been developed (Janis et al., 2008). This T1lppQ(-) mutant strain is devoid of lipoprotein LppQ, a potential virulence attribute of M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC. It is designated as a potential live DIVA (Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals) vaccine strain allowing both serological and etiological differentiation. The present paper reports on the validation of a control strategy for CBPP in cattle, whereby a TaqMan real-time PCR based on the lppQ gene has been developed for the direct detection of M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC in ex vivo bronchoalveolar lavage fluids of cows and for the discrimination of wild type strains from the lppQ(-) mutant vaccine strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edy M Vilei
- Research Unit, Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, P.O. Box, 3001 Bern, Switzerland.
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