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Yang C, Li X, Li Q, Li H, Qiao L, Guo Z, Lin J. Sonic Hedgehog Regulation of the Neural Precursor Cell Fate During Chicken Optic Tectum Development. J Mol Neurosci 2017; 64:287-299. [PMID: 29285739 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-017-1019-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
During nervous system development, neurons project axons over long distances to reach the appropriate targets for correct neural circuit formation. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is a secreted protein and plays a key role in regulating vertebrate embryogenesis, especially in central nervous system (CNS) patterning, including neuronal migration and axonal projection in the brain and spinal cord. In the developing ventral midbrain, Shh is sufficient to specify a striped pattern of cell fates. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying the Shh regulation of the neural precursor cell fate during the optic tectum development. Here, we aimed at studying how Shh might regulate chicken optic tectum patterning. In the present study, in ovo electroporation methods were employed to achieve the overexpression of Shh in the optic tectum during chicken embryo development. Besides, the study combined in ovo electroporation and neuron isolation culturing to study the function of Shh in vivo and in vitro. The fluorescent immunohistochemistry methods were used to check the related indicators. The results showed that Shh overexpression caused 87.8% of cells to be distributed to the stratum griseum central (SGC) layer, while only 39.3% of the GFP-transfected cells resided in the SGC layer in the control group. Shh overexpression also reduced the axon length in vivo and in vitro. In conclusion, we provide evidence that Shh regulates the neural precursor cell fate during chicken optic tectum development. Shh overexpression impairs neuronal migration and may affect the fate determination of transfected neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciqing Yang
- Stem Cells and Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- Stem Cells and Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Qiuling Li
- Stem Cells and Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Han Li
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, University Sains Malaysia, Bertam, 13200, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Liang Qiao
- Stem Cells and Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Zhikun Guo
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Juntang Lin
- Stem Cells and Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China. .,Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang, 453003, China. .,College of Biomedical Engineering, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
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Combined use of in ovo electroporation and cultured neurons for gene function analysis of embryogenesis in the chicken optic tectum. Neuroreport 2017; 28:1180-1185. [PMID: 28953094 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Chicken embryos are used widely in the fields of developmental biology and neurobiology. The chicken embryo also serves as a model to analyze gene expression and function using in ovo electroporation. Plasmids may be injected into the spinal cord or tectum of the chicken central nervous system by microinjection for electroporation. Here, we developed a novel method that combines in ovo electroporation and neuronal culturing to study gene function in the chicken tectum during embryo development. Our method can be used to study in-vivo and in-vitro exogenous genes' function. In addition, live cell imaging microscopy, immunostaining, and transfection can be used with our method to study neuronal growth, development, neurite growth and retraction, and axonal pathfinding. Our result showed that axons were present in isolated neurons after culturing for 24 h, and cell debris was low after replacing the media at 48 h. Many GFP-expressing neurons were observed in the cultured cells after 48 h. We successfully cultured the neurons for 3 weeks. Together, this method combines in ovo electroporation and neuronal culturing advantages and is more convenient for the gene function analysis.
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Botelho JF, Smith-Paredes D, Soto-Acuña S, Núñez-León D, Palma V, Vargas AO. Greater Growth of Proximal Metatarsals in Bird Embryos and the Evolution of Hallux Position in the Grasping Foot. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2016; 328:106-118. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- João Francisco Botelho
- Departamento de Biología; Laboratorio de Ontogenia y Filogenia; Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad de Chile; Santiago RM Chile
- Department of Anatomy; Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences; University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Estudos Interdisciplinares e Transdisciplinares em Ecologia e Evolução (IN-TREE); Salvador BA Brazil
- Departamento de Biología, Laboratorio de Células Troncales y Biología del Desarrollo; Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad de Chile; Santiago RM Chile
| | - Daniel Smith-Paredes
- Departamento de Biología; Laboratorio de Ontogenia y Filogenia; Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad de Chile; Santiago RM Chile
| | - Sergio Soto-Acuña
- Departamento de Biología; Laboratorio de Ontogenia y Filogenia; Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad de Chile; Santiago RM Chile
- Área de Paleontología; Museo Nacional de Historia Natural; Santiago RM Chile
| | - Daniel Núñez-León
- Departamento de Biología; Laboratorio de Ontogenia y Filogenia; Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad de Chile; Santiago RM Chile
| | - Verónica Palma
- Departamento de Biología, Laboratorio de Células Troncales y Biología del Desarrollo; Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad de Chile; Santiago RM Chile
| | - Alexander O. Vargas
- Departamento de Biología; Laboratorio de Ontogenia y Filogenia; Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad de Chile; Santiago RM Chile
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Purmorphamine as a Shh Signaling Activator Small Molecule Promotes Motor Neuron Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Cultured on Nanofibrous PCL Scaffold. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:5668-5675. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0090-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Rapacioli M, Palma V, Flores V. Morphogenetic and Histogenetic Roles of the Temporal-Spatial Organization of Cell Proliferation in the Vertebrate Corticogenesis as Revealed by Inter-specific Analyses of the Optic Tectum Cortex Development. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:67. [PMID: 27013978 PMCID: PMC4794495 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system areas displaying the highest structural and functional complexity correspond to the so called cortices, i.e., concentric alternating neuronal and fibrous layers. Corticogenesis, i.e., the development of the cortical organization, depends on the temporal-spatial organization of several developmental events: (a) the duration of the proliferative phase of the neuroepithelium, (b) the relative duration of symmetric (expansive) versus asymmetric (neuronogenic) sub phases, (c) the spatial organization of each kind of cell division, (e) the time of determination and cell cycle exit and (f) the time of onset of the post-mitotic neuronal migration and (g) the time of onset of the neuronal structural and functional differentiation. The first five events depend on molecular mechanisms that perform a fine tuning of the proliferative activity. Changes in any of them significantly influence the cortical size or volume (tangential expansion and radial thickness), morphology, architecture and also impact on neuritogenesis and synaptogenesis affecting the cortical wiring. This paper integrates information, obtained in several species, on the developmental roles of cell proliferation in the development of the optic tectum (OT) cortex, a multilayered associative area of the dorsal (alar) midbrain. The present review (1) compiles relevant information on the temporal and spatial organization of cell proliferation in different species (fish, amphibians, birds, and mammals), (2) revises the main molecular events involved in the isthmic organizer (IsO) determination and localization, (3) describes how the patterning installed by IsO is translated into spatially organized neural stem cell proliferation (i.e., by means of growth factors, receptors, transcription factors, signaling pathways, etc.) and (4) describes the morpho- and histogenetic effect of a spatially organized cell proliferation in the above mentioned species. A brief section on the OT evolution is also included. This section considers how the differential operation of cell proliferation could explain differences among species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Rapacioli
- Interdisciplinary Group in Theoretical Biology, Department of Biostructural Sciences, Favaloro UniversityBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Verónica Palma
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, University of ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Vladimir Flores
- Interdisciplinary Group in Theoretical Biology, Department of Biostructural Sciences, Favaloro UniversityBuenos Aires, Argentina
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Botelho JF, Smith-Paredes D, Soto-Acuña S, O'Connor J, Palma V, Vargas AO. Molecular development of fibular reduction in birds and its evolution from dinosaurs. Evolution 2016; 70:543-54. [PMID: 26888088 PMCID: PMC5069580 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Revised: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Birds have a distally reduced, splinter‐like fibula that is shorter than the tibia. In embryonic development, both skeletal elements start out with similar lengths. We examined molecular markers of cartilage differentiation in chicken embryos. We found that the distal end of the fibula expresses Indian hedgehog (IHH), undergoing terminal cartilage differentiation, and almost no Parathyroid‐related protein (PTHrP), which is required to develop a proliferative growth plate (epiphysis). Reduction of the distal fibula may be influenced earlier by its close contact with the nearby fibulare, which strongly expresses PTHrP. The epiphysis‐like fibulare however then separates from the fibula, which fails to maintain a distal growth plate, and fibular reduction ensues. Experimental downregulation of IHH signaling at a postmorphogenetic stage led to a tibia and fibula of equal length: The fibula is longer than in controls and fused to the fibulare, whereas the tibia is shorter and bent. We propose that the presence of a distal fibular epiphysis may constrain greater growth in the tibia. Accordingly, many Mesozoic birds show a fibula that has lost its distal epiphysis, but remains almost as long as the tibia, suggesting that loss of the fibulare preceded and allowed subsequent evolution of great fibulo–tibial disparity.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Francisco Botelho
- Laboratorio de Ontogenia y Filogenia, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Daniel Smith-Paredes
- Laboratorio de Ontogenia y Filogenia, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio Soto-Acuña
- Laboratorio de Ontogenia y Filogenia, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Área de Paleontología, Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jingmai O'Connor
- Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Verónica Palma
- FONDAP Center for Genomic Regulation, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexander O Vargas
- Laboratorio de Ontogenia y Filogenia, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Proliferation of murine midbrain neural stem cells depends upon an endogenous sonic hedgehog (Shh) source. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65818. [PMID: 23776550 PMCID: PMC3679138 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) pathway is responsible for critical patterning events early in development and for regulating the delicate balance between proliferation and differentiation in the developing and adult vertebrate brain. Currently, our knowledge of the potential role of Shh in regulating neural stem cells (NSC) is largely derived from analyses of the mammalian forebrain, but for dorsal midbrain development it is mostly unknown. For a detailed understanding of the role of Shh pathway for midbrain development in vivo, we took advantage of mouse embryos with cell autonomously activated Hedgehog (Hh) signaling in a conditional Patched 1 (Ptc1) mutant mouse model. This animal model shows an extensive embryonic tectal hypertrophy as a result of Hh pathway activation. In order to reveal the cellular and molecular origin of this in vivo phenotype, we established a novel culture system to evaluate neurospheres (nsps) viability, proliferation and differentiation. By recreating the three-dimensional (3-D) microenvironment we highlight the pivotal role of endogenous Shh in maintaining the stem cell potential of tectal radial glial cells (RGC) and progenitors by modulating their Ptc1 expression. We demonstrate that during late embryogenesis Shh enhances proliferation of NSC, whereas blockage of endogenous Shh signaling using cyclopamine, a potent Hh pathway inhibitor, produces the opposite effect. We propose that canonical Shh signaling plays a central role in the control of NSC behavior in the developing dorsal midbrain by acting as a niche factor by partially mediating the response of NSC to epidermal growth factor (EGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling. We conclude that endogenous Shh signaling is a critical mechanism regulating the proliferation of stem cell lineages in the embryonic dorsal tissue.
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