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Rogn Å, Jensen JL, Iversen PO, Singh PB. Post-COVID-19 patients suffer from chemosensory, trigeminal, and salivary dysfunctions. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3455. [PMID: 38342941 PMCID: PMC10859368 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53919-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent literature indicates that post-COVID-19 patients suffer from a plethora of complications, including chemosensory dysfunction. However, little attention has been given to understand the interactions between chemosensory, trigeminal, and salivary dysfunctions in these patients. The aims of this study were (1) to investigate the prevalence and combinations of chemosensory, trigeminal, and salivary dysfunctions, (2) to identify the odorants/tastants that are compromised, and (3) to explore possible associations between the four dysfunctions in post-COVID-19 patients. One hundred post-COVID-19 patients and 76 healthy controls (pre-COVID-19) were included in this cross-sectional, case-controlled study. Participants' smell, taste, trigeminal, and salivary functions were assessed. The patients had a significantly higher prevalence of parosmia (80.0%), hyposmia (42.0%), anosmia (53.0%), dysgeusia (34.0%), complete ageusia (3.0%), specific ageusia (27.0%), dysesthesia (11.0%) and dry mouth (18.0%) compared to controls (0.0% for all parameters, except 27.6% for hyposmia). Complete loss of bitter taste was the most prevalent specific ageusia (66.7%) and coffee was the most common distorted smell (56.4%). Seven different combinations of dysfunction were observed in the patients, the most common being a combination of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction (48.0%). These findings indicate that post-COVID-19 patients experience a range of chemosensory, trigeminal, and salivary disturbances, occurring in various combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åsmund Rogn
- Department of Cariology and Gerodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Geitmyrsveien 71, 0455, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Janicke Liaaen Jensen
- Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Per Ole Iversen
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Haematology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Preet Bano Singh
- Department of Cariology and Gerodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Geitmyrsveien 71, 0455, Oslo, Norway
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2
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Ikuta R, Kakinohana Y, Hamada S. Ultrastructural localization of calcium homeostasis modulator 1 in mouse taste buds. Chem Senses 2024; 49:bjae019. [PMID: 38761122 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjae019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Taste receptor cells are morphologically classified as types II and III. Type II cells form a unique type of synapses referred to as channel synapses where calcium homeostasis modulator 1 (CALHM1) together with CALHM3 forms voltage-gated channels that release the neurotransmitter, adenosine triphosphate (ATP). To validate the proposed structural model of channel synapses, the ultrastructural localization of CALHM1 in type II cells of both fungiform and circumvallate taste buds was examined. A monoclonal antibody against CALHM1 was developed and its localization was evaluated via immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy using the immunogold-silver labeling technique. CALHM1 was detected as puncta using immunofluorescence and along the presynaptic membrane of channel synapses facing atypical mitochondria, which provide ATP, by immunoelectron microscopy. In addition, it was detected along the plasma membrane lined by subsurface cisternae at sites apposed to afferent nerve fibers. Our results support the validity of a previously proposed structural model for channel synapses and provide insights into the function of subsurface cisternae whose function in taste receptor cells is unknown. We also examined the localization of CALHM1 in hybrid synapses of type III cells, which are conventional chemical synapses accompanied by mitochondria similar to atypical mitochondria of channel synapses. CALHM1 was not detected in the six hybrid synapses examined using immunoelectron microscopy. We further performed double immunolabeling for CALHM1 and Bassoon, which is detected as puncta corresponding to conventional vesicular synapses in type III cells. Our observations suggest that at least some, and probably most, hybrid synapses are not accompanied by CALHM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rio Ikuta
- International College of Arts and Sciences, Fukuoka Women's University, 1-1-1, Kasumigaoka, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka 813-8529, Japan
| | - Yuu Kakinohana
- International College of Arts and Sciences, Fukuoka Women's University, 1-1-1, Kasumigaoka, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka 813-8529, Japan
| | - Shun Hamada
- International College of Arts and Sciences, Fukuoka Women's University, 1-1-1, Kasumigaoka, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka 813-8529, Japan
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3
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Doyle ME, Premathilake HU, Yao Q, Mazucanti CH, Egan JM. Physiology of the tongue with emphasis on taste transduction. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:1193-1246. [PMID: 36422992 PMCID: PMC9942923 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00012.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The tongue is a complex multifunctional organ that interacts and senses both interoceptively and exteroceptively. Although it is easily visible to almost all of us, it is relatively understudied and what is in the literature is often contradictory or is not comprehensively reported. The tongue is both a motor and a sensory organ: motor in that it is required for speech and mastication, and sensory in that it receives information to be relayed to the central nervous system pertaining to the safety and quality of the contents of the oral cavity. Additionally, the tongue and its taste apparatus form part of an innate immune surveillance system. For example, loss or alteration in taste perception can be an early indication of infection as became evident during the present global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Here, we particularly emphasize the latest updates in the mechanisms of taste perception, taste bud formation and adult taste bud renewal, and the presence and effects of hormones on taste perception, review the understudied lingual immune system with specific reference to SARS-CoV-2, discuss nascent work on tongue microbiome, as well as address the effect of systemic disease on tongue structure and function, especially in relation to taste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Máire E Doyle
- Diabetes Section/Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hasitha U Premathilake
- Diabetes Section/Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Qin Yao
- Diabetes Section/Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Caio H Mazucanti
- Diabetes Section/Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Josephine M Egan
- Diabetes Section/Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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4
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Matsumoto K, Kamide M, Uchida K, Takahata M, Shichiri R, Hida Y, Taniguchi Y, Ohishi A, Tominaga M, Nagasawa K, Kato S. Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 in Taste Nerve Contributes to the Sense of Sweet Taste in Mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2023; 46:939-945. [PMID: 37394645 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b23-00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels play a significant role in taste perception. TRP ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) is present in the afferent sensory neurons and is activated by food-derived ingredients, such as Japanese horseradish, cinnamon, and garlic. The present study aimed to investigate the expression of TRPA1 in taste buds, and determine its functional roles in taste perception using TRPA1-deficient mice. In circumvallate papillae, TRPA1 immunoreactivity colocalised with P2X2 receptor-positive taste nerves but not with type II or III taste cell markers. Behavioural studies showed that TRPA1 deficiency significantly reduced sensitivity to sweet and umami tastes, but not to salty, bitter, and sour tastes, compared to that in wild-type animals. Furthermore, administration of the TRPA1 antagonist HC030031 significantly decreased taste preference to sucrose solution compared to that in the vehicle-treated group in the two-bottle preference tests. TRPA1 deficiency did not affect the structure of circumvallate papillae or the expression of type II or III taste cell and taste nerve markers. Adenosine 5'-O-(3-thio)triphosphate evoked inward currents did not differ between P2X2- and P2X2/TRPA1-expressing human embryonic kidney 293T cells. TRPA1-deficient mice had significantly decreased c-fos expression in the nucleus of the solitary tract in the brain stem following sucrose stimulation than wild-type mice. Taken together, the current study suggested that TRPA1 in the taste nerve contributes to the sense of sweet taste in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenjiro Matsumoto
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
| | - Mayu Kamide
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
| | - Kunitoshi Uchida
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka
- Laboratory of Functional Physiology, Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Mitsuki Takahata
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
| | - Runa Shichiri
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
| | - Yuka Hida
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
| | - Yumi Taniguchi
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
| | - Akihiro Ohishi
- Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Environmental Biochemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
| | - Makoto Tominaga
- Division of Cell Signaling, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (National Institute for Physiological Sciences)
| | - Kazuki Nagasawa
- Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Environmental Biochemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
| | - Shinichi Kato
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
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Caretta A, Mucignat-Caretta C. Not Only COVID-19: Involvement of Multiple Chemosensory Systems in Human Diseases. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 16:862005. [PMID: 35547642 PMCID: PMC9081982 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2022.862005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemosensory systems are deemed marginal in human pathology. In appraising their role, we aim at suggesting a paradigm shift based on the available clinical and experimental data that will be discussed. Taste and olfaction are polymodal sensory systems, providing inputs to many brain structures that regulate crucial visceral functions, including metabolism but also endocrine, cardiovascular, respiratory, and immune systems. Moreover, other visceral chemosensory systems monitor different essential chemical parameters of “milieu intérieur,” transmitting their data to the brain areas receiving taste and olfactory inputs; hence, they participate in regulating the same vital functions. These chemosensory cells share many molecular features with olfactory or taste receptor cells, thus they may be affected by the same pathological events. In most COVID-19 patients, taste and olfaction are disturbed. This may represent only a small portion of a broadly diffuse chemosensory incapacitation. Indeed, many COVID-19 peculiar symptoms may be explained by the impairment of visceral chemosensory systems, for example, silent hypoxia, diarrhea, and the “cytokine storm”. Dysregulation of chemosensory systems may underlie the much higher mortality rate of COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) compared to ARDSs of different origins. In chronic non-infectious diseases like hypertension, diabetes, or cancer, the impairment of taste and/or olfaction has been consistently reported. This may signal diffuse chemosensory failure, possibly worsening the prognosis of these patients. Incapacitation of one or few chemosensory systems has negligible effects on survival under ordinary life conditions but, under stress, like metabolic imbalance or COVID-19 pneumonia, the impairment of multiple chemosensory systems may lead to dire consequences during the course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Caretta
- National Institute for Biostructures and Biosystems (NIBB), Rome, Italy
- Department of Food and Drug Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Carla Mucignat-Caretta
- National Institute for Biostructures and Biosystems (NIBB), Rome, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
- *Correspondence: Carla Mucignat-Caretta,
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6
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Ito M, Yokoyama T, Hirakawa M, Yamamoto Y, Sakanoue W, Sato K, Saino T. Morphology and chemical characteristics of taste buds associated with P2X3-immunoreactive afferent nerve endings in the rat incisive papilla. J Anat 2022; 240:688-699. [PMID: 34719779 PMCID: PMC8930809 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the cellular components and afferent innervations of taste buds in the rat incisive papilla by immunohistochemistry using confocal scanning laser microscopy. Taste buds containing guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(t), subunit α3 (GNAT3)-imunoreactive cells were densely distributed in the lateral wall of incisive papilla forming the opening of nasoincisor ducts. GNAT3-immunoreactive cells in the taste buds were slender in shape and the tips of apical processes gathered at one point at the surface of the epithelium. The number of taste buds was 56.8 ± 4.5 in the incisive papilla. The incisive taste buds also contained ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 2-immunoreactive cells and synaptotagmin-1-immunoreactive cells in addition to GNAT3-immunoreactive cells. Furthermore, GNAT3-immunoreactive cells were immunoreactive to taste transduction molecules such as phospholipase C, β2-subunit, and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor, type 3. P2X3-immunoreactive subepithelial nerve fibers intruded into the taste buds and terminated with hederiform or calix-like nerve endings attached to GNAT3-immunoreactive cells and synaptosomal-associated protein, 25 kDa-immunoreactive cells. Some P2X3-immunoreactive endings were also weakly immunoreactive for P2X2. Furthermore, a retrograde tracing method using fast blue dye indicated that most of the P2X3-immunoreactive nerve endings originated from the geniculate ganglia (GG) of the facial nerve. These results suggest that incisive taste buds are morphologically and cellularly homologous to lingual taste buds and are innervated by P2X3-immunoreactive nerve endings derived from the GG. The incisive papilla may be the palatal taste papilla that transmits chemosensory information in the oral cavity to the GG via P2X3-immunoreactive afferent nerve endings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoi Ito
- Division of Dental AnesthesiologyDepartment of Reconstructive Oral and Maxillofacial SurgerySchool of DentistryIwate Medical UniversityYahabaJapan
| | - Takuya Yokoyama
- Department of Anatomy (Cell Biology)Iwate Medical UniversityYahabaJapan
| | - Masato Hirakawa
- Department of Anatomy (Cell Biology)Iwate Medical UniversityYahabaJapan
| | - Yoshio Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy and Cell BiologyFaculty of AgricultureIwate UniversityMoriokaJapan
| | - Wakana Sakanoue
- Division of Dental AnesthesiologyDepartment of Reconstructive Oral and Maxillofacial SurgerySchool of DentistryIwate Medical UniversityYahabaJapan
| | - Kenichi Sato
- Division of Dental AnesthesiologyDepartment of Reconstructive Oral and Maxillofacial SurgerySchool of DentistryIwate Medical UniversityYahabaJapan
| | - Tomoyuki Saino
- Department of Anatomy (Cell Biology)Iwate Medical UniversityYahabaJapan
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7
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Ikuta R, Myoenzono K, Wasano J, Hamaguchi-Hamada K, Hamada S, Kurumata-Shigeto M. N-cadherin localization in taste buds of mouse circumvallate papillae. J Comp Neurol 2020; 529:2227-2242. [PMID: 33319419 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Taste buds, the receptor organs for taste, contain 50-100 taste bud cells. Although these cells undergo continuous turnover, the structural and functional integrity of taste buds is maintained. The molecular mechanisms by which synaptic connectivity between taste buds and afferent fibers is formed and maintained remain ambiguous. In the present study, we examined the localization of N-cadherin in the taste buds of the mouse circumvallate papillae because N-cadherin, one of the classical cadherins, is important for the formation and maintenance of synapses. At the light microscopic level, N-cadherin was predominantly detected in type II cells and nerve fibers in the connective tissues in and around the vallate papillae. At the ultrastructural level, N-cadherin immunoreactivity appears along the cell membrane and in the intracellular vesicles of type II cells. N-cadherin immunoreactivity also is evident in the membranes of afferent terminals at the contact sites to N-cadherin-positive type II cells. At channel type synapses between type II cells and nerve fibers, N-cadherin is present surrounding, but not within, the presumed neurotransmitter release zone, identified by large mitochondria apposed to the taste cells. The present results suggest that N-cadherin is important for the formation or maintenance of type II cell afferent synapses in taste buds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rio Ikuta
- International College of Arts and Sciences, Fukuoka Women's University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kanae Myoenzono
- International College of Arts and Sciences, Fukuoka Women's University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Humanome Lab., Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Wasano
- International College of Arts and Sciences, Fukuoka Women's University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Shun Hamada
- International College of Arts and Sciences, Fukuoka Women's University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mami Kurumata-Shigeto
- International College of Arts and Sciences, Fukuoka Women's University, Fukuoka, Japan
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8
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Romanov RA, Lasher RS, High B, Savidge LE, Lawson A, Rogachevskaja OA, Zhao H, Rogachevsky VV, Bystrova MF, Churbanov GD, Adameyko I, Harkany T, Yang R, Kidd GJ, Marambaud P, Kinnamon JC, Kolesnikov SS, Finger TE. Chemical synapses without synaptic vesicles: Purinergic neurotransmission through a CALHM1 channel-mitochondrial signaling complex. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/529/eaao1815. [PMID: 29739879 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aao1815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Conventional chemical synapses in the nervous system involve a presynaptic accumulation of neurotransmitter-containing vesicles, which fuse with the plasma membrane to release neurotransmitters that activate postsynaptic receptors. In taste buds, type II receptor cells do not have conventional synaptic features but nonetheless show regulated release of their afferent neurotransmitter, ATP, through a large-pore, voltage-gated channel, CALHM1. Immunohistochemistry revealed that CALHM1 was localized to points of contact between the receptor cells and sensory nerve fibers. Ultrastructural and super-resolution light microscopy showed that the CALHM1 channels were consistently associated with distinctive, large (1- to 2-μm) mitochondria spaced 20 to 40 nm from the presynaptic membrane. Pharmacological disruption of the mitochondrial respiratory chain limited the ability of taste cells to release ATP, suggesting that the immediate source of released ATP was the mitochondrion rather than a cytoplasmic pool of ATP. These large mitochondria may serve as both a reservoir of releasable ATP and the site of synthesis. The juxtaposition of the large mitochondria to areas of membrane displaying CALHM1 also defines a restricted compartment that limits the influx of Ca2+ upon opening of the nonselective CALHM1 channels. These findings reveal a distinctive organelle signature and functional organization for regulated, focal release of purinergic signals in the absence of synaptic vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman A Romanov
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Science, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia.,Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.,Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad 236041, Russia
| | - Robert S Lasher
- Rocky Mountain Taste and Smell Center, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Brigit High
- Rocky Mountain Taste and Smell Center, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Logan E Savidge
- Rocky Mountain Taste and Smell Center, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Adam Lawson
- Rocky Mountain Taste and Smell Center, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Olga A Rogachevskaja
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Science, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia
| | - Haitian Zhao
- Litwin-Zucker Research Center for the Study of Alzheimer's Disease, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Vadim V Rogachevsky
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Science, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia.,United Pushchino Center for Electron Microscopy, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia
| | - Marina F Bystrova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Science, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia
| | - Gleb D Churbanov
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Science, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia
| | - Igor Adameyko
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tibor Harkany
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ruibiao Yang
- Rocky Mountain Taste and Smell Center, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Grahame J Kidd
- Department of Neuroscience, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, and 3D-Electron Microscopy, Renovo Neural Inc., Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Philippe Marambaud
- Litwin-Zucker Research Center for the Study of Alzheimer's Disease, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - John C Kinnamon
- Rocky Mountain Taste and Smell Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80210, USA
| | - Stanislav S Kolesnikov
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Science, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia.
| | - Thomas E Finger
- Rocky Mountain Taste and Smell Center, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Chamoun E, Mutch DM, Allen-Vercoe E, Buchholz AC, Duncan AM, Spriet LL, Haines J, Ma DWL. A review of the associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms in taste receptors, eating behaviors, and health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:194-207. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1152229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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10
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Abstract
The past decade has witnessed a consolidation and refinement of the extraordinary progress made in taste research. This Review describes recent advances in our understanding of taste receptors, taste buds, and the connections between taste buds and sensory afferent fibres. The article discusses new findings regarding the cellular mechanisms for detecting tastes, new data on the transmitters involved in taste processing and new studies that address longstanding arguments about taste coding.
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11
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Lee AA, Owyang C. Sugars, Sweet Taste Receptors, and Brain Responses. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9070653. [PMID: 28672790 PMCID: PMC5537773 DOI: 10.3390/nu9070653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sweet taste receptors are composed of a heterodimer of taste 1 receptor member 2 (T1R2) and taste 1 receptor member 3 (T1R3). Accumulating evidence shows that sweet taste receptors are ubiquitous throughout the body, including in the gastrointestinal tract as well as the hypothalamus. These sweet taste receptors are heavily involved in nutrient sensing, monitoring changes in energy stores, and triggering metabolic and behavioral responses to maintain energy balance. Not surprisingly, these pathways are heavily regulated by external and internal factors. Dysfunction in one or more of these pathways may be important in the pathogenesis of common diseases, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen A Lee
- 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5362, USA.
| | - Chung Owyang
- 3912 Taubman Center, SPC 5362, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5362, USA.
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12
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Yokoyama T, Saino T, Nakamuta N, Kusakabe T, Yamamoto Y. Three-dimensional architectures of P2X2-/P2X3-immunoreactive afferent nerve terminals in the rat carotid body as revealed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Histochem Cell Biol 2016; 146:479-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1458-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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13
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Takahashi N, Nakamuta N, Yamamoto Y. Morphology of P2X3-immunoreactive nerve endings in the rat laryngeal mucosa. Histochem Cell Biol 2015; 145:131-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-015-1371-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Ishimaru Y. Molecular mechanisms underlying the reception and transmission of sour taste information. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2015; 79:171-6. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.975187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Taste enables organisms to determine the properties of ingested substances by conveying information regarding the five basic taste modalities: sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami. The sweet, salty, and umami taste modalities convey the carbohydrate, electrolyte, and glutamate content of food, indicating its desirability and stimulating appetitive responses. The sour and bitter modalities convey the acidity of food and the presence of potential toxins, respectively, stimulating aversive responses to such tastes. In recent years, the receptors mediating sweet, bitter, and umami tastes have been identified as members of the T1R and T2R G-protein-coupled receptor families; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying sour taste detection have yet to be clearly elucidated. This review covers the molecular mechanisms proposed to mediate the detection and transmission of sour stimuli, focusing on polycystic kidney disease 1-like 3 (Pkd1l3), Pkd2l1, and carbonic anhydrase 4 (Car4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiro Ishimaru
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
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15
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Vandenbeuch A, Larson ED, Anderson CB, Smith SA, Ford AP, Finger TE, Kinnamon SC. Postsynaptic P2X3-containing receptors in gustatory nerve fibres mediate responses to all taste qualities in mice. J Physiol 2015; 593:1113-25. [PMID: 25524179 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.281014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Taste buds release ATP to activate ionotropic purinoceptors composed of P2X2 and P2X3 subunits, present on the taste nerves. Mice with genetic deletion of P2X2 and P2X3 receptors (double knockout mice) lack responses to all taste stimuli presumably due to the absence of ATP-gated receptors on the afferent nerves. Recent experiments on the double knockout mice showed, however, that their taste buds fail to release ATP, suggesting the possibility of pleiotropic deficits in these global knockouts. To test further the role of postsynaptic P2X receptors in afferent signalling, we used AF-353, a selective antagonist of P2X3-containing receptors to inhibit the receptors acutely during taste nerve recording and behaviour. The specificity of AF-353 for P2X3-containing receptors was tested by recording Ca(2+) transients to exogenously applied ATP in fura-2 loaded isolated geniculate ganglion neurons from wild-type and P2X3 knockout mice. ATP responses were completely inhibited by 10 μm or 100 μm AF-353, but neither concentration blocked responses in P2X3 single knockout mice wherein the ganglion cells express only P2X2-containing receptors. Furthermore, AF-353 had no effect on taste-evoked ATP release from taste buds. In wild-type mice, i.p. injection of AF-353 or simple application of the drug directly to the tongue, inhibited taste nerve responses to all taste qualities in a dose-dependent fashion. A brief access behavioural assay confirmed the electrophysiological results and showed that preference for a synthetic sweetener, SC-45647, was abolished following i.p. injection of AF-353. These data indicate that activation of P2X3-containing receptors is required for transmission of all taste qualities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelie Vandenbeuch
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; Rocky Mountain Taste and Smell Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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Takaki F, Nakamuta N, Kusakabe T, Yamamoto Y. Sympathetic and sensory innervation of small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells in rat superior cervical ganglion. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 359:441-451. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-2051-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Kinnamon SC, Finger TE. A taste for ATP: neurotransmission in taste buds. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:264. [PMID: 24385952 PMCID: PMC3866518 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Not only is ATP a ubiquitous source of energy but it is also used widely as an intercellular signal. For example, keratinocytes release ATP in response to numerous external stimuli including pressure, heat, and chemical insult. The released ATP activates purinergic receptors on nerve fibers to generate nociceptive signals. The importance of an ATP signal in epithelial-to-neuronal signaling is nowhere more evident than in the taste system. The receptor cells of taste buds release ATP in response to appropriate stimulation by tastants and the released ATP then activates P2X2 and P2X3 receptors on the taste nerves. Genetic ablation of the relevant P2X receptors leaves an animal without the ability to taste any primary taste quality. Of interest is that release of ATP by taste receptor cells occurs in a non-vesicular fashion, apparently via gated membrane channels. Further, in keeping with the crucial role of ATP as a neurotransmitter in this system, a subset of taste cells expresses a specific ectoATPase, NTPDase2, necessary to clear extracellular ATP which otherwise will desensitize the P2X receptors on the taste nerves. The unique utilization of ATP as a key neurotransmitter in the taste system may reflect the epithelial rather than neuronal origins of the receptor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue C Kinnamon
- Department of Otolaryngology, Rocky Mountain Taste and Smell Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Thomas E Finger
- Department Cell and Developmental Biology, Rocky Mountain Taste and Smell Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora, CO, USA
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Dotson CD, Geraedts MCP, Munger SD. Peptide regulators of peripheral taste function. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2013; 24:232-9. [PMID: 23348523 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The peripheral sensory organ of the gustatory system, the taste bud, contains a heterogeneous collection of sensory cells. These taste cells can differ in the stimuli to which they respond and the receptors and other signaling molecules they employ to transduce and encode those stimuli. This molecular diversity extends to the expression of a varied repertoire of bioactive peptides that appear to play important functional roles in signaling taste information between the taste cells and afferent sensory nerves and/or in processing sensory signals within the taste bud itself. Here, we review studies that examine the expression of bioactive peptides in the taste bud and the impact of those peptides on taste functions. Many of these peptides produced in taste buds are known to affect appetite, satiety or metabolism through their actions in the brain, pancreas and other organs, suggesting a functional link between the gustatory system and the neural and endocrine systems that regulate feeding and nutrient utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedrick D Dotson
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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