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Nam SM, Seo JS, Go TH, Nahm SS, Chang BJ. Ascorbic Acid Supplementation Prevents the Detrimental Effects of Prenatal and Postnatal Lead Exposure on the Purkinje Cell and Related Proteins in the Cerebellum of Developing Rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019; 190:446-456. [PMID: 30488169 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1572-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of lead (Pb) and ascorbic acid co-administration on rat cerebellar development. Prior to mating, rats were randomly divided into control, Pb, and Pb plus ascorbic acid (PA) groups. Pregnant rats were administered Pb in drinking water (0.3% Pb acetate), and ascorbic acid (100 mg/kg) via oral intubation until the end of the experiment. Offspring were sacrificed at postnatal day 21, the age at which the morphology of the cerebellar cortex in developing pups is similar to that of the adult brain. In the cerebellum, Pb exposure significantly reduced Purkinje cells and ascorbic acid prevented their reduction. Along with the change of the Purkinje cells, long-term Pb exposure significantly reduced the expression of the synaptic marker (synaptophysin), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-synthesizing enzyme (glutamic acid decarboxylase 67), and axonal myelin basic protein while ascorbic acid co-treatment attenuated Pb-mediated reduction of these proteins in the cerebellum of pups. However, glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subtype 1 (NMDAR1), anchoring postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95), and antioxidant superoxide dismutases (SODs) were adversely changed; Pb exposure increased the expression of NMDAR1, PSD95, and SODs while ascorbic acid co-administration attenuated Pb-mediated induction. Although further studies are required about the neurotoxicity of the Pb exposure, the results presented here suggest that developmental Pb exposure disrupted normal development of Purkinje cells by increasing glutamatergic and oxidative stress in the cerebellum. Additionally, ascorbic acid co-treatment is beneficial in attenuating prenatal and postnatal Pb exposure-induced maldevelopment of Purkinje cells in the developing cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Min Nam
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05030, Republic of Korea
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Science Research Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05030, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Seok Seo
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05030, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hun Go
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05030, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Soep Nahm
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05030, Republic of Korea
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Science Research Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05030, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Joon Chang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05030, Republic of Korea.
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Science Research Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05030, Republic of Korea.
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Tyler CR, Labrecque MT, Solomon ER, Guo X, Allan AM. Prenatal arsenic exposure alters REST/NRSF and microRNA regulators of embryonic neural stem cell fate in a sex-dependent manner. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2016; 59:1-15. [PMID: 27751817 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to arsenic, a common environmental toxin found in drinking water, leads to a host of neurological pathologies. We have previously demonstrated that developmental exposure to a low level of arsenic (50ppb) alters epigenetic processes that underlie deficits in adult hippocampal neurogenesis leading to aberrant behavior. It is unclear if arsenic impacts the programming and regulation of embryonic neurogenesis during development when exposure occurs. The master negative regulator of neural-lineage, REST/NRSF, controls the precise timing of fate specification and differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs). Early in development (embryonic day 14), we observed increased expression of Rest, its co-repressor, CoREST, and the inhibitory RNA binding/splicing protein, Ptbp1, and altered expression of mRNA spliced isoforms of Pbx1 that are directly regulated by these factors in the male brain in response to prenatal 50ppb arsenic exposure. These increases were concurrent with decreased expression of microRNA-9 (miR-9), miR-9*, and miR-124, all of which are REST/NRSF targets and inversely regulate Rest expression to allow for maturation of NSCs. Exposure to arsenic decreased the formation of neuroblasts in vitro from NSCs derived from male pup brains. The female response to arsenic was limited to increased expression of CoREST and Ptbp2, an RNA binding protein that allows for appropriate splicing of genes involved in the progression of neurogenesis. These changes were accompanied by increased neuroblast formation in vitro from NSCs derived from female pups. Unexposed male mice express transcriptomic factors to induce differentiation earlier in development compared to unexposed females. Thus, arsenic exposure likely delays differentiation of NSCs in males while potentially inducing precocious differentiation in females early in development. These effects are mitigated by embryonic day 18 of development. Arsenic-induced dysregulation of the regulatory loop formed by REST/NRSF, its target microRNAs, miR-9 and miR-124, and RNA splicing proteins, PTBP1 and 2, leads to aberrant programming of NSC function that is perhaps perpetuated into adulthood inducing deficits in differentiation we have previously observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina R Tyler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States
| | - Matthew T Labrecque
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States
| | - Elizabeth R Solomon
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States
| | - Xun Guo
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States
| | - Andrea M Allan
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States.
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Fan C, Zhang M, Shang L, Cynthia NA, Li Z, Yang Z, Chen D, Huang J, Xiong K. Short-term environmental enrichment exposure induces proliferation and maturation of doublecortin-positive cells in the prefrontal cortex. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:318-28. [PMID: 25206818 PMCID: PMC4146142 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.128231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that doublecortin-positive immature neurons exist predominantly in the superficial layer of the cerebral cortex of adult mammals such as guinea pigs, and these neurons exhibit very weak properties of self-proliferation during adulthood under physiological conditions. To verify whether environmental enrichment has an impact on the proliferation and maturation of these immature neurons in the prefrontal cortex of adult guinea pigs, healthy adult guinea pigs were subjected to short-term environmental enrichment. Animals were allowed to play with various cognitive and physical stimulating objects over a period of 2 weeks, twice per day, for 60 minutes each. Immunofluorescence staining results indicated that the number of doublecortin-positive cells in layer II of the prefrontal cortex was significantly increased after short-term environmental enrichment exposure. In addition, these doublecortin-positive cells co-expressed 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (a marker of cell proliferation), c-Fos (a marker of cell viability) and NeuN (a marker of mature neurons). Experimental findings showed that short-term environmental enrichment can induce proliferation, activation and maturation of doublecortin-positive cells in layer II of the prefrontal cortex of adult guinea pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunling Fan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Mengqi Zhang
- Grade 2006, Eight-year Medicine Doctor Program, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Lei Shang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Ngobe Akume Cynthia
- Grade 2011, Six-year Medicine Program of International Student, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Grade 2008, Eight-year Medicine Doctor Program, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhenyu Yang
- Grade 2008, Eight-year Medicine Doctor Program, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Dan Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jufang Huang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Kun Xiong
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
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Diverse effects of lead nitrate on the proliferation, differentiation, and gene expression of stem cells isolated from a dental origin. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:235941. [PMID: 24616615 PMCID: PMC3927845 DOI: 10.1155/2014/235941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lead (Pb2+) exposure continues to be a significant public health problem. Therefore, it is vital to have a continuous epidemiological dataset for a better understanding of Pb2+ toxicity. In the present study, we have exposed stem cells isolated from deciduous and permanent teeth, periodontal ligament, and bone marrow to five different types of Pb2+ concentrations (160, 80, 40, 20, and 10 µM) for 24 hours to identify the adverse effects of Pb2+ on the proliferation, differentiation, and gene expression on these cell lines. We found that Pb2+ treatment altered the morphology and adhesion of the cells in a dose-dependent manner. There were no significant changes in terms of cell surface phenotypes. Cells exposed to Pb2+ continued to differentiate into chondrogenesis and adipogenesis, and a severe downregulation was observed in osteogenesis. Gene expression studies revealed a constant expression of key markers associated with stemness (Oct 4, Rex 1) and DNA repair enzyme markers, but downregulation occurred with some ectoderm and endoderm markers, demonstrating an irregular and untimely differentiation trail. Our study revealed for the first time that Pb2+ exposure not only affects the phenotypic characteristics but also induces significant alteration in the differentiation and gene expression in the cells.
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He X, Zhang XM, Wu J, Fu J, Mou L, Lu DH, Cai Y, Luo XG, Pan A, Yan XX. Olfactory experience modulates immature neuron development in postnatal and adult guinea pig piriform cortex. Neuroscience 2013; 259:101-12. [PMID: 24316472 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Immature neurons expressing doublecortin (DCX+) are present around cortical layer II in various mammals including guinea pigs and humans, especially enriched in the paleocortex. However, little is known whether and how functional experience affects the development of this population of neurons. We attempted to explore a modulation by experience to layer II DCX+ cells in the primary olfactory cortex in postnatal and adult guinea pigs. Neonatal and 1-year-old guinea pigs were subjected to unilateral naris-occlusion, followed 1 and 2months later by morphometry of DCX+ cells in the piriform cortex. DCX+ somata and processes were reduced in the deprived relative to the non-deprived piriform cortex in both age groups at the two surviving time points. The number of DCX+ cells was decreased in the deprived side relative to internal control at 1 and 2months in the youths and at 2months in the adults post-occlusion. The mean somal area of DCX+ cells showed a trend of decrease in the deprived side relative to the internal control in the youths. In addition, DCX+ cells in the deprived side exhibited a lower frequency of colocalization with the neuron-specific nuclear antigen (NeuN) relative to counterparts. These results suggest that normal olfactory experience is required for the maintenance and development of DCX+ immature neurons in postnatal and adult guinea pig piriform cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- X He
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - X-M Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - J Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - J Fu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - L Mou
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - D-H Lu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Y Cai
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - X-G Luo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - A Pan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - X-X Yan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China.
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Worlitzer MMA, Viel T, Jacobs AH, Schwamborn JC. The majority of newly generated cells in the adult mouse substantia nigra express low levels of Doublecortin, but their proliferation is unaffected by 6-OHDA-induced nigral lesion or Minocycline-mediated inhibition of neuroinflammation. Eur J Neurosci 2013; 38:2684-92. [PMID: 23734736 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is characterized by a selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). However, whether regenerative endogenous neurogenesis is taking place in the mammalian SN of parkinsonian and non-parkinsonian brains remains of debate. Here, we tested whether proliferating cells in the SN and their neurogenic potential would be affected by anti-inflammatory treatment under physiological conditions and in the 6-hydroxy-dopamine (6-OHDA) Parkinson's disease mouse model. We report that the majority of newly generated nigral cells are positive for Doublecortin (Dcx), which is an often used marker for neural progenitor cells. Yet, Dcx expression levels in these cells were much lower than in neural progenitor cells of the subventricular zone and the dentate gyrus neural progenitor cells. Furthermore, these newly generated nigral cells are negative for neuronal lineage markers such as TuJ1 and NeuN. Therefore, their neuronal commitment is questionable. Instead, we found evidence for oligodendrogenesis and astrogliosis in the SN. Finally, neither short-term nor long-term inhibition of neuroinflammation by Minocycline- or 6-OHDA-induced lesion affected the numbers of newly generated cells in our disease paradigm. Our findings of adult generated Dcx(+) cells in the SN add important data for understanding the cellular composition and consequently the regenerative capacity of the SN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maik M A Worlitzer
- Institute of Cell Biology, Stem Cell Biology and Regeneration Group, Münster, Germany
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