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Lacy BE, Rosenbaum D, Edelstein S, Kozuka K, Williams LA, Kunkel DC. Intestinal Permeability, Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Constipation, and the Role of Sodium-Hydrogen Exchanger Isoform 3 (NHE3). Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2024; 17:173-183. [PMID: 38860153 PMCID: PMC11164200 DOI: 10.2147/ceg.s455101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Increased intestinal permeability has been identified as one of the many pathophysiological factors associated with the development of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), a common disorder of gut-brain interaction. The layer of epithelial cells that lines the intestine is permeable to a limited degree, and the amount of paracellular permeability is tightly controlled to enable the absorption of ions, nutrients, and water from the lumen. Increased intestinal permeability to macromolecules can be triggered by a variety of insults, including infections, toxins from food poisoning, or allergens, which in turn cause an inflammatory response and are associated with abdominal pain in patients with IBS. This review article discusses increased intestinal permeability in IBS, focusing on IBS with constipation (IBS-C) through the lens of a patient case with a reported prior diagnosis of "leaky gut syndrome" upon initial contact with a gastrointestinal specialist. We review advantages and disadvantages of several methods of measuring intestinal permeability in patients and discuss when measuring intestinal permeability is appropriate in the therapeutic journey of patients with IBS-C. Furthermore, we discuss a possible mechanism of restoring the intestinal barrier to its healthy state through altering intracellular pH by inhibiting sodium-hydrogen exchanger isoform 3 (NHE3). Tenapanor is a minimally absorbed, small-molecule inhibitor of NHE3 that has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of IBS-C in adults. Preclinical studies showed that tenapanor may restore the intestinal barrier in IBS-C by affecting the conformation of tight junction proteins via NHE3 inhibition to block the paracellular transport of macromolecules from the intestinal lumen. Testing for increased permeability in patients with IBS-C who experience abdominal pain may help inform the choice of therapeutics and alter patients' misconceptions about "leaky gut syndrome".
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian E Lacy
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - David C Kunkel
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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2
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Dunleavy KA, Raffals LE, Camilleri M. Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Underpinning Pathogenesis and Therapeutics. Dig Dis Sci 2023; 68:4306-4320. [PMID: 37773554 PMCID: PMC10798146 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-023-08122-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal barrier is composed of several essential elements including luminal enzymes, bile acids, water layer, epithelial layer, and enterocyte layer. It acts as a dynamic interface between the luminal contents of food, commensal and pathogenic bacteria, and the gastrointestinal tract. The role of barrier dysfunction is of significant research interest in the development and targeted treatment of chronic inflammatory gastrointestinal conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease. This review aims to examine the role of intestinal barrier dysfunction in the development of inflammatory bowel disease, the pathophysiology of increased barrier permeability in inflammatory bowel disease, and to explore potential treatment targets and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie A Dunleavy
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. S.W., Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Laura E Raffals
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. S.W., Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
| | - Michael Camilleri
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. S.W., Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (CENTER), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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3
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Fu Q, Yang X, Zhou S, Yang Y, Zhang X, Han Q, Ji W, Liu H. Effects of short-distance transportation on physiological indexes, intestinal morphology, microbial community, and the transcriptome of the jejunum in weaned piglets. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1148941. [PMID: 37124567 PMCID: PMC10130522 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1148941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Transportation of livestock is unavoidable in animal production. A total of 72 piglets were randomly divided into the CON group and the TSG group, and the piglets in CON group were transported for two hours. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of short-distance road transportation lasting 2 h on the jejunum of weaned piglets. Our results showed that compared with the control group, there was no impact on the growth performance of piglets in the transport group (P > 0.05). The concentrations of cortisol, heat shock protein (HSP)70, HSP90, C-reactive protein, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-12, and interferon-γ and the activity of reactive oxygen species were increased in the jejunum of piglets in the transport group (P < 0.05 compared with the control group). The concentrations of glutathione peroxidase, claudin-1, occludin, and zonula occludens-1 showed no between-group differences (P > 0.05). Regarding intestinal morphology, the transport group showed infiltration of a small amount of lymphocytes into the jejunum mucosa epithelium that was accompanied by edema of the lamina propria, whereas the control group showed no obvious abnormalities. At the genus level, in the transport group, the 16S rRNA sequencing revealed a downward trend in the relative abundance of Lactobacillus and an upward trend in the relative abundance of Muribaculaceae_unclassified. There was also increased mRNA expression of genes associated with inflammation in the transport group, but the genes and pathways related to apoptosis were not activated. In summary, weaned piglets undergoing 2 h of short-distance road transportation showed stress and inflammatory reactions of the jejunum but did not exhibit oxidative damage or activation of the apoptosis pathway of the jejunum. Furthermore, the growth performance of the piglets was not affected by the trip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Fu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xuesong Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Sitong Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yue Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Qi Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wenbo Ji
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Wenbo Ji
| | - Honggui Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Swine Facilities Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Honggui Liu
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4
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Han MN, Finkelstein DI, McQuade RM, Diwakarla S. Gastrointestinal Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease: Current and Potential Therapeutics. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12020144. [PMID: 35207632 PMCID: PMC8875119 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12020144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of Parkinson’s disease (PD) sufferers were first reported over 200 years ago; however, the extent and role of GI dysfunction in PD disease progression is still unknown. GI dysfunctions, including dysphagia, gastroparesis, and constipation, are amongst the most prevalent non-motor symptoms in PD. These symptoms not only impact patient quality of life, but also complicate disease management. Conventional treatment pathways for GI dysfunctions (i.e., constipation), such as increasing fibre and fluid intake, and the use of over-the-counter laxatives, are generally ineffective in PD patients, and approved compounds such as guanylate cyclase C agonists and selective 5-hyroxytryptamine 4 receptor agonists have demonstrated limited efficacy. Thus, identification of potential targets for novel therapies to alleviate PD-induced GI dysfunctions are essential to improve clinical outcomes and quality of life in people with PD. Unlike the central nervous system (CNS), where PD pathology and the mechanisms involved in CNS damage are relatively well characterised, the effect of PD at the cellular and tissue level in the enteric nervous system (ENS) remains unclear, making it difficult to alleviate or reverse GI symptoms. However, the resurgence of interest in understanding how the GI tract is involved in various disease states, such as PD, has resulted in the identification of novel therapeutic avenues. This review focuses on common PD-related GI symptoms, and summarizes the current treatments available and their limitations. We propose that by targeting the intestinal barrier, ENS, and/or the gut microbiome, may prove successful in alleviating PD-related GI symptoms, and discuss emerging therapies and potential drugs that could be repurposed to target these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myat Noe Han
- Gut-Axis Injury and Repair Laboratory, Department of Medicine Western Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia; (M.N.H.); (S.D.)
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - David I. Finkelstein
- Parkinson’s Disease Laboratory, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - Rachel M. McQuade
- Gut-Axis Injury and Repair Laboratory, Department of Medicine Western Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia; (M.N.H.); (S.D.)
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-3-8395-8114
| | - Shanti Diwakarla
- Gut-Axis Injury and Repair Laboratory, Department of Medicine Western Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia; (M.N.H.); (S.D.)
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
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Li H, He Y, Zhang C, Ba T, Guo Z, Zhuo Y, He L, Dai H. NOX1 down-regulation attenuated the autophagy and oxidative damage in pig intestinal epithelial cell following transcriptome analysis of transport stress. Gene 2020; 763:145071. [PMID: 32827682 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.145071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The previous study indicated that transport stress resulted in oxidative damage and autophagy/mitophagy elevation, companied by NOX1 over- expression in the jejunal tissues of pigs. However, the transportation-related gene expression profile and NOX1 function in intestine remain to be explicated. In the current study, differentially expressed genes involved in PI3K-Akt and NF-κB pathways, oxidative stress and autophagy process have been identified in pig jejunal tissues after transcriptome analysis following transportation. The physiological functions of NOX1 down-regulation were explored against oxidative damage and excessive autophagy in porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-1) following NOX1 inhibitor ML171 and H2O2 treatments. NOX1 down-regulation could decrease the content of Malondialdehyde (MDA), Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, and up-regulate superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Furthermore, mitochondrial membrane potential and content were restored, and the expressions of tight junction proteins (Claudin-1 and ZO-1) were also increased. Additionally, NOX1 inhibitior could down-regulate the expression of autophagy-associated proteins (ATG5, LC3, p62), accompanied by activating SIRT1/PGC-1α pathway. NOX1 down-regulation might alleviate oxidative stress-induced mitochondria damage and intestinal mucosal injury via modulating excessive autophagy and SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling pathway. The data will shed light on the molecular mechanism of NOX1 on intestine oxidative damage following pig transportation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huari Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yulong He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Tongtong Ba
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Zeheng Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yisha Zhuo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Lihua He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Hanchuan Dai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China.
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6
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He Y, Sang Z, Zhuo Y, Wang X, Guo Z, He L, Zeng C, Dai H. Transport stress induces pig jejunum tissue oxidative damage and results in autophagy/mitophagy activation. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 103:1521-1529. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yulong He
- College of Veterinary Medicine Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan China
| | - Zhan Sang
- College of Veterinary Medicine Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan China
| | - Yisha Zhuo
- College of Veterinary Medicine Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan China
| | - Xueyi Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan China
| | - Zeheng Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan China
| | - Lihua He
- College of Veterinary Medicine Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan China
| | - Cuiping Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan China
| | - Hanchuan Dai
- College of Veterinary Medicine Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan China
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7
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Camilleri M, Lyle BJ, Madsen KL, Sonnenburg J, Verbeke K, Wu GD. Role for diet in normal gut barrier function: developing guidance within the framework of food-labeling regulations. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 317:G17-G39. [PMID: 31125257 PMCID: PMC6689735 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00063.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A reduction in intestinal barrier function is currently believed to play an important role in pathogenesis of many diseases, as it facilitates passage of injurious factors such as lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycan, whole bacteria, and other toxins to traverse the barrier to damage the intestine or enter the portal circulation. Currently available evidence in animal models and in vitro systems has shown that certain dietary interventions can be used to reinforce the intestinal barrier to prevent the development of disease. The relevance of these studies to human health is unknown. Herein, we define the components of the intestinal barrier, review available modalities to assess its structure and function in humans, and review the available evidence in model systems or perturbations in humans that diet can be used to fortify intestinal barrier function. Acknowledging the technical challenges and the present gaps in knowledge, we provide a conceptual framework by which evidence could be developed to support the notion that diet can reinforce human intestinal barrier function to restore normal function and potentially reduce the risk for disease. Such evidence would provide information on the development of healthier diets and serve to provide a framework by which federal agencies such as the US Food and Drug Administration can evaluate evidence linking diet with normal human structure/function claims focused on reducing risk of disease in the general public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Camilleri
- 1Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Barbara J. Lyle
- 2International Life Sciences Institute North America, Washington, DC,3School of Professional Studies, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Karen L. Madsen
- 4Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Justin Sonnenburg
- 5Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Kristin Verbeke
- 6Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gary D. Wu
- 7Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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8
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Zong Y, Zhu S, Zhang S, Zheng G, Wiley JW, Hong S. Chronic stress and intestinal permeability: Lubiprostone regulates glucocorticoid receptor-mediated changes in colon epithelial tight junction proteins, barrier function, and visceral pain in the rodent and human. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019; 31:e13477. [PMID: 30284340 PMCID: PMC6347514 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic psychological stress is associated with increased intestinal epithelial permeability and visceral hyperalgesia. Lubiprostone, an agonist for chloride channel-2, promotes secretion and accelerates restoration of injury-induced epithelial barrier dysfunction. The mechanisms underlying how lubiprostone regulates colon epithelial barrier function and visceral hyperalgesia in chronic stress remain unknown. METHODS Male rats were subjected to water avoidance stress for 10 consecutive days. Lubiprostone was administered daily during the stress phase. Visceromotor response to colorectal distension was measured. Human colon crypts and cell lines were treated with cortisol and lubiprostone. The transepithelial electrical resistance and FITC-dextran permeability were assayed. Chromatin immunoprecipitation was conducted to assess glucocorticoid receptor binding at tight junction gene promoters. KEY RESULTS Lubiprostone significantly decreased chronic stress-induced visceral hyperalgesia in the rat (P < 0.05; n = 6). WA stress decreased occludin and claudin-1 and increased claudin-2 in rat colon crypts, which was prevented by lubiprostone. Cortisol treatment induced similar alterations of tight junction protein expression in Caco-2/BBE cells (P < 0.05) and significantly changed paracellular permeability in monolayers (P < 0.01). These changes were blocked by lubiprostone. Glucocorticoid receptor and its binding at occludin promoter region were decreased in cortisol-treated cells and human colon crypts, which was largely reversed by lubiprostone. In rat colonic cells, glucocorticoid receptor and its co-chaperone proteins were down-regulated after corticosterone treatment and lubiprostone reversed these changes. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Lubiprostone preferentially prevents chronic stress-induced alterations of intestinal epithelial tight junctions, barrier function, and visceral hyperalgesia that was associated with modulation of glucocorticoid receptor expression and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Shengtao Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Shutian Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Gen Zheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - John W Wiley
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Shuangsong Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Creekmore AL, Hong S, Zhu S, Xue J, Wiley JW. Chronic stress-associated visceral hyperalgesia correlates with severity of intestinal barrier dysfunction. Pain 2018; 159:1777-1789. [PMID: 29912860 PMCID: PMC6097612 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In humans, chronic psychological stress is associated with increased intestinal paracellular permeability and visceral hyperalgesia, which is recapitulated in the chronic intermittent water avoidance stress (WAS) rat model. However, it is unknown whether enhanced visceral pain and permeability are intrinsically linked and correlate. Treatment of rats with lubiprostone during WAS significantly reduced WAS-induced changes in intestinal epithelial paracellular permeability and visceral hyperalgesia in a subpopulation of rats. Lubiprostone also prevented WAS-induced decreases in the epithelial tight junction protein, occludin (Ocln). To address the question of whether the magnitude of visceral pain correlates with the extent of altered intestinal permeability, we measured both end points in the same animal because of well-described individual differences in pain response. Our studies demonstrate that visceral pain and increased colon permeability positively correlate (0.6008, P = 0.0084). Finally, exposure of the distal colon in control animals to Ocln siRNA in vivo revealed that knockdown of Ocln protein inversely correlated with increased paracellular permeability and enhanced visceral pain similar to the levels observed in WAS-responsive rats. These data support that Ocln plays a potentially significant role in the development of stress-induced increased colon permeability. We believe this is the first demonstration that the level of chronic stress-associated visceral hyperalgesia directly correlates with the magnitude of altered colon epithelial paracellular permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - John W. Wiley
- Corresponding Author: John W Wiley, MD, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 W Medical Center Drive, 9301A MSRB III, Ann Arbor MI 48109-5648, 734-615-6621,
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Cuppoletti J, Tewari KP, Chakrabarti J, Malinowska DH. Identification of the fatty acid activation site on human ClC-2. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2017; 312:C707-C723. [PMID: 28424169 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00267.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acids (including lubiprostone and cobiprostone) are human ClC-2 (hClC-2) Cl- channel activators. Molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying this activation were examined. Role of a four-amino acid PKA activation site, RGET691, of hClC-2 was investigated using wild-type (WT) and mutant (AGET, RGEA, and AGAA) hClC-2 expressed in 293EBNA cells as well as involvement of PKA, intracellular cAMP concentration ([cAMP]i), EP2, or EP4 receptor agonist activity. All fatty acids [lubiprostone, cobiprostone, eicosatetraynoic acid (ETYA), oleic acid, and elaidic acid] caused significant rightward shifts in concentration-dependent Cl- current activation (increasing EC50s) with mutant compared with WT hClC-2 channels, without changing time and voltage dependence, current-voltage rectification, or methadone inhibition of the channel. As with lubiprostone, cobiprostone activation of hClC-2 occurred with PKA inhibitor (myristoylated protein kinase inhibitor) present or when using double PKA activation site (RRAA655/RGEA691) mutant. Cobiprostone did not activate human CFTR. Fatty acids did not increase [cAMP]i in hClC-2/293EBNA or T84 cells. Using T84 CFTR knockdown cells, cobiprostone increased hClC-2 Cl- currents without increasing [cAMP]i, while PGE2 and forskolin-IBMX increased both. Fatty acids were not agonists of EP2 or EP4 receptors. L-161,982, a supposed EP4-selective inhibitor, had no effect on lubiprostone-activated hClC-2 Cl- currents but significantly decreased T84 cell barrier function measured by transepithelial resistance and fluorescent dextran transepithelial movement. The present findings show that RGET691 of hClC-2 (possible binding site) plays an important functional role in fatty acid activation of hClC-2. PKA, [cAMP]i, and EP2 or EP4 receptors are not involved. These studies provide the molecular basis for fatty acid regulation of hClC-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Cuppoletti
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Kirti P Tewari
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jayati Chakrabarti
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Danuta H Malinowska
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
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11
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Michalak A, Mosińska P, Fichna J. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Their Derivatives: Therapeutic Value for Inflammatory, Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders, and Colorectal Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:459. [PMID: 27990120 PMCID: PMC5131004 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are bioactive lipids which modulate inflammation and immunity. They gained recognition in nutritional therapy and are recommended dietary supplements. There is a growing body of evidence suggesting the usefulness of PUFAs in active therapy of various gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. In this review we briefly cover the systematics of PUFAs and their metabolites, and elaborate on their possible use in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) with focus on irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and colorectal cancer (CRC). Each section describes the latest findings from in vitro and in vivo studies, with reports of clinical interventions when available.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jakub Fichna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of LodzLodz, Poland
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12
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Quigley EMM, Neshatian L. Advancing treatment options for chronic idiopathic constipation. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2015; 17:501-11. [PMID: 26630260 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2016.1127356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic constipation is a global problem affecting all ages and associated with considerable morbidity and significant financial burden for society. Though formerly defined on the basis of a single symptom, infrequent defecation; constipation is now viewed as a syndrome encompassing several complaints such as difficulty with defecation, a sense of incomplete evacuation, hard stools, abdominal discomfort and bloating. AREAS COVERED The expanded concept of constipation has inevitably led to a significant change in outcomes in clinical trials, as well as in patient expectations from new therapeutic interventions. The past decades have also witnessed a proliferation in therapeutic targets for new agents. Foremost among these have been novel prokinetics, a new category, prosecretory agents and innovative approaches such as inhibitors of bile salt transport. In contrast, relatively few effective therapies exist for the management of those anorectal and pelvic floor problems that result in difficult defecation. EXPERT OPINION Though constipation is a common and often troublesome disorder, many of those affected can resolve their symptoms with relatively simple measures. For those with more resistant symptoms a number of novel, effective and safe options now exist. Those with defecatory difficulty (anismus, pelvic floor dysfunction) continue to represent a significant management challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamonn M M Quigley
- a Lynda K. and David M. Underwood Center for Digestive Disorders, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Houston Methodist Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical College , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Leila Neshatian
- a Lynda K. and David M. Underwood Center for Digestive Disorders, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Houston Methodist Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical College , Houston , TX , USA
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Pharmaceutical Activation or Genetic Absence of ClC-2 Alters Tight Junctions During Experimental Colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2015; 21:2747-57. [PMID: 26332307 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously reported that the ClC-2 chloride channel has an important role in regulation of tight junction barrier function during experimental colitis, and the pharmaceutical ClC-2 activator lubiprostone initiates intestinal barrier repair in ischemic-injured intestine. Thus, we hypothesized that pharmaceutical ClC-2 activation would have a protective and therapeutic effect in murine models of colitis, which would be absent in ClC-2 mice. METHODS We administered lubiprostone to wild-type or ClC-2 mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) or 2, 4, 5-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis. We determined the severity of colitis and assessed intestinal permeability. Selected tight junction proteins were analyzed by Western blotting and immunofluorescence/confocal microscopy, whereas proliferative and differentiated cells were examined with special staining and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Oral preventive or therapeutic administration of lubiprostone significantly reduced the severity of colitis and reduced intestinal permeability in both DSS and trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis. Preventive treatment with lubiprostone induced significant recovery of the expression and distribution of selected sealing tight junction proteins in mice with DSS-induced colitis. In addition, lubiprostone reduced crypt proliferation and increased the number of differentiated epithelial cells. Alternatively, when lubiprostone was administered to ClC-2 mice, the protective effect against DSS colitis was limited. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests a central role for ClC-2 in restoration of barrier function and tight junction architecture in experimental murine colitis, which can be therapeutically targeted with lubiprostone.
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Jin Y, Blikslager AT. ClC-2 regulation of intestinal barrier function: Translation of basic science to therapeutic target. Tissue Barriers 2015; 3:e1105906. [PMID: 26716076 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2015.1105906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ClC-2 chloride channel is a member of the voltage-gated chloride channel family. ClC-2 is involved in various physiological processes, including fluid transport and secretion, regulation of cell volume and pH, maintaining the membrane potential of the cell, cell-to-cell communication, and tissue homeostasis. Recently, our laboratory has accumulated evidence indicating a critical role of ClC-2 in the regulation of intestinal barrier function by altering inter-epithelial tight junction composition. This review will detail the role of ClC-2 in intestinal barrier function during intestinal disorders, including experimental ischemia/reperfusion injury and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced inflammatory bowel disease. Details of pharmacological manipulation of ClC-2 via prostone agonists will also be provided in an effort to show the potential therapeutic relevance of ClC-2 regulation, particularly during intestinal barrier disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younggeon Jin
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University ; Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Anthony T Blikslager
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University ; Raleigh, NC, USA
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15
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Kang SB, Marchelletta RR, Penrose H, Docherty MJ, McCole DF. A comparison of linaclotide and lubiprostone dosing regimens on ion transport responses in human colonic mucosa. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2015; 3:e00128. [PMID: 26038704 PMCID: PMC4448989 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Linaclotide, a synthetic guanylyl cyclase C (GC-C) agonist, and the prostone analog, Lubiprostone, are approved to manage chronic idiopathic constipation and constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Lubiprostone also protects intestinal mucosal barrier function in ischemia. GC-C signaling regulates local fluid balance and other components of intestinal mucosal homeostasis including epithelial barrier function. The aim of this study was to compare if select dosing regimens differentially affect linaclotide and lubiprostone modulation of ion transport and barrier properties of normal human colonic mucosa. Normal sigmoid colon biopsies from healthy subjects were mounted in Ussing chambers. Tissues were treated with linaclotide, lubiprostone, or vehicle to determine effects on short-circuit current (Isc). Subsequent Isc responses to the cAMP agonist, forskolin, and the calcium agonist, carbachol, were also measured to assess if either drug caused desensitization. Barrier properties were assessed by measuring transepithelial electrical resistance. Isc responses to linaclotide and lubiprostone were significantly higher than vehicle control when administered bilaterally or to the mucosal side only. Single versus cumulative concentrations of linaclotide showed differences in efficacy while cumulative but not single dosing caused desensitization to forskolin. Lubiprostone reduced forskolin responses under all conditions. Linaclotide and lubiprostone exerted a positive effect on TER that was dependent on the dosing regimen. Linaclotide and lubiprostone increase ion transport responses across normal human colon but linaclotide displays increased sensitivity to the dosing regimen used. These findings may have implications for dosing protocols of these agents in patients with constipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Bum Kang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic University of Korea Seoul, Korea ; Division of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego La Jolla, California
| | - Ronald R Marchelletta
- Division of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego La Jolla, California
| | - Harrison Penrose
- Division of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego La Jolla, California
| | - Michael J Docherty
- Division of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego La Jolla, California
| | - Declan F McCole
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside Riverside, California
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16
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Wilson N, Schey R. Lubiprostone in constipation: clinical evidence and place in therapy. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2015; 6:40-50. [PMID: 25729555 DOI: 10.1177/2040622314567678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Constipation is one of the most common function bowel disorders encountered by primary care providers and gastroenterologists. Disorders of chronic constipation, including irritable bowel syndrome with constipation, chronic idiopathic constipation, and opioid-induced chronic constipation, are associated with significant medical costs and a negative impact on quality of life. Although there is evidence supporting the effectiveness of some over-the-counter laxatives in chronic constipation, currently there is no evidence supporting lifestyle modification, dietary change or over-the-counter laxatives as effective long-term therapy for patients with chronic constipation. Lubiprostone is a prostaglandin-derived bicyclic fatty acid available to use for long-term treatment of constipation. Lubiprostone works by increasing intraluminal chloride ion secretion, which results in a passive influx of water and sodium, leading to increased intestinal peristalsis and colonic laxation with decreased intestinal stool transit time. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of lubiprostone in patients with chronic constipation, irritable bowel syndrome and opioid-induced constipation have shown it to be effective and free of serious adverse effects. The most common side effects associated with lubiprostone are mild to moderate nausea and diarrhea. Currently lubiprostone is approved for treatment of chronic constipation and opioid-induced constipation for men and women at 24 µg twice daily and for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with constipation in women at 8 µg twice daily. Additional research continues to shed light on the molecular mechanisms of lubiprostone and further work may expand its clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Wilson
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ron Schey
- Neurogastroenterology & Esophageal Disorders Program, Temple University Physicians/Section of Gastroenterology, 3401 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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17
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Henry KR, Lee S, Walker D, Zeitlin PL. Direct interactions between ENaC gamma subunit and ClCN2 in cystic fibrosis epithelial cells. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/1/e12264. [PMID: 25626868 PMCID: PMC4387756 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a lethal disease caused by mutations in the chloride channel CFTR gene. The disease is characterized by decreased chloride secretion and unregulated sodium absorption through the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) in the airway epithelium and other affected organs. We hypothesize that a non‐CFTR alternative chloride channel ClCN2 can be activated to negatively regulate ENaC in CF epithelial cell cultures. We identified a novel interaction between ClCN2 and the ENaCγ subunit in CF airway epithelial cells and show that the upregulation of ClCN2 leads to decreased expression of ENaCγ via a K63 ubiquitination mechanism. These regulatory effects of ClCN2 on ENaCγ appear to be dependent on the CBS‐1 domain located within the c‐terminus of ClCN2, which is necessary for the targeting of ClCN2 to the apical surface. In sum, these results suggest the ability of ClCN2 to negatively regulate sodium absorption through ENaC, supporting its role as a therapeutic target for the treatment of CF. Cystic Fibrosis is caused by mutations in the chloride channel CFTR gene which secondarily increases sodium reabsorption in the airways. ClCN2 is an epithelial chloride channel in the airways that can be activated in CF. We show an interaction between ClCN2 and the epithelial sodium channel subunit gamma that affects subunit expression and targeting to the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Henry
- Department of Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Seakwoo Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Douglas Walker
- Department of Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Pamela L Zeitlin
- Department of Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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18
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Rossi M, Merello M, Perez-Lloret S. Management of constipation in Parkinson's disease. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2014; 16:547-57. [PMID: 25539892 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2015.997211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Constipation is a frequent non-motor feature of Parkinson's disease (PD). It is the most common gastrointestinal symptom of the disease and it can precede motor symptoms by as much as 20 years. Constipation can produce discomfort and affect activities of daily living, productivity and quality of life, thus warranting early diagnosis and treatment. AREAS COVERED In this review, the safety and efficacy of traditional and novel strategies for constipation management will be discussed. A treatment algorithm for constipation in PD will be presented. EXPERT OPINION Polyethylene glycol and lubiprostone are first-line compounds recommended by evidence-based medicine guidelines for the treatment of constipation due to slow colonic transit in PD. Management of constipation secondary to defecatory dysfunction due to pelvic floor dyssynergia can be done by levodopa or apomorphine injections, botulinum toxin type A injection into the puborectalis muscle, and nonpharmacological interventions, like biofeedback therapy or functional magnetic stimulation, which showed some benefit in PD patients with constipation, but in general more extensive studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malco Rossi
- Raul Carrea Institute for Neurological Research (FLENI), Neuroscience Department, Movement Disorders Section , Buenos Aires , Argentina
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19
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Yu Y, Chen S, Lu GF, Wu Y, Mo L, Liu ZQ, Zheng PY, Liu Z, Yang PC. Alphavbeta6 is required in maintaining the intestinal epithelial barrier function. Cell Biol Int 2014; 38:777-81. [PMID: 24677750 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Hospital; Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou China
| | - Si Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease for Allergy at Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Allergy & Immunology; Shenzhen University; Shenzhen China
| | - Gao-Feng Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Hospital; Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou China
| | - Yingying Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease for Allergy at Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Allergy & Immunology; Shenzhen University; Shenzhen China
| | - Lihua Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease for Allergy at Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Allergy & Immunology; Shenzhen University; Shenzhen China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Liu
- ENT Institute of Shenzhen University, Longgang Central Hospital; ENT Hospital, Shenzhen ENT Institute; Shenzhen China
| | - Peng-Yuan Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Hospital; Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou China
| | - Zhigang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease for Allergy at Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Allergy & Immunology; Shenzhen University; Shenzhen China
| | - Ping-Chang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease for Allergy at Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Allergy & Immunology; Shenzhen University; Shenzhen China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and chronic idiopathic constipation (CIC) are highly prevalent medical conditions that reduce quality of life and represent a substantial economic burden on healthcare cost. Until recently, no specific treatment options were available. This review will provide an update of the most recent randomized clinical trials data showing efficacy and safety of novel, targeted treatment modalities in IBS and CIC with gastrointestinal receptor and ion channel agonists. RECENT FINDINGS Recent discoveries of peptides and small molecules targeting gastrointestinal receptors and ion channels resulted in novel, specific pharmacological therapies of IBS and CIC. The bicyclical fatty acid lubiprostone and the synthetic 14-amino acid peptide linaclotide were identified to selectively activate a Chloride Channel-2 and the Guanylin Cyclase-C receptor, respectively, and demonstrate efficacy in the treatment of IBS with constipation and CIC. SUMMARY Novel molecules including the bicyclical fatty acid lubiprostone and the synthetic 14-amino acid peptide linaclotide represent new treatment modalities for IBS with constipation and CIC with proven efficacy and acceptable side-effect profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Rao
- Boston University School of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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21
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Raschi E, De Ponti F. Lubiprostone: pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, safety and regulatory aspects in the treatment of constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2014; 10:293-305. [PMID: 24387275 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2013.876410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lubiprostone acts locally (apical membrane of human intestinal epithelial cells) as a highly selective type-2 chloride channel activator. It was approved in the USA for chronic idiopathic constipation (January 2006) and in women aged ≥ 18 years suffering from irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C) (April 2008). So far, the only other pro-secretory medication approved in IBS-C and currently available in USA and Europe (since August and November 2012, respectively) is linaclotide. AREAS COVERED This review outlines the regulatory history, pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and safety data in the treatment of IBS-C with a European perspective. It is based on publicly available data, namely, published literature, drug labels and the FDA's spontaneous reporting system. EXPERT OPINION Although interesting pharmacodynamic data suggest that lubiprostone may have additional mechanisms of action, its beneficial effects in IBS-C must be confirmed in the actual clinical scenario taking into account the new version of European Medicines Agency's guideline. This is especially important with regard to duration of studies (recommended to be at least 6 months) to adequately assess long-term sustained efficacy, withdrawal, rebound and safety. Further research is warranted in uncertain areas (i.e., males, pediatric and elderly patients). On the basis of current data, it is still too early to draw definite conclusions on the overall risk-benefit balance for IBS-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Raschi
- University of Bologna, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Pharmacology Unit, Alma Mater Studiorum , Via Irnerio, 48, I-40126 Bologna BO , Italy
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22
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Guanylate cyclase C (GC-C) is a transmembrane receptor that is expressed primarily on intestinal epithelial cells. Activation of this receptor by its endogenous peptide ligands initiates cyclic guanosine monophosphate-dependent (cGMP) salt and water movement in the intestine. GC-C is targeted by the enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin STa, which deregulates this pathway and causes secretory diarrhea. This review discusses current work on the physiological function of GC-C in the intestine. RECENT FINDINGS Familial GC-C mutations demonstrate that epithelial cGMP signaling is critical to electrolyte and fluid balance in the neonatal intestine. Chronic deregulation of GC-C activity in early life increases susceptibility to a number of disorders, including obstruction and inflammatory bowel disease. Murine models indicate that GC-C regulates the composition of intestinal commensal microflora and that it suppresses bacterial infection and modulates colonic injury and inflammation. Therapeutic GC-C ligands are used to successfully treat constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome and recent studies show that extracellular cGMP is an important mechanism of reducing abdominal pain associated with this disorder. SUMMARY Originally identified as a target of E. coli enterotoxin STa, GC-C is an important regulator of physiological salt and water homeostasis and may directly impact a wide range of intestinal disorders.
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23
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Open channels for functional bowel disorders: guanylate cyclase C agonists in IBS and CC. Dig Dis Sci 2013; 58:2446-8. [PMID: 23812864 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-013-2766-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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24
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic constipation (CC) is a common problem worldwide and, for some sufferers, a cause of considerable morbidity. Recent definitions of CC have moved from the former emphasis on stool frequency alone to a broader concept that strives to encompass the various symptoms that may bother afflicted individuals. Accordingly, new therapies attempt to not only increase frequency of defecation but also to address such symptoms as satisfaction with bowel action, straining, bloating, and distension. AREAS COVERED To provide context the relative merits and problems related to conventional laxative-based approaches to constipation are first reviewed and then more recent novel pharmacological approaches to the management of constipation assessed. The focus is on two classes of compounds, selective prokinetics and prosecretory agents, and studies on their efficacy and safety in chronic idiopathic constipation were retrieved and evaluated. EXPERT OPINION While undoubtedly effective, high-quality evidence to support laxatives, the traditional remedies for constipation, is remarkably scarce due, in large part, to the absence, until very recently, of high-quality randomized controlled clinical trials. The selective prokinetic agent prucalopride and the prosecretory agents lubiprostone and linaclotide have shown efficacy and been associated with a good safety record in large well-conducted clinical studies. Other novel approaches, such as the inhibition of ileal bile salt absorption, offer particular promise.
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Pitari GM. Pharmacology and clinical potential of guanylyl cyclase C agonists in the treatment of ulcerative colitis. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2013; 7:351-60. [PMID: 23637522 PMCID: PMC3634396 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s32252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Agonists of the transmembrane intestinal receptor guanylyl cyclase C (GCC) have recently attracted interest as promising human therapeutics. Peptide ligands that can specifically induce GCC signaling in the intestine include endogenous hormones guanylin and uroguanylin, diarrheagenic bacterial enterotoxins (ST), and synthetic drugs linaclotide, plecanatide, and SP-333. These agonists bind to GCC at intestinal epithelial surfaces and activate the receptor’s intracellular catalytic domain, an event initiating discrete biological responses upon conversion of guanosine-5′-triphosphate to cyclic guanosine monophosphate. A principal action of GCC agonists in the colon is the promotion of mucosal homeostasis and its dependent barrier function. Herein, GCC agonists are being developed as new medications to treat inflammatory bowel diseases, pathological conditions characterized by mucosal barrier hyperpermeability, abnormal immune reactions, and chronic local inflammation. This review will present important concepts underlying the pharmacology and therapeutic utility of GCC agonists for patients with ulcerative colitis, one of the most prevalent inflammatory bowel disease disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni M Pitari
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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De Ponti F. Drug development for the irritable bowel syndrome: current challenges and future perspectives. Front Pharmacol 2013; 4:7. [PMID: 23378837 PMCID: PMC3561631 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Medications are frequently used for the treatment of patients with the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), although their actual benefit is often debated. In fact, the recent progress in our understanding of the pathophysiology of IBS, accompanied by a large number of preclinical and clinical studies of new drugs, has not been matched by a significant improvement of the armamentarium of medications available to treat IBS. The aim of this review is to outline the current challenges in drug development for IBS, taking advantage of what we have learnt through the Rome process (Rome I, Rome II, and Rome III). The key questions that will be addressed are: (a) do we still believe in the "magic bullet," i.e., a very selective drug displaying a single receptor mechanism capable of controlling IBS symptoms? (b) IBS is a "functional disorder" where complex neuroimmune and brain-gut interactions occur and minimal inflammation is often documented: do we need to target gut motility, visceral sensitivity, or minimal inflammation? (c) are there validated biomarkers (accepted by regulatory agencies) for studies of sensation and motility with experimental medications in humans? (d) do animal models have predictive and translational value? (e) in the era of personalized medicine, does pharmacogenomics applied to these medications already play a role? Finally, this review will briefly outline medications currently used or in development for IBS. It is anticipated that a more focused interaction between basic science investigators, pharmacologists, and clinicians will lead to better treatment of IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio De Ponti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of BolognaBologna, Italy
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27
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Schiffhauer ES, Vij N, Kovbasnjuk O, Kang PW, Walker D, Lee S, Zeitlin PL. Dual activation of CFTR and CLCN2 by lubiprostone in murine nasal epithelia. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2013; 304:L324-31. [PMID: 23316067 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00277.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sodium and chloride channels on the apical surface of nasal epithelial cells contribute to periciliary fluid homeostasis, a function that is disrupted in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Among these channels is the chloride channel CLCN2, which has been studied as a potential alternative chloride efflux pathway in the absence of CFTR. The object of the present study was to use the nasal potential difference test (NPD) to quantify CLCN2 function in an epithelial-directed TetOn CLCN2 transgenic mouse model (TGN-K18rtTA-hCLCN2) by using the putative CLCN2 pharmacological agonist lubiprostone and peptide inhibitor GaTx2. Lubiprostone significantly increased chloride transport in the CLCN2-overexpressing mice following activation of the transgene by doxycycline. This response to lubiprostone was significantly inhibited by GaTx2 after CLCN2 activation in TGN-CLCN2 mice. Cftr(-/-) and Clc2(-/-) mice showed hyperpolarization indicative of chloride efflux in response to lubiprostone, which was fully inhibited by GaTx2 and CFTR inhibitor 172 + GlyH-101, respectively. Our study reveals lubiprostone as a pharmacological activator of both CFTR and CLCN2. Overexpression and activation of CLCN2 leads to improved mouse NPD readings, suggesting it is available as an alternative pathway for epithelial chloride secretion in murine airways. The utilization of CLCN2 as an alternative chloride efflux channel could provide clinical benefit to patients with CF, especially if the pharmacological activator is administered as an aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Schiffhauer
- Department of Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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