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Awadeen A, Fareed M, Elameen AM. The Impact of Botulinum Toxin Injection on the Outcomes of Breast Surgeries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2023; 47:1771-1784. [PMID: 37464214 PMCID: PMC10582146 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-023-03466-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast surgeries aim to restore the natural appearance of the breasts with acceptable functional and cosmetic outcomes. However, these surgical procedures may be associated with considerable adverse events. The present systematic review and meta-analysis was designed to reveal the functional and aesthetic outcomes of botulinum toxins (BTX) injection in patients subjected to breast surgeries. METHODS A literature review was performed up to 21 September 2022. All clinical studies included patients older than 18 years old and treated with BTX injection for breast surgeries were included. RESULTS The present study included 12 articles, encompassing 496 patients. The average dosage of BTX injection ranged from 20 to 100 units. Injecting BTX significantly reduced the mean post-operative opioid analgesics usage (SMD -1.577; 95% -2.087, -1.067; P < 0.001) and the risk of severe animation deformity (RR 12.37; 95% 1.76, 86.66; P = 0.01). There was a statistically significant higher mean expansion volume per visit in the BTX injection group (SMD 1.166; 95% 0.313, 2.018; P = 0.007). There was no statistically significant impact of BTX injection on the risk of surgical site infection (RR 0.59; 95% 0.15, 2.34; P = 0.45) and seroma (RR 0.51; 95% 0.03, 10.15; P = 0.66). CONCLUSIONS The present study revealed the potential benefits of BTX injection in breast surgeries. This included reduced post-operative analgesics, as well as the risk of severe animation deformity. This was accomplished with increased expansion volume per visit and a similar risk of BTX injection-related complications. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelrahman Awadeen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Al Mokhaym Al Daem, Gameat Al Azhar, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Fareed
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Al Mokhaym Al Daem, Gameat Al Azhar, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ali Mohamed Elameen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, El-Sahel Teaching Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
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Zhang Y, Wang J, Zhang Q, Deng L, Miao S, Zhong G. Konjac-mulberry leaf compound powder alleviates OVA-induced allergic rhinitis in BALB/c mice. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2023.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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Zhou S, Huang G. Synthesis of anti-allergic drugs. RSC Adv 2020; 10:5874-5885. [PMID: 35497436 PMCID: PMC9049304 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra10659f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Histamine is formed by the decarboxylation of histidine catalyzed by enzymes. It is an endogenous biologically active substance involved in multiple complex physiological processes as an important chemical transmitter. Histamine receptors have four subtypes, H1, H2, H3 and H4, all of which are G protein coupling receptors (GPCRs) with different physiological functions. Histamine plays an important role in the pathophysiological mechanism of allergic diseases, and the antagonistic effect of histamine has become an important way to study anti-allergic drugs, wherein the anti-allergic drugs used in clinical practice are mainly H1 receptor antagonists. Currently, there are many varieties of H1 receptor antagonists in clinical applications, which can be divided into ethylenediamine antagonists, amino ether antagonists, propylamine antagonists, tricyclic antagonists, piperazine antagonists and piperidine antagonists depending on their chemical structures. This article mainly reviews the research progress of allergic reactions with histamine H1 receptor antagonists and expounds the important aspects of the design and synthesis of various new compounds. Histamine is formed by the decarboxylation of histidine catalyzed by enzymes. It is an endogenous biologically active substance involved in multiple complex physiological processes as an important chemical transmitter.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyang Zhou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Green Synthesis and Application
- Active Carbohydrate Research Institute
- Chongqing Normal University
- Chongqing
- China
| | - Gangliang Huang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Green Synthesis and Application
- Active Carbohydrate Research Institute
- Chongqing Normal University
- Chongqing
- China
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Smail MA, Soles JL, Karwoski TE, Rubin RT, Rhodes ME. Sexually diergic hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responses to selective and non-selective muscarinic antagonists prior to cholinergic stimulation by physostigmine in rats. Brain Res Bull 2017; 137:23-34. [PMID: 29122691 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Central cholinergic systems regulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis differentially in males and females (sexual diergism). We previously investigated the role of muscarinic receptors in this regulation by administering physostigmine (PHYSO), an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, to male and female rats pretreated with scopolamine (SCOP), a nonselective muscarinic antagonist. SCOP pretreatment enhanced adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone (CORT) responses in both sexes, but males had greater ACTH responses while females had greater CORT responses. In the present study, we further explored the role of muscarinic receptor subtypes in HPA axis regulation by administering PHYSO to male and female rats following SCOP or various doses of either the M1 or the M2 selective muscarinic receptor antagonists, pirenzepine (PIREN) or methoctramine (METHO). Blood was sampled before and at multiple times after PHYSO. ACTH and CORT were determined by highly specific immunoassays. M1 antagonism by PIREN prior to PHYSO resulted in sustained, dose-dependent increases in ACTH and CORT: ACTH responses were similar in both sexes, and CORT responses were greater in females. M2 antagonism by METHO prior to PHYSO resulted in overall decreases in ACTH and CORT: ACTH and CORT responses were higher in females but lower in both sexes than the hormone responses following PIREN or SCOP pretreatment. Area under the curve analyses supported these findings. These results suggest that specific muscarinic receptor subtypes differentially influence the HPA axis in a sexually diergic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa A Smail
- Department of Biology, Saint Vincent College, Latrobe, PA, United States
| | - Jessica L Soles
- Department of Biology, Saint Vincent College, Latrobe, PA, United States
| | - Tracy E Karwoski
- Center for Neurosciences Research, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Robert T Rubin
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Michael E Rhodes
- Department of Biology, Saint Vincent College, Latrobe, PA, United States.
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Joseph L, Thomsen M. Effects of muscarinic receptor antagonists on cocaine discrimination in wild-type mice and in muscarinic receptor M 1, M 2, and M 4 receptor knockout mice. Behav Brain Res 2017; 329:75-83. [PMID: 28442355 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Muscarinic M1/M4 receptor stimulation can reduce abuse-related effects of cocaine and may represent avenues for treating cocaine addiction. Muscarinic antagonists can mimic and enhance effects of cocaine, including discriminative stimulus (SD) effects, but the receptor subtypes mediating those effects are not known. A better understanding of the complex cocaine/muscarinic interactions is needed to evaluate and develop potential muscarinic-based medications. Here, knockout mice lacking M1, M2, or M4 receptors (M1-/-, M2-/-, M4-/-), as well as control wild-type mice and outbred Swiss-Webster mice, were trained to discriminate 10mg/kg cocaine from saline. Muscarinic receptor antagonists with no subtype selectivity (scopolamine), or preferential affinity at the M1, M2, or M4 subtype (telenzepine, trihexyphenidyl; methoctramine, AQ-RA 741; tropicamide) were tested alone and in combination with cocaine. In intact animals, antagonists with high affinity at M1/M4 receptors partially substituted for cocaine and increased the SD effect of cocaine, while M2-preferring antagonists did not substitute, and reduced the SD effect of cocaine. The cocaine-like effects of scopolamine were absent in M1-/- mice. The cocaine SD attenuating effects of methoctramine were absent in M2-/- mice and almost absent in M1-/- mice. The findings indicate that the cocaine-like SD effects of muscarinic antagonists are primarily mediated through M1 receptors, with a minor contribution of M4 receptors. The data also support our previous findings that stimulation of M1 receptors and M4 receptors can each attenuate the SD effect of cocaine, and show that this can also be achieved by blocking M2 autoreceptors, likely via increased acetylcholine release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Joseph
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Morgane Thomsen
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA; Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen and University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Acupuncture for treating hot flashes in breast cancer patients: an updated meta-analysis. Support Care Cancer 2016; 24:4895-4899. [PMID: 27497608 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-016-3345-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of acupuncture for treatment of hot flash in women with breast cancer. METHODS The aspects considered in this study included searching for 12 data bases until April 2015 and consulting reference lists of reviews and related articles. Additional features studied comprised all articles on human patients with breast cancer treated with needle acupuncture with or without electrical stimulation for the treatment of hot flashes. The methodological quality was assessed using the modified Jadad score. RESULT The searches identified 12 relevant articles for inclusion. The meta-analysis without any subgroup or moderator failed to show favorable effects of acupuncture on reducing the frequency of hot flashes after intervention (n = 680, SMD = - 0.478, 95 % CI -0.397 to 0.241, P = 0.632) but exhibited marked heterogeneity of the results (Q value = 83.200, P = 0.000, I^2 = 83.17, τ^2 = 0.310). CONCLUSION The meta-analysis used had contradictory results and yielded no convincing evidence to suggest that acupuncture was an effective treatment of hot flash in patients with breast cancer. Multi-central studies including large sample size are required to investigate the efficiency of acupuncture for treating hot flash in patients with breast cancer.
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Miranda-Rius J, Brunet-Llobet L, Lahor-Soler E, Farré M. Salivary Secretory Disorders, Inducing Drugs, and Clinical Management. Int J Med Sci 2015; 12:811-24. [PMID: 26516310 PMCID: PMC4615242 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.12912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salivary secretory disorders can be the result of a wide range of factors. Their prevalence and negative effects on the patient's quality of life oblige the clinician to confront the issue. AIM To review the salivary secretory disorders, inducing drugs and their clinical management. METHODS In this article, a literature search of these dysfunctions was conducted with the assistance of a research librarian in the MEDLINE/PubMed Database. RESULTS Xerostomia, or dry mouth syndrome, can be caused by medication, systemic diseases such as Sjögren's Syndrome, glandular pathologies, and radiotherapy of the head and neck. Treatment of dry mouth is aimed at both minimizing its symptoms and preventing oral complications with the employment of sialogogues and topical acting substances. Sialorrhea and drooling, are mainly due to medication or neurological systemic disease. There are various therapeutic, pharmacologic, and surgical alternatives for its management. The pharmacology of most of the substances employed for the treatment of salivary disorders is well-known. Nevertheless, in some cases a significant improvement in salivary function has not been observed after their administration. CONCLUSION At present, there are numerous frequently prescribed drugs whose unwanted effects include some kind of salivary disorder. In addition, the differing pathologic mechanisms, and the great variety of existing treatments hinder the clinical management of these patients. The authors have designed an algorithm to facilitate the decision making process when physicians, oral surgeons, or dentists face these salivary dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Miranda-Rius
- 1. Departament d'Odontostomatologia. Facultat d'Odontologia. Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluís Brunet-Llobet
- 2. Servei d'Odontologia. Hospital Sant Joan de Déu. Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Lahor-Soler
- 1. Departament d'Odontostomatologia. Facultat d'Odontologia. Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Magí Farré
- 3. Clinical Pharmacology Unit. Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol-IGTP and Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM). Facultat de Medicina. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Sadek B, Khanian SS, Ashoor A, Prytkova T, Ghattas MA, Atatreh N, Nurulain SM, Yang KHS, Howarth FC, Oz M. Effects of antihistamines on the function of human α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 746:308-16. [PMID: 25445036 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Effects of the histamine H₁ receptor (H1R) antagonists (antihistamines), promethazine (PMZ), orphenadrine (ORP), chlorpheniramine (CLP), pyrilamine (PYR), diphenhydramine (DPH), citerizine (CTZ), and triprolidine (TRP) on the functional properties of the cloned α7 subunit of the human nicotinic acetylcholine receptor expressed in Xenopus oocytes were investigated. Antihistamines inhibited the α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in the order PYR>CLP>TRP>PMZ>ORP≥DPH≥CTZ. Among the antihistamines, PYR showed the highest reversible inhibition of acetylcholine (100 µM)-induced responses with IC₅₀ of 6.2 µM. PYR-induced inhibition was independent of the membrane potential and could not be reversed by increasing the concentration of acetylcholine. Specific binding of [¹²⁵I] α-bungarotoxin, a selective antagonist for α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, was not changed in the presence of PYR suggesting a non-competitive inhibition of nicotinic receptors. In line with functional experiments, docking studies indicated that PYR can potentially bind allosterically with the α7 transmembrane domain. Our results indicate that the H₂-H₄ receptor antagonists tested in this study (10 µM) showed negligible inhibition of α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. On the other hand, H₁ receptor antagonists inhibited the function of human α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, with varying potencies. These results emphasize the importance of α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor for future pharmacological/toxicological profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassem Sadek
- Laboratory of Functional Lipidomics, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Abu Dhabi, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Seyedeh Soha Khanian
- Laboratory of Functional Lipidomics, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Abu Dhabi, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abrar Ashoor
- Laboratory of Functional Lipidomics, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Abu Dhabi, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tatiana Prytkova
- Department of Biological Sciences, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, One University Drive, Orange, CA 92866, USA
| | - Mohammad A Ghattas
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University of Science and Technology, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Noor Atatreh
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University of Science and Technology, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Syed M Nurulain
- Laboratory of Functional Lipidomics, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Abu Dhabi, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Keun-Hang Susan Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, One University Drive, Orange, CA 92866, USA
| | - Frank Christopher Howarth
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Murat Oz
- Laboratory of Functional Lipidomics, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Abu Dhabi, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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Lin Y, Wang Y, Sima LF, Wang DH, Cao XH, Chen LG, Chen B. Design, synthesis and biological activity evaluation of desloratadine analogues as H1 receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:4178-85. [PMID: 23719280 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of N-substituted desloratadine analogues were designed and synthesized. They were tested for H1 antihistamine activity by inhibiting histamine-induced contraction of isolated ileum muscles of guinea-pigs in vitro and inhibiting histamine-induced asthmatic reaction in guinea-pigs in vivo. All the evaluated compounds exhibited significant antihistamine activity compared with desloratadine. Five active compounds induced no sedative effects on mouse and four of them exhibited lower anticholinergic side effects than desloratadine. Among these analogues, compound 10, (1S,4S)-4-chlorocyclohexyl desloratadine displayed the highest activity and best safety profile. And it was believed to be a potential candidate as the 3rd generation antihistamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lin
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing 210042, PR China
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10
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Naicker P, Anoopkumar-Dukie S, Grant GD, Kavanagh JJ. The effects of antihistamines with varying anticholinergic properties on voluntary and involuntary movement. Clin Neurophysiol 2013; 124:1840-5. [PMID: 23643576 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent evidence indicates that antihistamines can affect movement, which is most likely due to altered neurotransmission in cholinergic and histaminergic pathways. The purpose of this study was to determine if antihistamines with varying anticholinergic properties differentially affect voluntary and involuntary movement control. METHODS Eleven healthy subjects were enlisted into a human double blind, placebo-controlled, five-way crossover study. Drowsiness, reaction time, and physiological tremor were examined 1-, 2-, and 3-hr post-ingestion of antihistamines with known anticholinergic profiles. These were the first-generation promethazine, and second-generation loratadine, desloratadine, and fexofenadine. Hyoscine butylbromide was used in an additional experiment to determine how a peripheral antimuscarinic drug influenced neuromotor function. RESULTS Promethazine, desloratadine and fexofenadine increased drowsiness. Promethazine increased simple and choice reaction time and reduced tremor. Desloratadine increased choice reaction time and tremor, while loratadine slowed simple and choice reaction time. CONCLUSION Central anticholinergic and antihistaminergic properties of antihistamines potentially contribute to movement dysfunction. SIGNIFICANCE Second-generation antihistamines have provided the consumer with a safer alternative to the first-generation sedating antihistamine. However, the results of this study suggest that loratadine and desloratadine have the potential to affect movement control, and further research is warranted to understand the clinical relevance of these findings.
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Scott GD, Fryer AD. Role of parasympathetic nerves and muscarinic receptors in allergy and asthma. CHEMICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND ALLERGY 2012; 98:48-69. [PMID: 22767057 DOI: 10.1159/000336498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parasympathetic nerves control the symptoms and inflammation of allergic diseases primarily by signaling through peripheral muscarinic receptors. Parasympathetic signaling targets classic effector tissues such as airway smooth muscle and secretory glands and mediates acute symptoms of allergic disease such as airway narrowing and increased mucus secretion. In addition, parasympathetic signaling modulates inflammatory cells and non-neuronal resident cell types such as fibroblasts and smooth muscle contributing to chronic allergic inflammation and tissue remodeling. Importantly, muscarinic antagonists are experiencing a rebirth for the treatment of asthma and may be useful for treating other allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory D Scott
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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12
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Kavanagh JJ, Grant GD, Anoopkumar-Dukie S. Low dosage promethazine and loratadine negatively affect neuromotor function. Clin Neurophysiol 2011; 123:780-6. [PMID: 21880544 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2011.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Determine how the sedating antihistamine promethazine and non-sedating antihistamine loratadine at a dose of 10mg influence voluntary and involuntary motor processes in the hours following ingestion and the morning after ingestion. METHODS Eight healthy young adults were recruited into a human double-blind, placebo-controlled, three-way crossover study. Neuromotor function was examined using a battery of controlled reaction time, postural tremor, and heart rate variability measures. Neuromotor function was assessed 4 times for each of the promethazine, loratadine and placebo interventions; pre-ingestion, 1h post-ingestion, 2h post-ingestion, and the following day. RESULTS Self-perceived levels of drowsiness increased only after ingestion of promethazine. However, both antihistamines had negative effects on simple reaction time, choice reaction time, the RMS and peak power amplitude of postural tremor, and autonomic cardiac regulation. CONCLUSIONS The presence of selective neuromotor deficits following ingestion of promethazine and loratadine suggest that sedating and non-sedating antihistamines alter neuromotor function. It is possible that the H(1) antagonists used in this study have antimuscarinic effects, which may impact on the central dopaminergic system that plays a role in modulating several CNS processes associated with movement. SIGNIFICANCE Antihistamines are one of the most commonly procured over-the-counter medications. The current study suggests that taking non-sedating antihistamines to avoid the adverse drug reaction of drowsiness may not avoid unwanted motor control side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J Kavanagh
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.
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DeGraw AJ, Keiser MJ, Ochocki JD, Shoichet BK, Distefano MD. Prediction and evaluation of protein farnesyltransferase inhibition by commercial drugs. J Med Chem 2010; 53:2464-71. [PMID: 20180535 DOI: 10.1021/jm901613f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The similarity ensemble approach (SEA) relates proteins based on the set-wise chemical similarity among their ligands. It can be used to rapidly search large compound databases and to build cross-target similarity maps. The emerging maps relate targets in ways that reveal relationships one might not recognize based on sequence or structural similarities alone. SEA has previously revealed cross talk between drugs acting primarily on G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Here we used SEA to look for potential off-target inhibition of the enzyme protein farnesyltransferase (PFTase) by commercially available drugs. The inhibition of PFTase has profound consequences for oncogenesis, as well as a number of other diseases. In the present study, two commercial drugs, Loratadine and Miconazole, were identified as potential ligands for PFTase and subsequently confirmed as such experimentally. These results point toward the applicability of SEA for the prediction of not only GPCR-GPCR drug cross talk but also GPCR-enzyme and enzyme-enzyme drug cross talk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J DeGraw
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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Lekhanont K, Park CY, Combs JC, Suwan-Apichon O, Rangsin R, Chuck RS. Effect of Topical Olopatadine And Epinastine in The Botulinum Toxin B—Induced Mouse Model of Dry Eye. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2007; 23:83-8. [PMID: 17341156 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2006.0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to compare the effect of topical olopatadine, epinastine, and lubricant eye drops on dry eye ocular surface disease in the botulinum toxin B (BTX-B)-induced mouse model of keratoconjunctivitis sicca. METHODS CBA/J mice were randomized into 3 experimental groups of 10 animals each. All mice received a transconjunctival injection of 0.05 mL of 20-mU BTX-B solutions into the left lacrimal gland. Three (3) days after intralacrimal gland injections, each group received treatment with twice-daily topical lubricant as a control, 0.1% olopatadine, or 0.05% epinastine eye drops. To monitor the progression of dry eye tear production, an ocular surface fluorescein staining score was evaluated in each of the 3 experimental groups. RESULTS Three (3) days after the intralacrimal gland injection of BTX-B, aqueous tear production was significantly decreased (1.95+/-0.64 mm), compared to baseline level (2.69+/-0.66 mm; P<0.001). Similarly, there was a statistically significant increase in the proportion of mice with a corneal staining score of 2 or greater at 3 days postinjection, compared to the preinjection value (P<0.001). There were no statistically significant differences in aqueous tear production between the 3 different medication groups at all time points. Aqueous tear production in neither the olopatadine nor the epinastine-challenged groups was further decreased compared to the lubricant-treated group. Difference in the proportion of mice with a low- and high corneal staining score between the control and study groups did not reach statistical significance throughout the 4-week experimental period. In addition, changes in corneal fluorescein staining of the olopatadine group versus the epinastine group did not show a statistically significant difference. CONCLUSIONS Topical olopatadine and epinastine do not cause significantly additional damage to the compromised ocular surface secondary to dry eye after continuous 4-week, twice-daily application. Topical olopatadine and epinastine appear to have comparable effects on aqueous tear-production and corneal-surface changes in this mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaevalin Lekhanont
- Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21286-9278, USA
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15
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Abstract
Systemic medications, such as antihistaminic and anti-inflammatory agents used in the treatment of asthma and allergy, may have adverse effects on the eye. The major adverse effects on the eye have included cataracts, glaucoma, and tear-film dysfunction (dry-eye syndrome). The use of inhaled corticosteroids (bronchial and nasal) has been associated with mild systemic effects when compared with oral corticosteroids. The development of cataracts and glaucoma has been more commonly associated with earlier "hard" oral and inhaled steroids that affected individuals with an inherent high susceptibility or those who used them for several years. Whereas oral antihistamines commonly have an effect on allergies within hours, they also may exacerbate dry-eye complaints that commonly complicate symptoms with various forms of tear film dysfunction or conjunctival hyperreactivity. Clinicians should be aware that other systemic agents may complicate their attempts to maximize the treatment of ocular allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Bielory
- Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, 90 Bergen Street, DOC Suite 4700, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
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Abstract
Systematic annotation of the primary targets of roughly 1000 known therapeutics reveals that over 700 of these modulate approximately 85 biological targets. We report the results of three analyses. In the first analysis, drug/drug similarities and target/target similarities were computed on the basis of three-dimensional ligand structures. Drug pairs sharing a target had significantly higher similarity than drug pairs sharing no target. Also, target pairs with no overlap in annotated drug specificity shared lower similarity than target pairs with increasing overlap. Two-way agglomerative clusterings of drugs and targets were consistent with known pharmacology and suggestive that side effects and drug-drug interactions might be revealed by modeling many targets. In the second analysis, we constructed and tested ligand-based models of 22 diverse targets in virtual screens using a background of screening molecules. Greater than 100-fold enrichment of cognate versus random molecules was observed in 20/22 cases. In the third analysis, selectivity of the models was tested using a background of drug molecules, with selectivity of greater than 80-fold observed in 17/22 cases. Predicted activities derived from crossing drugs against modeled targets identified a number of known side effects, drug specificities, and drug-drug interactions that have a rational basis in molecular structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann E Cleves
- UCSF Cancer Research Institute and Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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