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Kumar A, Williamson M, Hess A, DiPette DJ, Potts JD. Alpha-Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide: New Therapeutic Strategies for the Treatment and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Migraine. Front Physiol 2022; 13:826122. [PMID: 35222088 PMCID: PMC8874280 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.826122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-calcitonin gene-related peptide (α-CGRP) is a vasodilator neuropeptide of the calcitonin gene family. Pharmacological and gene knock-out studies have established a significant role of α-CGRP in normal and pathophysiological states, particularly in cardiovascular disease and migraines. α-CGRP knock-out mice with transverse aortic constriction (TAC)-induced pressure-overload heart failure have higher mortality rates and exhibit higher levels of cardiac fibrosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell death compared to the wild-type TAC-mice. However, administration of α-CGRP, either in its native- or modified-form, improves cardiac function at the pathophysiological level, and significantly protects the heart from the adverse effects of heart failure and hypertension. Similar cardioprotective effects of the peptide were demonstrated in pressure-overload heart failure mice when α-CGRP was delivered using an alginate microcapsules-based drug delivery system. In contrast to cardiovascular disease, an elevated level of α-CGRP causes migraine-related headaches, thus the use of α-CGRP antagonists that block the interaction of the peptide to its receptor are beneficial in reducing chronic and episodic migraine headaches. Currently, several α-CGRP antagonists are being used as migraine treatments or in clinical trials for migraine pain management. Overall, agonists and antagonists of α-CGRP are clinically relevant to treat and prevent cardiovascular disease and migraine pain, respectively. This review focuses on the pharmacological and therapeutic significance of α-CGRP-agonists and -antagonists in various diseases, particularly in cardiac diseases and migraine pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambrish Kumar
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Maelee Williamson
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Andrew Hess
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Donald J. DiPette
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Jay D. Potts
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
- *Correspondence: Jay D. Potts,
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King CT, Gegg CV, Hu SNY, Sen Lu H, Chan BM, Berry KA, Brankow DW, Boone TJ, Kezunovic N, Kelley MR, Shi L, Xu C. Discovery of the Migraine Prevention Therapeutic Aimovig (Erenumab), the First FDA-Approved Antibody against a G-Protein-Coupled Receptor. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2019; 2:485-490. [PMID: 32259079 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.9b00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In 2018, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Aimovig (erenumab) for the prevention of migraine. Erenumab is the first FDA approved antibody therapeutic against a G-protein-coupled receptor, the canonical receptor of calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP-R). A novel, epitope-focused antigen was created to reconstruct the extracellular domains of the CGRP-R in a stable conformation. Successful inoculation of XenoMouse animals and careful screening yielded multiple candidate molecules for high potency and exquisite selectivity toward the CGRP-R over related receptors. These efforts led to the discovery of erenumab which has demonstrated the desired efficacy and safety profiles in multiple clinical studies for the prevention of migraine. The innovation developed in the discovery of erenumab furthers the ability to target G-coupled protein receptors using antibody approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chadwick Terence King
- Amgen Research, 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
| | - Colin V Gegg
- Amgen Research, 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
| | - Sylvia Nai-Yu Hu
- Amgen Research, 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
| | - Hsieng Sen Lu
- Amgen Research, 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
| | - Brian M Chan
- Amgen Research, 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
| | - Kelly A Berry
- Amgen Research, 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
| | - David W Brankow
- Amgen Research, 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
| | - Tom J Boone
- Amgen Research, 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
| | - Nebojsa Kezunovic
- Amgen Research, 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
| | - Matt R Kelley
- Amgen Research, 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
| | - Licheng Shi
- Amgen Research, 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
| | - Cen Xu
- Amgen Research, 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
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3
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Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a promiscuous peptide, similar to many other members of the calcitonin family of peptides. The potential of CGRP to act on many different receptors with differing affinities and efficacies makes deciphering the signalling from the CGRP receptor a challenging task for researchers.Although it is not a typical G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), in that it is composed not just of a GPCR, the CGRP receptor activates many of the same signalling pathways common for other GPCRs. This includes the family of G proteins and a variety of protein kinases and transcription factors. It is now also clear that in addition to the initiation of cell-surface signalling, GPCRs, including the CGRP receptor, also activate distinct signalling pathways as the receptor is trafficking along the endocytic conduit.Given CGRP's characteristic of activating multiple GPCRs, we will first consider the complex of calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) and receptor activity-modifying protein 1 (RAMP1) as the CGRP receptor. We will discuss the discovery of the CGRP receptor components, the molecular mechanisms controlling its internalization and post-endocytic trafficking (recycling and degradation) and the diverse signalling cascades that are elicited by this receptor in model cell lines. We will then discuss CGRP-mediated signalling pathways in primary cells pertinent to migraine including neurons, glial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells.Investigation of all the CGRP- and CGRP receptor-mediated signalling cascades is vital if we are to fully understand CGRP's role in migraine and will no doubt unearth new targets for the treatment of migraine and other CGRP-driven diseases.
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Taylor FR. CGRP, Amylin, Immunology, and Headache Medicine. Headache 2018; 59:131-150. [DOI: 10.1111/head.13432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Yang Y, Chen Q, Jia S, He L, Wang A, Li D, Li Y, Li X. Involvement of TRPV1 in the expression and release of calcitonin gene-related peptide induced by rutaecarpine. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:5168-5174. [PMID: 29393417 PMCID: PMC5865982 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The traditional Chinese herb Wu-Chu-Yu has been used to treat hypertension for hundreds of years. A previous study indicated that rutaecarpine was the effective component of Wu-Chu-Yu, which lowered blood pressure by elevating the expression level of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). The present study was performed to investigate the role of transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) in CGRP expression and release induced by rutaecarpine. Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) obtained from Sprague-Dawley rats were cultured to analyze the mRNA expression and release of CGRP. Calcium influx, as an indicator of TRPV1 activation, was measured in 293 cells with stable overexpression of TRPV1. The results demonstrated that the amount of CGRP in the cell culture supernatant and the mRNA expression of CGRPα and CGRPβ in DRG was upregulated by rutaecarpine in a concentration-dependent manner, and was inhibited by the TRPV1 receptor antagonist capsazepine. In addition, intracellular Ca2+ levels were increased by Rut in the aforementioned 293 cell line, indicating the activation of TRPV1 by Rut. Therefore, it was concluded that TRPV1 was involved in the expression and release of CGRP stimulated by rutaecarpine, which provided novel mechanistic understanding of the treatment of hypertension using the Chinese herb Wu-Chu-Yu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongmei Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Qingquan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Sujie Jia
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospitals, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Limei He
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Aiping Wang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Dai Li
- National Institution of Drug Clinical Trial, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Yuanjian Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
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Culhane KJ, Liu Y, Cai Y, Yan ECY. Transmembrane signal transduction by peptide hormones via family B G protein-coupled receptors. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:264. [PMID: 26594176 PMCID: PMC4633518 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Although family B G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) contain only 15 members, they play key roles in transmembrane signal transduction of hormones. Family B GPCRs are drug targets for developing therapeutics for diseases ranging from metabolic to neurological disorders. Despite their importance, the molecular mechanism of activation of family B GPCRs remains largely unexplored due to the challenges in expression and purification of functional receptors to the quantity for biophysical characterization. Currently, there is no crystal structure available of a full-length family B GPCR. However, structures of key domains, including the extracellular ligand binding regions and seven-helical transmembrane regions, have been solved by X-ray crystallography and NMR, providing insights into the mechanisms of ligand recognition and selectivity, and helical arrangements within the cell membrane. Moreover, biophysical and biochemical methods have been used to explore functions, key residues for signaling, and the kinetics and dynamics of signaling processes. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the signal transduction mechanism of family B GPCRs at the molecular level and comments on the challenges and outlook for mechanistic studies of family B GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly J Culhane
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yuting Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yingying Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Elsa C Y Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University New Haven, CT, USA
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7
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Ranzato E, Martinotti S, Pedrazzi M, Patrone M. High mobility group box protein-1 in wound repair. Cells 2012; 1:699-710. [PMID: 24710526 PMCID: PMC3901153 DOI: 10.3390/cells1040699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1), a member of highly conserved non-histone DNA binding protein family, has been studied as transcription factor and growth factor. Secreted extracellularly by activated monocytes and macrophages or passively released by necrotic or damaged cells, extracellular HMGB1 is a potent mediator of inflammation. Extracellular HMGB1 has apparently contrasting biological actions: it sustains inflammation (with the possible establishment of autoimmunity or of self-maintaining tissue damage), but it also activates and recruits stem cells, boosting tissue repair. Here, we focus on the role of HMGB1 in physiological and pathological responses, the mechanisms by which it contributes to tissue repair and therapeutic strategies base on targeting HMGB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Ranzato
- Department of Sciences and Innovative Technology, (DiSIT), University of Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Viale Teresa Michel 11, Alessandria 15121, Italy.
| | - Simona Martinotti
- Department of Sciences and Innovative Technology, (DiSIT), University of Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Viale Teresa Michel 11, Alessandria 15121, Italy.
| | - Marco Pedrazzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES)-Biochemistry Section, Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, Genoa 1-16132, Italy.
| | - Mauro Patrone
- Department of Sciences and Innovative Technology, (DiSIT), University of Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Viale Teresa Michel 11, Alessandria 15121, Italy.
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Barwell J, Gingell JJ, Watkins HA, Archbold JK, Poyner DR, Hay DL. Calcitonin and calcitonin receptor-like receptors: common themes with family B GPCRs? Br J Pharmacol 2012; 166:51-65. [PMID: 21649645 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01525.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The calcitonin receptor (CTR) and calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) are two of the 15 human family B (or Secretin-like) GPCRs. CTR and CLR are of considerable biological interest as their pharmacology is moulded by interactions with receptor activity-modifying proteins. They also have therapeutic relevance for many conditions, such as osteoporosis, diabetes, obesity, lymphatic insufficiency, migraine and cardiovascular disease. In light of recent advances in understanding ligand docking and receptor activation in both the family as a whole and in CLR and CTR specifically, this review reflects how applicable general family B GPCR themes are to these two idiosyncratic receptors. We review the main functional domains of the receptors; the N-terminal extracellular domain, the juxtamembrane domain and ligand interface, the transmembrane domain and the intracellular C-terminal domain. Structural and functional findings from the CLR and CTR along with other family B GPCRs are critically appraised to gain insight into how these domains may function. The ability for CTR and CLR to interact with receptor activity-modifying proteins adds another level of sophistication to these receptor systems but means careful consideration is needed when trying to apply generic GPCR principles. This review encapsulates current thinking in the realm of family B GPCR research by highlighting both conflicting and recurring themes and how such findings relate to two unusual but important receptors, CTR and CLR.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Barwell
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, UK
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Parameswaran N, Spielman WS. Introduction to RAMPs. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 744:1-11. [PMID: 22434103 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-2364-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Receptor activity modifying proteins (RAMPs) are single transmembrane proteins discovered for their role in the regulation of translocation of certain G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) to the plasma membrane. Since its discovery in 1998, several pivotal advances have been made in understanding the function of this family of proteins. This chapter provides a basic introduction to RAMPs as well as details on the various chapters in this book.
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Structural insights into RAMP modification of secretin family G protein-coupled receptors: implications for drug development. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2011; 32:591-600. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Kuwasako K, Kitamura K, Nagata S, Hikosaka T, Takei Y, Kato J. Shared and separate functions of the RAMP-based adrenomedullin receptors. Peptides 2011; 32:1540-50. [PMID: 21645567 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Adrenomedullin (AM) is a novel hypotensive peptide that exerts a variety of strongly protective effects against multiorgan damage. AM-specific receptors were first identified as heterodimers composed of calcitonin-receptor-like receptor (CLR), a G protein coupled receptor, and one of two receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMP2 or RAMP3), which are accessory proteins containing a single transmembrane domain. RAMPs are required for the surface delivery of CLR and the determination of its phenotype. CLR/RAMP2 (AM₁ receptor) is more highly AM-specific than CLR/RAMP3 (AM₂ receptor). Although there have been no reports showing differences in intracellular signaling via the two AM receptors, in vitro studies have shed light on their distinct trafficking and functionality. In addition, the tissue distributions of RAMP2 and RAMP3 differ, and their gene expression is differentially altered under pathophysiological conditions, which is suggestive of the separate roles played by AM₁ and AM₂ receptors in vivo. Both AM and the AM₁ receptor, but not the AM₂ receptor, are crucial for the development of the fetal cardiovascular system and are able to effectively protect against various vascular diseases. However, AM₂ receptors reportedly play an important role in maintaining a normal body weight in old age and may be involved in immune function. In this review article, we focus on the shared and separate functions of the AM receptor subtypes and also discuss the potential for related drug discovery. In addition, we mention their possible function as receptors for AM2 (or intermedin), an AM-related peptide whose biological functions are similar to those of AM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kuwasako
- Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan.
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Qi T, Ly K, Poyner DR, Christopoulos G, Sexton PM, Hay DL. Structure-function analysis of amino acid 74 of human RAMP1 and RAMP3 and its role in peptide interactions with adrenomedullin and calcitonin gene-related peptide receptors. Peptides 2011; 32:1060-7. [PMID: 21402116 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The receptors for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and adrenomedullin (AM) are complexes of the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) and receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMP). The CGRP receptor is a CLR/RAMP1 pairing whereas CLR/RAMP2 and CLR/RAMP3 constitute two subtypes of AM receptor: AM(1) and AM(2), respectively. Previous studies identified Glu74 in RAMP3 to be important for AM binding and potency. To further understand the importance of this residue and its equivalent in RAMP1 (Trp74) we substituted the native amino acids with several others. In RAMP3, these were Trp, Phe, Tyr, Ala, Ser, Thr, Arg and Asn; in RAMP1, Glu, Phe, Tyr, Ala and Asn substitutions were made. The mutant RAMPs were co-expressed with CLR in Cos7 cells; receptor function in response to AM, AM(2)/intermedin and CGRP was measured in a cAMP assay and cell surface expression was determined by ELISA. Phe reduced AM potency in RAMP3 but had no effect in RAMP1. In contrast, Tyr had no effect in RAMP3 but enhanced AM potency in RAMP1. Most other substitutions had a small effect on AM potency in both receptors whereas there was little impact on CGRP or AM(2) potency. Overall, these data suggest that the geometry and charge of the residue at position 74 contribute to how AM interacts with the AM(2) and CGRP receptors and confirms the role of this position in dictating differential AM pharmacology at the AM(2) and CGRP receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Qi
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Abstract
Based on preclinical and clinical studies, the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is proposed to play a central role in the underlying pathology of migraine. CGRP and its receptor are widely expressed in both the peripheral and central nervous systems by multiple cell types involved in the regulation of inflammatory and nociceptive responses. Peripheral release of CGRP from trigeminal nerve fibres within the dura and from the cell body of trigeminal ganglion neurons is likely to contribute to peripheral sensitization of trigeminal nociceptors. Similarly, the release of CGRP within the trigeminal nucleus caudalis can facilitate activation of nociceptive second-order neurons and glial cells. Thus, CGRP is involved in the development and maintenance of persistent pain, central sensitization and allodynia, events characteristic of migraine pathology. In contrast, CGRP release within the brain is likely to function in an anti-nociceptive capacity. Given the role of CGRP in migraine pathology, the potential of CGRP receptor antagonists in the treatment of migraine has been investigated. Towards this end, the non-peptide CGRP receptor antagonists olcegepant and telcagepant have been shown to be effective in the acute treatment of migraine. While telcagepant is being pursued as a frontline abortive migraine drug in a phase III clinical trial, an oral formulation of a novel CGRP receptor antagonist, BI 44370, is currently in phase II clinical trials. Encouragingly, data from clinical studies on these compounds have clearly demonstrated the potential therapeutic benefit of this class of drugs and support the future development of CGRP receptor antagonists to treat migraine and possibly other types of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul L Durham
- Center for Biomedical and Life Sciences, Missouri State University, 524 North Boonville Avenue, Springfield, MO 65806, USA.
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Barwell J, Miller PS, Donnelly D, Poyner DR. Mapping interaction sites within the N-terminus of the calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor; the role of residues 23-60 of the calcitonin receptor-like receptor. Peptides 2010; 31:170-6. [PMID: 19913063 PMCID: PMC2809212 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Revised: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) acts as a receptor for the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) but in order to recognize CGRP, it must form a complex with an accessory protein, receptor activity modifying protein 1 (RAMP1). Identifying the protein/protein and protein/ligand interfaces in this unusual complex would aid drug design. The role of the extreme N-terminus of CLR (Glu23-Ala60) was examined by an alanine scan and the results were interpreted with the help of a molecular model. The potency of CGRP at stimulating cAMP production was reduced at Leu41Ala, Gln45Ala, Cys48Ala and Tyr49Ala; furthermore, CGRP-induced receptor internalization at all of these receptors was also impaired. Ile32Ala, Gly35Ala and Thr37Ala all increased CGRP potency. CGRP specific binding was abolished at Leu41Ala, Ala44Leu, Cys48Ala and Tyr49Ala. There was significant impairment of cell surface expression of Gln45Ala, Cys48Ala and Tyr49Ala. Cys48 takes part in a highly conserved disulfide bond and is probably needed for correct folding of CLR. The model suggests that Gln45 and Tyr49 mediate their effects by interacting with RAMP1 whereas Leu41 and Ala44 are likely to be involved in binding CGRP. Ile32, Gly35 and Thr37 form a separate cluster of residues which modulate CGRP binding. The results from this study may be applicable to other family B GPCRs which can associate with RAMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Barwell
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Philip S. Miller
- Institute of Membrane & Systems Biology, LIGHT Laboratories, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Dan Donnelly
- Institute of Membrane & Systems Biology, LIGHT Laboratories, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - David R. Poyner
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +44 121 204 3997; fax: +44 121 359 5142.
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15
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Poyner DR, Hay DL, Conner AC. CGRP receptor antagonists: design and screening. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2009; 4:1253-65. [DOI: 10.1517/17460440903413496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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16
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Role of anandamide transporter in regulating calcitonin gene-related peptide production and blood pressure in hypertension. J Hypertens 2009; 27:1224-32. [PMID: 19462497 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e328329bbd7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the role of anandamide (AEA) transporter in regulating calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) production and blood pressure. METHODS AND RESULTS Plasma levels of AEA, CGRP, asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and nitric oxide in patients with essential hypertension, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and 2 kidney 1 clip hypertensive rats and the CGRP mRNA expression in dorsal root ganglion of rats were measured. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were isolated to examine the AEA transporter activity, the role of AEA transporter in regulating CGRP mRNA expression or the effect of exogenous ADMA on AEA transporter activity. In both hypertensive patients and SHRs, the plasma level of AEA was elevated, but the AEA transporter activity was attenuated concomitantly with decreased CGRP production. Moreover, plasma ADMA level in SHRs was elevated accompanied by decreased nitric oxide level. By contrast, the plasma AEA level was elevated accompanied by increased CGRP production in 2 kidney 1 clip hypertensive rats, and there were no significant changes in plasma levels of ADMA, nitric oxide and the AEA transporter activity. In vitro, exogenous administration of AEA upregulated CGRP mRNA expression in lymphocytes, which was inhibited by AEA transporter blocker, AM404, and the AEA transporter activity was reduced by ADMA. CONCLUSION Decreased plasma CGRP level in patients with essential hypertension or SHRs is likely due to the reduced AEA transporter activity, and the increased ADMA level may account for the reduced AEA transporter activity.
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Durham PL. Inhibition of calcitonin gene-related peptide function: a promising strategy for treating migraine. Headache 2009; 48:1269-75. [PMID: 18808507 DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2008.01215.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is implicated in the underlying pathology of migraine. Serum levels of CGRP, which are elevated during a migraine attack, have been reported to return to normal with alleviation of pain. In addition, CGRP administration has been shown to cause a migraine-like headache in susceptible individuals. Importantly, CGRP receptors are found on many cell types within the trigeminovascular system that are thought to play important roles in controlling inflammatory and nociceptive processes. Based on these findings, it was proposed that blockage of CGRP receptor function and, hence, the physiological effects of CGRP would be effective in aborting a migraine attack. This review will summarize key preclinical data that support the therapeutic potential of using CGRP receptor antagonists or molecules that bind CGRP within the context of current neurovascular theories on migraine pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul L Durham
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO 65897, USA
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Lennerz JK, Rühle V, Ceppa EP, Neuhuber WL, Bunnett NW, Grady EF, Messlinger K. Calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR), receptor activity-modifying protein 1 (RAMP1), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactivity in the rat trigeminovascular system: Differences between peripheral and central CGRP receptor distribution. J Comp Neurol 2008; 507:1277-99. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.21607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Banerjee S, Evanson J, Harris E, Lowe SL, Speth RC, Thomasson KA, Porter JE. Erratum to: Identification of specific calcitonin-like receptor residues important for calcitonin gene-related peptide high affinity binding. BMC Pharmacol 2006. [PMCID: PMC1698909 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2210-6-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This is a correction article. After publication of this work [1], we became aware of the fact that Robert C. Speth was not included as an author. Dr. Speth put a considerable amount of time and effort into developing and preparing the radiopeptide used to carry out the radioligand binding studies reported in this manuscript and therefore should have originally been included as an author. We apologize to Dr. Speth for any inconvenience that this oversight might have caused and thank him for his invaluable contribution to this project.
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