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Liu G, Zuo DY, Yang P, He WJ, Yang Z, Zhang JB, Wu AB, Yi SY, Li HP, Huang T, Liao YC. A Novel Deoxynivalenol-Activated Wheat Arl6ip4 Gene Encodes an Antifungal Peptide with Deoxynivalenol Affinity and Protects Plants against Fusarium Pathogens and Mycotoxins. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7110941. [PMID: 34829228 PMCID: PMC8618893 DOI: 10.3390/jof7110941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most widespread trichothecene mycotoxins in contaminated cereal products. DON plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of Fusarium graminearum, but the molecular mechanisms of DON underlying Fusarium–wheat interactions are not yet well understood. In this study, a novel wheat ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 6-interacting protein 4 gene, TaArl6ip4, was identified from DON-treated wheat suspension cells by suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH). The qRT-PCR result suggested that TaArl6ip4 expression is specifically activated by DON in both the Fusarium intermediate susceptible wheat cultivar Zhengmai9023 and the Fusarium resistant cultivar Sumai3. The transient expression results of the TaARL6IP4::GFP fusion protein indicate that TaArl6ip4 encodes a plasma membrane and nucleus-localized protein. Multiple sequence alignment using microscale thermophoresis showed that TaARL6IP4 comprises a conserved DON binding motif, 67HXXXG71, and exhibits DON affinity with a dissociation constant (KD) of 91 ± 2.6 µM. Moreover, TaARL6IP4 exhibited antifungal activity with IC50 values of 22 ± 1.5 µM and 25 ± 2.6 µM against Fusarium graminearum and Alternaria alternata, respectively. Furthermore, TaArl6ip4 interacted with the plasma membrane of Fusarium graminearum spores, resulting in membrane disruption and the leakage of cytoplasmic materials. The heterologous over-expression of TaArl6ip4 conferred greater DON tolerance and Fusarium resistance in Arabidopsis. Finally, we describe a novel DON-induced wheat gene, TaArl6ip4, exhibiting antifungal function and DON affinity that may play a key role in Fusarium–wheat interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (G.L.); (D.-Y.Z.); (P.Y.); (W.-J.H.); (Z.Y.); (J.-B.Z.); (S.-Y.Y.); (H.-P.L.)
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Dong-Yun Zuo
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (G.L.); (D.-Y.Z.); (P.Y.); (W.-J.H.); (Z.Y.); (J.-B.Z.); (S.-Y.Y.); (H.-P.L.)
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Peng Yang
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (G.L.); (D.-Y.Z.); (P.Y.); (W.-J.H.); (Z.Y.); (J.-B.Z.); (S.-Y.Y.); (H.-P.L.)
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wei-Jie He
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (G.L.); (D.-Y.Z.); (P.Y.); (W.-J.H.); (Z.Y.); (J.-B.Z.); (S.-Y.Y.); (H.-P.L.)
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zheng Yang
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (G.L.); (D.-Y.Z.); (P.Y.); (W.-J.H.); (Z.Y.); (J.-B.Z.); (S.-Y.Y.); (H.-P.L.)
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jing-Bo Zhang
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (G.L.); (D.-Y.Z.); (P.Y.); (W.-J.H.); (Z.Y.); (J.-B.Z.); (S.-Y.Y.); (H.-P.L.)
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ai-Bo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China;
| | - Shu-Yuan Yi
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (G.L.); (D.-Y.Z.); (P.Y.); (W.-J.H.); (Z.Y.); (J.-B.Z.); (S.-Y.Y.); (H.-P.L.)
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - He-Ping Li
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (G.L.); (D.-Y.Z.); (P.Y.); (W.-J.H.); (Z.Y.); (J.-B.Z.); (S.-Y.Y.); (H.-P.L.)
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (G.L.); (D.-Y.Z.); (P.Y.); (W.-J.H.); (Z.Y.); (J.-B.Z.); (S.-Y.Y.); (H.-P.L.)
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: (T.H.); (Y.-C.L.)
| | - Yu-Cai Liao
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (G.L.); (D.-Y.Z.); (P.Y.); (W.-J.H.); (Z.Y.); (J.-B.Z.); (S.-Y.Y.); (H.-P.L.)
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: (T.H.); (Y.-C.L.)
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Arya SS, Rookes JE, Cahill DM, Lenka SK. Next-generation metabolic engineering approaches towards development of plant cell suspension cultures as specialized metabolite producing biofactories. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 45:107635. [PMID: 32976930 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Plant cell suspension culture (PCSC) has emerged as a viable technology to produce plant specialized metabolites (PSM). While Taxol® and ginsenoside are two examples of successfully commercialized PCSC-derived PSM, widespread utilization of the PCSC platform has yet to be realized primarily due to a lack of understanding of the molecular genetics of PSM biosynthesis. Recent advances in computational, molecular and synthetic biology tools provide the opportunity to rapidly characterize and harness the specialized metabolic potential of plants. Here, we discuss the prospects of integrating computational modeling, artificial intelligence, and precision genome editing (CRISPR/Cas and its variants) toolboxes to discover the genetic regulators of PSM. We also explore how synthetic biology can be applied to develop metabolically optimized PSM-producing native and heterologous PCSC systems. Taken together, this review provides an interdisciplinary approach to realize and link the potential of next-generation computational and molecular tools to convert PCSC into commercially viable PSM-producing biofactories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar S Arya
- TERI-Deakin Nano Biotechnology Centre, The Energy and Resources Institute, Gurugram, Haryana 122001, India; Deakin University, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - James E Rookes
- Deakin University, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - David M Cahill
- Deakin University, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Sangram K Lenka
- TERI-Deakin Nano Biotechnology Centre, The Energy and Resources Institute, Gurugram, Haryana 122001, India.
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Kaur H, Sirhindi G, Bhardwaj R, Alyemeni MN, Siddique KHM, Ahmad P. 28-homobrassinolide regulates antioxidant enzyme activities and gene expression in response to salt- and temperature-induced oxidative stress in Brassica juncea. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8735. [PMID: 29880861 PMCID: PMC5992199 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27032-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a group of naturally occurring plant steroid hormones that can induce plant tolerance to various plant stresses by regulating ROS production in cells, but the underlying mechanisms of this scavenging activity by BRs are not well understood. This study investigated the effects of 28-homobrassinolide (28-HBL) seed priming on Brassica juncea seedlings subjected to the combined stress of extreme temperatures (low, 4 °C or high, 44 °C) and salinity (180 mM), either alone or supplemented with 28-HBL treatments (0, 10−6, 10−9, 10−12 M). The combined temperature and salt stress treatments significantly reduced shoot and root lengths, but these improved when supplemented with 28-HBL although the response was dose-dependent. The combined stress alone significantly increased H2O2 content, but was inhibited when supplemented with 28-HBL. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APOX), glutathione reductase (GR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) and monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) increased in response to 28-HBL. Overall, the 28-HBL seed priming treatment improved the plant’s potential to combat the toxic effects imposed by the combined temperature and salt stress by tightly regulating the accumulation of ROS, which was reflected in the improved redox state of antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harpreet Kaur
- Department of Botany, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, Punjab, India.,Department of Botanical & Environmental Sciences, GNDU, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Geetika Sirhindi
- Department of Botany, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, Punjab, India
| | - Renu Bhardwaj
- Department of Botanical & Environmental Sciences, GNDU, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - M N Alyemeni
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kadambot H M Siddique
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture and UWA School of Agriculture & Environment, The University of Western Australia, LB 5005, Perth, WA, 6001, Australia
| | - Parvaiz Ahmad
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia. .,Department of Botany, S.P. College, Srinagar, 190001, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
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Barnes WJ, Anderson CT. Release, Recycle, Rebuild: Cell-Wall Remodeling, Autodegradation, and Sugar Salvage for New Wall Biosynthesis during Plant Development. MOLECULAR PLANT 2018; 11:31-46. [PMID: 28859907 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls contain elaborate polysaccharide networks and regulate plant growth, development, mechanics, cell-cell communication and adhesion, and defense. Despite conferring rigidity to support plant structures, the cell wall is a dynamic extracellular matrix that is modified, reorganized, and degraded to tightly control its properties during growth and development. Far from being a terminal carbon sink, many wall polymers can be degraded and recycled by plant cells, either via direct re-incorporation by transglycosylation or via internalization and metabolic salvage of wall-derived sugars to produce new precursors for wall synthesis. However, the physiological and metabolic contributions of wall recycling to plant growth and development are largely undefined. In this review, we discuss long-standing and recent evidence supporting the occurrence of cell-wall recycling in plants, make predictions regarding the developmental processes to which wall recycling might contribute, and identify outstanding questions and emerging experimental tools that might be used to address these questions and enhance our understanding of this poorly characterized aspect of wall dynamics and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Barnes
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Yan G, Liu H, Wang H, Lu Z, Wang Y, Mullan D, Hamblin J, Liu C. Accelerated Generation of Selfed Pure Line Plants for Gene Identification and Crop Breeding. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1786. [PMID: 29114254 PMCID: PMC5660708 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Production of pure lines is an important step in biological studies and breeding of many crop plants. The major types of pure lines for biological studies and breeding include doubled haploid (DH) lines, recombinant inbred lines (RILs), and near isogenic lines (NILs). DH lines can be produced through microspore and megaspore culture followed by chromosome doubling while RILs and NILs can be produced through introgressions or repeated selfing of hybrids. DH approach was developed as a quicker method than conventional method to produce pure lines. However, its drawbacks of genotype-dependency and only a single chance of recombination limited its wider application. A recently developed fast generation cycling system (FGCS) achieved similar times to those of DH for the production of selfed pure lines but is more versatile as it is much less genotype-dependent than DH technology and does not restrict recombination to a single event. The advantages and disadvantages of the technologies and their produced pure line populations for different purposes of biological research and breeding are discussed. The development of a concept of complete in vitro meiosis and mitosis system is also proposed. This could integrate with the recently developed technologies of single cell genomic sequencing and genome wide selection, leading to a complete laboratory based pre-breeding scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guijun Yan
- Faculty of Science, UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Guijun Yan
| | - Hui Liu
- Faculty of Science, UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Haibo Wang
- Hebei Centre of Plant Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Physiology, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhanyuan Lu
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Huhhot, China
| | - Yanxia Wang
- Hebei Province Wheat Engineering Technical Research Center, Shijiazhuang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Daniel Mullan
- Faculty of Science, UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- InterGrain Pty. Ltd., Bibra Lake, WA, Australia
| | - John Hamblin
- Faculty of Science, UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- SuperSeeds Technologies Pty. Ltd., Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Chunji Liu
- Faculty of Science, UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture and Food, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
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Droplet Microarray Based on Superhydrophobic-Superhydrophilic Patterns for Single Cell Analysis. MICROARRAYS 2016; 5:microarrays5040028. [PMID: 27941668 PMCID: PMC5197947 DOI: 10.3390/microarrays5040028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Single-cell analysis provides fundamental information on individual cell response to different environmental cues and is a growing interest in cancer and stem cell research. However, current existing methods are still facing challenges in performing such analysis in a high-throughput manner whilst being cost-effective. Here we established the Droplet Microarray (DMA) as a miniaturized screening platform for high-throughput single-cell analysis. Using the method of limited dilution and varying cell density and seeding time, we optimized the distribution of single cells on the DMA. We established culturing conditions for single cells in individual droplets on DMA obtaining the survival of nearly 100% of single cells and doubling time of single cells comparable with that of cells cultured in bulk cell population using conventional methods. Our results demonstrate that the DMA is a suitable platform for single-cell analysis, which carries a number of advantages compared with existing technologies allowing for treatment, staining and spot-to-spot analysis of single cells over time using conventional analysis methods such as microscopy.
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Juhász Z, Boldizsár Á, Nagy T, Kocsy G, Marincs F, Galiba G, Bánfalvi Z. Pleiotropic effect of chromosome 5A and the mvp mutation on the metabolite profile during cold acclimation and the vegetative/generative transition in wheat. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:57. [PMID: 25848884 PMCID: PMC4349458 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0363-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wheat is the leading source of vegetable protein in the human diet, and metabolites are crucial for both plant development and human nutrition. The recent advances in metabolomics provided an opportunity to perform an untargeted metabolite analysis in this important crop. RESULTS Wheat was characterised at the metabolite level during cold acclimation and transition from the vegetative to the generative phase. The relationship between these changes and chromosome 5A and the maintained vegetative phase (mvp) mutation was also investigated. Samples were taken from the shoots and crowns during four developmental stages: plants grown at 20/17°C, after cold treatment but still during the vegetative phase, at the double ridge and during spikelet formation. The levels of 47 compounds were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, of which 38 were annotated. The cold treatment, in general, increased the concentrations of osmolites but not in all lines and not equally in the shoots and crowns. The accumulation of proline was not associated with the vernalisation process or with frost tolerance. The mvp mutation and chromosome 5A substitutions altered the amounts of several metabolites compared to those of the Tm and CS, respectively, during each developmental stage. The Ch5A substitution resulted in more substantial changes at the metabolite level than did the Tsp5A substitution. While Ch5A mainly influenced the sugar concentrations, Tsp5A altered the level of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates during the vegetative/generative transition. A much higher trehalose, proline, glutamine, asparagine, and unidentified m/z 186 content was detected in crowns than in shoots that may contribute to the frost tolerance of crowns. CONCLUSIONS Substantial influences of chromosome 5A and the mvp mutation on metabolism during four different developmental stages were demonstrated. The distinct and overlapping accumulation patterns of metabolites suggest the complex genetic regulation of metabolism in the shoots and crowns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsófia Juhász
- />NARIC Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Szent-Györgyi A. u. 4, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Ákos Boldizsár
- />Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Brunszvik u. 2, 2462 Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Tibor Nagy
- />NARIC Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Szent-Györgyi A. u. 4, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Gábor Kocsy
- />Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Brunszvik u. 2, 2462 Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Marincs
- />NARIC Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Szent-Györgyi A. u. 4, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
- />Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Brunszvik u. 2, 2462 Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Gábor Galiba
- />Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Brunszvik u. 2, 2462 Martonvásár, Hungary
- />Doctoral School of Animal and Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Department of Plant Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Pannonia Georgikon Faculty, Deák Ferenc u. 16, 8360 Keszthely, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Bánfalvi
- />NARIC Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Szent-Györgyi A. u. 4, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
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Yin Y, He Y, Liu W, Gan L, Fu C, Jia H, Li M. The durative use of suspension cells and callus for volatile oil by comparative with seeds and fruits in Capparis spinosa L. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113668. [PMID: 25422894 PMCID: PMC4244143 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Capparis spinosa is one of the most important eremophytes among the medicinal plants, and continued destruction of these plants poses a major threat to species survival. The development of methods to extract compounds, especially those of medicinal value, without harvesting the whole plant is an issue of considerable socioeconomic importance. On the basis of an established system for culture of suspension cells and callus in vitro, Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS) was used for the volatile oil composition analyzing in seed, fruit, suspension cells and callus. Fatty acids were the major component, and the highest content of alkanes was detected in seed, with <1.0% in suspension cells and callus. Esters, olefins and heterocyclic compounds were significantly higher in fruit than in the other materials. The content of acid esters in the suspension cells and callus was significantly higher than in seed and fruit. This indicated that the suspension cells and callus could be helpful for increasing the value of volatile oil and replacing seeds and fruit partially as a source of some compounds of the volatile oil and may also produce some new medical compounds. The above results give valuable information for sustainable use of C. spinosa and provide a foundation for use of the C. spinosa suspension cells and callus as an ongoing medical resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongtai Yin
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Physics of Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Yuchi He
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Faculty of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, P. R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Lu Gan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Chunhua Fu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Physics of Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Haibo Jia
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Physics of Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (HJ); (ML)
| | - Maoteng Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Physics of Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (HJ); (ML)
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