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Uzilday B, Ozgur R, Yalcinkaya T, Sonmez MC, Turkan I. Differential regulation of reactive oxygen species in dimorphic chloroplasts of single cell C 4 plant Bienertia sinuspersici during drought and salt stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1030413. [PMID: 37152138 PMCID: PMC10157255 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1030413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Single cell C4 (SCC4) plants, discovered around two decades ago, are promising materials for efforts for genetic engineering of C4 photosynthesis into C3 crops. Unlike C4 plants with Kranz anatomy, they exhibit a fully functional C4 photosynthesis in just a single cell and do not require mesophyll and bundle sheath cell spatial separation. Bienertia sinuspersici is one such SCC4 plant, with NAD-malic enzyme (NAD-ME) subtype C4 photosynthesis. Its chlorenchyma cell consist of two compartments, peripheral compartment (PC), analogous to mesophyll cell, and central compartment (CC), analogous to bundle sheath cell. Since oxidative stress creates an important constraint for plants under salinity and drought, we comparatively examined the response of enzymatic antioxidant system, H2O2 and TBARS contents, peroxiredoxin Q, NADPH thioredoxin reductase C, and plastid terminal oxidase protein levels of PC chloroplasts (PCC) and CC chloroplasts (CCC). Except for protein levels, these parameters were also examined on the whole leaf level, as well as catalase and NADPH oxidase activities, water status and growth parameters, and levels of C4 photosynthesis related transcripts. Many C4 photosynthesis related transcript levels were elevated, especially under drought. Activities of dehydroascorbate reductase and especially peroxidase were elevated under drought in both compartments (CCC and PCC). Even though decreases of antioxidant enzyme activities were more prevalent in PCC, and the examined redox regulating protein levels, especially of peroxiredoxin Q, were elevated in CCC under both stresses, PCC was less damaged by either stress. These suggest PCC is more tolerant and has other means of preventing or alleviating oxidative damage.
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Yanagisawa M, Chuong SDX. Development of C4 Biochemistry and Change in Expression of Markers for Photosystems I and II in the Single-Cell C4 Species, Bienertia sinuspersici. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:77. [PMID: 36616205 PMCID: PMC9824431 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Bienertia sinuspersici is one of four identified terrestrial plants that perform C4 photosynthesis within a single chlorenchyma cell via the compartmentation of organelles and photosynthetic enzymes. The patterns of accumulation of key photosynthetic enzymes and transcripts in developing leaves were examined using immunolocalization and in situ hybridization. The polypeptides of Rubisco large subunit (RbcL) and pyruvate Pi dikinase (PPDK) accumulated equally in all chloroplasts before the formation of two intracellular cytoplasmic compartments: the central (CCC) and peripheral (PCC) cytoplasmic compartments. The differential accumulation of these enzymes was not completed until the leaf had reached maturity, indicating that the transition from C3 to C4 photosynthesis occurred during leaf maturation. In mature chlorenchyma cells, RbcL accumulated 20-fold higher in the CCC than in the PCC, while PPDK exhibited a concentration gradient that was the lowest in the chloroplasts in the central region of the CCC and the highest in PCC chloroplasts. The pattern of rbcL transcript accumulation followed that of its polypeptides in developing leaves, suggesting that the expression of this gene was likely controlled by transcriptional and/or post-transcriptional processes. Immunocytochemical results examining the distribution of photosystems I and II in the chloroplasts of chlorenchyma cells from mature leaves showed that PSII is more abundant in chloroplasts of the central compartment, whereas PSI is higher in those of the peripheral compartment. The quantitative real-time PCR results of rbcL, psbA, and psaB transcripts from the isolated chloroplasts of each compartment further supported this observation. Our results suggest that multiple levels of regulation play a role in controlling the differential accumulation of photosynthetic gene expression in the dimorphic chloroplasts of single-cell C4 species during leaf development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Yanagisawa
- Departments of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Simon D. X. Chuong
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
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Soundararajan P, Won SY, Park DS, Lee YH, Kim JS. Comparative Analysis of the YABBY Gene Family of Bienertia sinuspersici, a Single-Cell C 4 Plant. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8120536. [PMID: 31766767 PMCID: PMC6963775 DOI: 10.3390/plants8120536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The emergence and expression of the YABBY gene family (YGF) coincided with the evolution of leaves in seed plants, and was integral to the early evidence of lamina followed by reproductive development. YGF contains six subclasses, i.e., CRC, INO, FIL, YAB2, YAB3, and YAB5. This study aims to extract the genome sequences of the YGF in Bienertia sinuspersici, an important model plant for single-cell C4 (SCC4), non-Kranz photosynthesis. A comparative genomic analysis was undertaken with Vitis vinefera, Arabidopsis thaliana, Brassica rapa, and Chenopodium quinoa. Six copies of YGF were present in B. sinuspersici and A. thaliana with a single copy of each YGF subgroup. V. vinefera possessed seven copies of YGF with duplicates in FIL and YAB2 subgroups, but no YAB3. B. rapa and C. quinoa after whole genome duplication contained additional copies of YGF. The gene structure and conserved motifs were analyzed among the YGF. In addition, the relative quantification of YGF was analyzed in the leaves, reproductive developmental stages such as the bud, and the pre-anthesis and anthesis stages in B. sinuspersici, A. thaliana, and B. rapa. CRC and INO possessed conserved floral-specific expression. Temporal and perpetual changes in the expression of YGF orthologs were observed in the leaves and reproductive developmental stages. The results of this study provide an overview of YGF evolution, copy number, and its differential expression in B. sinuspersici. Further studies are required to shed light on the roles of YABBY genes in the evolution of SCC4 plants and their distinct physiologies.
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Wang L, Ma G, Wang H, Cheng C, Mu S, Quan W, Jiang L, Zhao Z, Zhang Y, Zhang K, Wang X, Tian C, Zhang Y. A draft genome assembly of halophyte Suaeda aralocaspica, a plant that performs C4 photosynthesis within individual cells. Gigascience 2019; 8:giz116. [PMID: 31513708 PMCID: PMC6741815 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giz116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The halophyte Suaeda aralocaspica performs complete C4 photosynthesis within individual cells (SCC4), which is distinct from typical C4 plants, which require the collaboration of 2 types of photosynthetic cells. However, despite SCC4 plants having features that are valuable in engineering higher photosynthetic efficiencies in agriculturally important C3 species such as rice, there are no reported sequenced SCC4 plant genomes, limiting our understanding of the mechanisms involved in, and evolution of, SCC4 photosynthesis. FINDINGS Using Illumina and Pacific Biosciences sequencing platforms, we generated ∼202 Gb of clean genomic DNA sequences having a 433-fold coverage based on the 467 Mb estimated genome size of S. aralocaspica. The final genome assembly was 452 Mb, consisting of 4,033 scaffolds, with a scaffold N50 length of 1.83 Mb. We annotated 29,604 protein-coding genes using Evidence Modeler based on the gene information from ab initio predictions, homology levels with known genes, and RNA sequencing-based transcriptome evidence. We also annotated noncoding genes, including 1,651 long noncoding RNAs, 21 microRNAs, 382 transfer RNAs, 88 small nuclear RNAs, and 325 ribosomal RNAs. A complete (circular with no gaps) chloroplast genome of S. aralocaspica 146,654 bp in length was also assembled. CONCLUSIONS We have presented the genome sequence of the SCC4 plant S. aralocaspica. Knowledge of the genome of S. aralocaspica should increase our understanding of the evolution of SCC4 photosynthesis and contribute to the engineering of C4 photosynthesis into economically important C3 crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 818 South Beijing Road, Urumqi 830011, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ganglong Ma
- Center for Genome Analysis, ABLife Inc., 388 Gaoxin 2nd Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430075, China
| | - Hongling Wang
- Central Lab, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 818 South Beijing Road, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Chao Cheng
- Center for Genome Analysis, ABLife Inc., 388 Gaoxin 2nd Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430075, China
| | - Shuyong Mu
- Central Lab, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 818 South Beijing Road, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Weili Quan
- Center for Genome Analysis, ABLife Inc., 388 Gaoxin 2nd Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430075, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 818 South Beijing Road, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Zhenyong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 818 South Beijing Road, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Center for Genome Analysis, ABLife Inc., 388 Gaoxin 2nd Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430075, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 818 South Beijing Road, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Xuelian Wang
- Center for Genome Analysis, ABLife Inc., 388 Gaoxin 2nd Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430075, China
| | - Changyan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 818 South Beijing Road, Urumqi 830011, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Center for Genome Analysis, ABLife Inc., 388 Gaoxin 2nd Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430075, China
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Wimmer D, Bohnhorst P, Impe D, Hwang I, Offermann S. Agrobacterium-mediated transient transformation of Bienertia sinuspersici to assay recombinant protein distribution between dimorphic chloroplasts. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2019; 38:779-782. [PMID: 30661085 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-019-02375-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bienertia sinuspersici, a species capable of performing C4 photosynthesis within individual photosynthetic cells, can be transformed with Agrobacterium allowing for the analysis of subcellular protein distribution under preservation of the unique cellular morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Wimmer
- Institute for Botany, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhaeuser Strasse 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Philipp Bohnhorst
- Institute for Botany, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhaeuser Strasse 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Daniela Impe
- Genebank Department, Cryo and Stress Biology Group, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK-Gatersleben), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Inhwan Hwang
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 790-784, South Korea
| | - Sascha Offermann
- Institute for Botany, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhaeuser Strasse 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany.
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Creating Leaf Cell Suspensions for Characterization of Mesophyll and Bundle Sheath Cellular Features. Methods Mol Biol 2018. [PMID: 29978407 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7786-4_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Imaging of mesophyll cell suspensions prepared from Arabidopsis has been pivotal for forming our current understanding of the molecular control of chloroplast division over the past 25 years. In this chapter, we provide a method for the preparation of leaf cell suspensions that improves upon a previous method by optimizing cellular preservation and cell separation. This technique is accessible to all researchers and amenable for use with all plant species. The leaf suspensions can be used for imaging chloroplast features within a cell that are important for photosynthesis such as size, number, and distribution. However, we also provide examples to illustrate how the cells in the suspensions can be easily stained to image other features, for example pit fields where plasmodesmata are located and organelles such as mitochondria, to improve our understanding of traits that are important for photosynthetic physiology.
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Yerramsetty P, Agar EM, Yim WC, Cushman JC, Berry JO. An rbcL mRNA-binding protein is associated with C3 to C4 evolution and light-induced production of Rubisco in Flaveria. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:4635-4649. [PMID: 28981775 PMCID: PMC5853808 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear-encoded RLSB protein binds chloroplastic rbcL mRNA encoding the Rubisco large subunit. RLSB is highly conserved across all groups of land plants and is associated with positive post-transcriptional regulation of rbcL expression. In C3 leaves, RLSB and Rubisco occur in all chlorenchyma cell chloroplasts, while in C4 leaves these accumulate only within bundle sheath (BS) chloroplasts. RLSB's role in rbcL expression makes modification of its localization a likely prerequisite for the evolutionary restriction of Rubisco to BS cells. Taking advantage of evolutionarily conserved RLSB orthologs in several C3, C3-C4, C4-like, and C4 photosynthetic types within the genus Flaveria, we show that low level RLSB sequence divergence and modification to BS specificity coincided with ontogeny of Rubisco specificity and Kranz anatomy during C3 to C4 evolution. In both C3 and C4 species, Rubisco production reflected RLSB production in all cell types, tissues, and conditions examined. Co-localization occurred only in photosynthetic tissues, and both proteins were co-ordinately induced by light at post-transcriptional levels. RLSB is currently the only mRNA-binding protein to be associated with rbcL gene regulation in any plant, with variations in sequence and acquisition of cell type specificity reflecting the progression of C4 evolution within the genus Flaveria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Yerramsetty
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Erin M Agar
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Won C Yim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - John C Cushman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - James O Berry
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Wimmer D, Bohnhorst P, Shekhar V, Hwang I, Offermann S. Transit peptide elements mediate selective protein targeting to two different types of chloroplasts in the single-cell C4 species Bienertia sinuspersici. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41187. [PMID: 28112241 PMCID: PMC5253730 DOI: 10.1038/srep41187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Bienertia sinuspersici is a terrestrial plant that performs C4 photosynthesis within individual cells through operating a carbon concentrating mechanism between different subcellular domains including two types of chloroplasts. It is currently unknown how differentiation of two highly specialized chloroplasts within the same cell occurs as no similar cases have been reported. Here we show that this differentiation in photosynthetic cells of B. sinuspersici is enabled by a transit peptide (TP) mediated selective protein targeting mechanism. Mutations in the TPs cause loss of selectivity but not general loss of chloroplast import, indicating the mechanism operates by specifically blocking protein accumulation in one chloroplast type. Hybrid studies indicate that this selectivity is transferable to transit peptides of plants which perform C4 by cooperative function of chloroplasts between two photosynthetic cells. Codon swap experiments as well as introducing an artificial bait mRNA show that RNA affects are not crucial for the sorting process. In summary, our analysis shows how the mechanism of subcellular targeting to form two types of chloroplast within the same cell can be achieved. This information is not only crucial for understanding single-cell C4 photosynthesis; it provides new insights in control of subcellular protein targeting in cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Wimmer
- Institute for Botany, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhaeuser Strasse 2, Hannover 30419, Germany
| | - Philipp Bohnhorst
- Institute for Botany, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhaeuser Strasse 2, Hannover 30419, Germany
| | - Vinay Shekhar
- Faculty of Biology, Department Biology I – Botany, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Muenchen, Grosshaderner Strasse 2-4, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Inhwan Hwang
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790–784, Korea
| | - Sascha Offermann
- Institute for Botany, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhaeuser Strasse 2, Hannover 30419, Germany
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Yerramsetty P, Stata M, Siford R, Sage TL, Sage RF, Wong GKS, Albert VA, Berry JO. Evolution of RLSB, a nuclear-encoded S1 domain RNA binding protein associated with post-transcriptional regulation of plastid-encoded rbcL mRNA in vascular plants. BMC Evol Biol 2016; 16:141. [PMID: 27356975 PMCID: PMC4928308 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0713-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background RLSB, an S-1 domain RNA binding protein of Arabidopsis, selectively binds rbcL mRNA and co-localizes with Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) within chloroplasts of C3 and C4 plants. Previous studies using both Arabidopsis (C3) and maize (C4) suggest RLSB homologs are post-transcriptional regulators of plastid-encoded rbcL mRNA. While RLSB accumulates in all Arabidopsis leaf chlorenchyma cells, in C4 leaves RLSB-like proteins accumulate only within Rubisco-containing bundle sheath chloroplasts of Kranz-type species, and only within central compartment chloroplasts in the single cell C4 plant Bienertia. Our recent evidence implicates this mRNA binding protein as a primary determinant of rbcL expression, cellular localization/compartmentalization, and photosynthetic function in all multicellular green plants. This study addresses the hypothesis that RLSB is a highly conserved Rubisco regulatory factor that occurs in the chloroplasts all higher plants. Results Phylogenetic analysis has identified RLSB orthologs and paralogs in all major plant groups, from ancient liverworts to recent angiosperms. RLSB homologs were also identified in algae of the division Charophyta, a lineage closely related to land plants. RLSB-like sequences were not identified in any other algae, suggesting that it may be specific to the evolutionary line leading to land plants. The RLSB family occurs in single copy across most angiosperms, although a few species with two copies were identified, seemingly randomly distributed throughout the various taxa, although perhaps correlating in some cases with known ancient whole genome duplications. Monocots of the order Poales (Poaceae and Cyperaceae) were found to contain two copies, designated here as RLSB-a and RLSB-b, with only RLSB-a implicated in the regulation of rbcL across the maize developmental gradient. Analysis of microsynteny in angiosperms revealed high levels of conservation across eudicot species and for both paralogs in grasses, highlighting the possible importance of maintaining this gene and its surrounding genomic regions. Conclusions Findings presented here indicate that the RLSB family originated as a unique gene in land plant evolution, perhaps in the common ancestor of charophytes and higher plants. Purifying selection has maintained this as a highly conserved single- or two-copy gene across most extant species, with several conserved gene duplications. Together with previous findings, this study suggests that RLSB has been sustained as an important regulatory protein throughout the course of land plant evolution. While only RLSB-a has been directly implicated in rbcL regulation in maize, RLSB-b could have an overlapping function in the co-regulation of rbcL, or may have diverged as a regulator of one or more other plastid-encoded mRNAs. This analysis confirms that RLSB is an important and unique photosynthetic regulatory protein that has been continuously expressed in land plants as they emerged and diversified from their ancient common ancestor. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0713-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Yerramsetty
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Matt Stata
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S3B2, Canada
| | - Rebecca Siford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Tammy L Sage
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S3B2, Canada
| | - Rowan F Sage
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S3B2, Canada
| | - Gane Ka-Shu Wong
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada.,BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Victor A Albert
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA.
| | - James O Berry
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA.
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10
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Berry JO, Mure CM, Yerramsetty P. Regulation of Rubisco gene expression in C4 plants. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 31:23-28. [PMID: 27026038 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate-carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) incorporates inorganic carbon into an organic form, making this chloroplastic enzyme one of the most essential factors for all life on earth. Despite its central role in photosynthesis, research into regulation of the chloroplast rbcL and nuclear RbcS genes that encode this enzyme has lagged behind other plant gene systems. A major characteristic of kranz-type C4 plants is the accumulation of Rubisco only within chloroplasts of internalized bundle sheath cells that surround the leaf vascular centers. In plants that utilize the less common single cell C4 system, Rubisco accumulates only within one type of dimorphic chloroplasts localized to a specific region of leaf chlorenchyma cells. Understanding regulatory processes that restrict Rubisco gene expression to only one cell type or chloroplast type is a major focus of C4 research. Regulatory steps may include transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James O Berry
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14120, United States.
| | - Christopher M Mure
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14120, United States
| | - Pradeep Yerramsetty
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14120, United States
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11
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Erlinghaeuser M, Hagenau L, Wimmer D, Offermann S. Development, subcellular positioning and selective protein accumulation in the dimorphic chloroplasts of single-cell C4 species. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 31:76-82. [PMID: 27061048 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
C4 photosynthesis is typically associated with a carbon concentrating mechanism based on close collaboration between two photosynthetic cell types (Kranz C4). Surprisingly, four species in the family Chenopodiaceae have been described, which perform all required steps for a functional and effective C4 cycle within individual photosynthetic cells. These single-cell C4 species utilize a unique subcellular compartmentation and two functionally different chloroplast types that mimic the functions of the two cell types of the Kranz C4 system. In this review, we will summarize and discuss studies on chloroplast development, positioning and selective accumulation of nuclear encoded proteins, which ultimately allow the operation of a C4 carbon concentrating mechanism within individual cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa Hagenau
- Institute for Botany, Leibniz University Hannover, Germany
| | - Diana Wimmer
- Institute for Botany, Leibniz University Hannover, Germany
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12
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Schwarzländer M, Dick TP, Meyer AJ, Morgan B. Dissecting Redox Biology Using Fluorescent Protein Sensors. Antioxid Redox Signal 2016; 24:680-712. [PMID: 25867539 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Fluorescent protein sensors have revitalized the field of redox biology by revolutionizing the study of redox processes in living cells and organisms. RECENT ADVANCES Within one decade, a set of fundamental new insights has been gained, driven by the rapid technical development of in vivo redox sensing. Redox-sensitive yellow and green fluorescent protein variants (rxYFP and roGFPs) have been the central players. CRITICAL ISSUES Although widely used as an established standard tool, important questions remain surrounding their meaningful use in vivo. We review the growing range of thiol redox sensor variants and their application in different cells, tissues, and organisms. We highlight five key findings where in vivo sensing has been instrumental in changing our understanding of redox biology, critically assess the interpretation of in vivo redox data, and discuss technical and biological limitations of current redox sensors and sensing approaches. FUTURE DIRECTIONS We explore how novel sensor variants may further add to the current momentum toward a novel mechanistic and integrated understanding of redox biology in vivo. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 24, 680-712.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Schwarzländer
- 1 Plant Energy Biology Lab, Department Chemical Signalling, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn , Bonn, Germany
| | - Tobias P Dick
- 2 Division of Redox Regulation, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas J Meyer
- 3 Department Chemical Signalling, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn , Bonn, Germany
| | - Bruce Morgan
- 2 Division of Redox Regulation, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany .,4 Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern , Kaiserslautern, Germany
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13
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Koteyeva NK, Voznesenskaya EV, Berry JO, Cousins AB, Edwards GE. The unique structural and biochemical development of single cell C4 photosynthesis along longitudinal leaf gradients in Bienertia sinuspersici and Suaeda aralocaspica (Chenopodiaceae). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:2587-601. [PMID: 26957565 PMCID: PMC4861011 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Temporal and spatial patterns of photosynthetic enzyme expression and structural maturation of chlorenchyma cells along longitudinal developmental gradients were characterized in young leaves of two single cell C4 species, Bienertia sinuspersici and Suaeda aralocaspica Both species partition photosynthetic functions between distinct intracellular domains. In the C4-C domain, C4 acids are formed in the C4 cycle during capture of atmospheric CO2 by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. In the C4-D domain, CO2 released in the C4 cycle via mitochondrial NAD-malic enzyme is refixed by Rubisco. Despite striking differences in origin and intracellular positioning of domains, these species show strong convergence in C4 developmental patterns. Both progress through a gradual developmental transition towards full C4 photosynthesis, with an associated increase in levels of photosynthetic enzymes. Analysis of longitudinal sections showed undeveloped domains at the leaf base, with Rubisco rbcL mRNA and protein contained within all chloroplasts. The two domains were first distinguishable in chlorenchyma cells at the leaf mid-regions, but still contained structurally similar chloroplasts with equivalent amounts of rbcL mRNA and protein; while mitochondria had become confined to just one domain (proto-C4-D). The C4 state was fully formed towards the leaf tips, Rubisco transcripts and protein were compartmentalized specifically to structurally distinct chloroplasts in the C4-D domains indicating selective regulation of Rubisco expression may occur by control of transcription or stability of rbcL mRNA. Determination of CO2 compensation points showed young leaves were not functionally C4, consistent with cytological observations of the developmental progression from C3 default to intermediate to C4 photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria K Koteyeva
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Morphology, VL Komarov Botanical Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - Elena V Voznesenskaya
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Morphology, VL Komarov Botanical Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - James O Berry
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Asaph B Cousins
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA
| | - Gerald E Edwards
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA
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14
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Offermann S, Friso G, Doroshenk KA, Sun Q, Sharpe RM, Okita TW, Wimmer D, Edwards GE, van Wijk KJ. Developmental and Subcellular Organization of Single-Cell C₄ Photosynthesis in Bienertia sinuspersici Determined by Large-Scale Proteomics and cDNA Assembly from 454 DNA Sequencing. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:2090-108. [PMID: 25772754 DOI: 10.1021/pr5011907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Kranz C4 species strictly depend on separation of primary and secondary carbon fixation reactions in different cell types. In contrast, the single-cell C4 (SCC4) species Bienertia sinuspersici utilizes intracellular compartmentation including two physiologically and biochemically different chloroplast types; however, information on identity, localization, and induction of proteins required for this SCC4 system is currently very limited. In this study, we determined the distribution of photosynthesis-related proteins and the induction of the C4 system during development by label-free proteomics of subcellular fractions and leaves of different developmental stages. This was enabled by inferring a protein sequence database from 454 sequencing of Bienertia cDNAs. Large-scale proteome rearrangements were observed as C4 photosynthesis developed during leaf maturation. The proteomes of the two chloroplasts are different with differential accumulation of linear and cyclic electron transport components, primary and secondary carbon fixation reactions, and a triose-phosphate shuttle that is shared between the two chloroplast types. This differential protein distribution pattern suggests the presence of a mRNA or protein-sorting mechanism for nuclear-encoded, chloroplast-targeted proteins in SCC4 species. The combined information was used to provide a comprehensive model for NAD-ME type carbon fixation in SCC4 species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Offermann
- †Institute of Botany, Leibniz University, Herrenhaeuser Strasse 2, Hannover 30419, Germany
| | - Giulia Friso
- ‡Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, 332 Emerson Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Kelly A Doroshenk
- §Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, 299 Clark Hall, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Qi Sun
- ∥Computational Biology Service Unit, Cornell University, 618 Rhodes Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Richard M Sharpe
- ⊥School of Biological Science, Washington State University, 303 Heald Hall, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Thomas W Okita
- §Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, 299 Clark Hall, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Diana Wimmer
- †Institute of Botany, Leibniz University, Herrenhaeuser Strasse 2, Hannover 30419, Germany
| | - Gerald E Edwards
- ⊥School of Biological Science, Washington State University, 303 Heald Hall, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Klaas J van Wijk
- ‡Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, 332 Emerson Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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15
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Stata M, Sage TL, Rennie TD, Khoshravesh R, Sultmanis S, Khaikin Y, Ludwig M, Sage RF. Mesophyll cells of C4 plants have fewer chloroplasts than those of closely related C3 plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:2587-2600. [PMID: 24689501 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of C(4) photosynthesis from C(3) ancestors eliminates ribulose bisphosphate carboxylation in the mesophyll (M) cell chloroplast while activating phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylation in the cytosol. These changes may lead to fewer chloroplasts and different chloroplast positioning within M cells. To evaluate these possibilities, we compared chloroplast number, size and position in M cells of closely related C(3), C(3) -C(4) intermediate and C(4) species from 12 lineages of C(4) evolution. All C(3) species had more chloroplasts per M cell area than their C(4) relatives in high-light growth conditions. C(3) species also had higher chloroplast coverage of the M cell periphery than C(4) species, particularly opposite intercellular air spaces. In M cells from 10 of the 12 C(4) lineages, a greater fraction of the chloroplast envelope was pulled away from the plasmalemma in the C(4) species than their C(3) relatives. C(3) -C(4) intermediate species generally exhibited similar patterns as their C(3) relatives. We interpret these results to reflect adaptive shifts that facilitate efficient C(4) function by enhancing diffusive access to the site of primary carbon fixation in the cytosol. Fewer chloroplasts in C(4) M cells would also reduce shading of the bundle sheath chloroplasts, which also generate energy required by C(4) photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Stata
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 3B2
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